Abiogenesis - He aha ka keia?

Nā kenekulia-kahiko mōʻaukala o ke kanaka i ike i na mea he nui hypotheses e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola ma ka Honua. Mai ka wā kahiko ma kēia pukana, he mea mau loa e ku pono ana heluʻai o ka