ʻike hoʻokumu a me ke Kawaihae o Osip Mandelstam

Mawaena o ka mea nui, heʻe piʻoloke ihola nā moʻolelo nui compatriots Kawaihae o Osip Mandelstam, eia nae aole i anao? Aou he kūikawā pinepine ', akā, no hoomanao no o kona pōʻino. I loko nō o kona pōkole ola,ʻo iaʻike maka i mau Hope, i ua lewa ole wale i loko o kona ao nei, akā, i loko o ka poem. Ma waho mau, Osip Mandelstam hana kikowaena Ana Aina, (essay) lehulehu, (essay), unuhi Pelekane a me ka palapala, ai noʻonoʻo loi.

kamaliʻi

Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam, he Iudaio ma ka hanau ana, hanau ma January 1891 ma ka Polish paukü, a ma ia mau lā i häʻawi mai ai iä Rusia. Kokoke koke ma hope o ka hanau ana o ka ohana o kona keiki ka neʻe i St. Petersburg. Aemilius Veniaminovich, ke keiki o ka makua kāne, i ke ola mīkina hana, e like me ka mea kalepa i ka mua kauä kuapaʻa, no laila ia i paʻa i ka maikaʻi i nā hana ma ke kaiāulu. Kona makuwahine, Flora Verblovskaya, a nānā aku mele, i ke aloha o ka i mea ili, mai ka mea uuku a me ka Mandelstam. Osip i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1900 a hiki i 1907, ua aʻo ma ka Tenishev kula hoʻonaʻauao 'ihiʻihi i kekahi manawa, loaa Nabokov. Ma hope o ka puka, na makua e hoouna aku i kana keiki i Paris, a me ka hope - ma Germany (ku pono i ka waiwai maluhia). Ma ka Sorbonne ia i hele nui haʻi'ōlelo, halawai mai me Palani poetry, a me kona wā e hiki mai hoa - Nikolai Gumilyov.

Ohana

Eia naʻe, Mandelstamʻohana i hōkaiʻia ma ka 1911, a me Osip hoi i St. Petersburg. I ka hookahi makahikiʻo ia i helu i loko o ke Kulanui o St. Petersburg i loko o ka mōʻaukala-philological kumu kula, akā,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i mālama i ka loaa aʻo mua o ka hopena o ka levity, a ua kipaku i ka 1917. I loko o kēia wā, i haawi mai ai i kona mau sympathies pili aupuni a hiki i ka hema Socialist-Revolutionaries a me ka Social Democrats. He mea nō hoʻi 'Imi hai Marxism. ʻike hoʻokumu Osip Mandelstam hana hou i loko o ka Palani wā o kona olaʻana, a me ka mea mua poem ike i loko o ka "Apollo" Paʻi o Light i ka 1910.

"Shop haku mele o"

A ka mea, ua ea ae ka hana i ka haku mele i mau pono a me nā hoa a pau i ka kekahi pele. Group "Shop haku mele" oia no na mea kaulana personalities me Gumilev, Akhmatova, Sergei Gorodetsky, a, o ka papa, e pinepine hele hālāwai Mandelstam. Osip i loko o kona mau kakahiaka makahikiʻohana i symbolism, akā, ma hope lilo i follower acmeism like me kona hea ka hoa, mai ka laau. Hua liilii o kēia au i ike,ʻoia iʻo nā kiʻi, a akāka loa. Pela, i ka 1913, i kapaʻia ka mua ohi ana o poem e Mandelstam "Stone" Ua hoohui i ka uhane o ka mea acmeism. I aku ai i ua makahiki,ʻo ia olelo i ka lehulehu, e hoʻopaʻi ana naʻe i ka "hoʻoʻauwana Dog" a ike me Blok, Tsvetaeva a me Livshits.

makahiki o ka noho malihini

Kawaihae Osipa Mandelshtama i loko o kēia wā ka loa māpuna. World War I, hoʻopiʻi ola pilikia no ka mea mua haku mele misses i ka wā e hoomaka ana. Akā, i ke kipi ana o 1917 loa maopopo lewa ma kona mau Lyrics. Kona philosophical a mau wale hoʻololi hou, i kēia manawa i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka Bolsheviks. kakau iho la oia i na mea he nui poem, e ku e ke aliʻi, a me ka poe koa. I loko o kēia wā ia ia keia nui a me ka oi hiʻona a me ka pomaikai, hele hana ma ka aina, a ua pai ia ia ma ka likeʻole ma o ka lehulehu ākea. Unknown kumu paipai ia ia e neʻe ia Kiev, kahi āna i noho ai ma ka manawa o ka wā e hiki mai ka wahine a Osipa Mandelshtama, Nadezhda Hazina. Ma mua o ka mare, manao i ka 1922, ia ka manawa e pana aku au i kekahi manawa i loko o ka Crimea, kahi i hopu ia ma ka hoʻohuoiʻia o ka Bolshevik manao. A makahiki ma hope o ke kala o ka hoʻopaʻi e hoʻouna aku ai iā ia a hiki i Georgia. Eia naʻe, ma laila e no laila, e kali ana no kaʻawaʻawa loa hou. He Ua kau hou ma hope o nā kī, akā, mahalo no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o kaiakū nā hoapili, oia hooponopono iho i e pakele koke.

Life a me ka hana i loko o Soviet Rusia

Koke ana hoopaaia ma Georgia Kawaihae Osipa Mandelshtama hope hou, e huli hou i kona hanau Petrograd. Kona heluia, ma ke kipi i ka lewa i loko o ka ae ohi ana o poem ma lalo o ka inoa Tristia, i ua paʻiʻia ma 1922 ma Pelelina. Alaila, hoʻohuiʻia ia ia iho me ke kapu paa ana Nadezhda. Ma na hana o ka manawa alii i ka mea ala pōʻino, i ukali ia e ka makemake no raai ana me na loina, kanaka a me ka wahi. Ma hope o ia, no ka haku mele Osip Mandelstam hele aku i loko o ka ulia hohonu, a protracted o poetry, initially mea hoolealea la kânaka o kekahi mau Verses, a expresses ke kaumaha ma luna o ka make ana o ka mea kahiko moʻomeheu. A i loko o ke au elima-makahiki (i ka makahiki 1925 a hiki i 1930), a i ole palapala i kekahi mea, ke kaʻawale mai ka Ana Aina. E somehow ola i loko o ka kalakala 'ia, ka mea translates. Ke kolu a me ka hope ohi wale me ke kuleana "poem" paʻi i ka 1928. Ma keia mea, ua loa conducive ia Bukharin, i mea ole i ka hope wahi i loko o ka Kremlin. Naʻe, nā kākoʻo o Stalin, ua hoiliili ikaika, e kakali ana no kekahi pretext e panai i ka haku mele.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

Kawaihae Osipa Mandelshtama ma na 30s waiho ia pu me kana wahine i loko o ka Caucasus, i mea ole no hoi me ke kōkua a me ka hassle Bukharin. Kaupalena naʻe, ka mea, o ka mea e lawe puuhonua mai ka hoomaau ma mua o ke koena. Osipu Emilevichu huakaʻi kōkua e hoihoi hoihoi i loko o poetry, kūpono ai i loko o ka ohi ana o (essay) "Holoʻana i'Ararata", a, nae, ua hoomalauiaʻe ka ideology. Ma hope o 3 makahiki o ka haku mele, e huli hou i ka hale. Kona manao e hoʻololi hou, e like me ka mua koʻi kaua kuhi hewa communism loa a pōhina i kona manaʻo. Mai kona peni mai scandalous epigram "Kremlin mountaineer", i kona heluhelu ana i ka 'ike lehulehu. I waena o kēia mau kanaka mea he informer, ka mea kiaʻi nō e hōʻike i Stalin. I ka makahiki 1934, Osip e kali ana no ka hopu ana i kekahi, a hoʻokuewa wale 'ia i loko o Perm, kahi ia i ua pu ma ka pono a wahine. Aiaʻo ia UOAAaOON e moe he pepehi anaʻia iā iho, akā, ua paa ia i hoao i pau. Ma hope iho o ia, ua hoouna mai ka mau no Voronezh. Ua ua malaila mea i kākauʻia e ka mea maikaʻi a me ka polokalamu poem kakauinoaia "Osip Mandelstam", Kawaihae a me kaʻike hoʻokumu a iʻokiʻia i ka 1938.

make

I ka 1937, i ka haku mele, a me kana wahine, hoi aku la a hiki i Moscow. Eia naʻe, he makahiki hope, oia i hou hopu ma Samatihe. Kona ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i elima makahiki ma ka hou-hoʻonaʻauao poe hoomoana. Eia naʻe, ka mea, mea mai typhus, e hana ana i kahi e kokoke Vladivostok, ai na e make ai. Ka hapa nui o kona mau poem ua ola hoomaikai aku i na hana o kana wahine. Ma kona noho malihini ai, a me nā loulou nāna nō i hūnā i kana kane i ka hana a me ka hoʻopaʻanaʻauʻana. Mandelstam ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o kaʻaha lua kupapau.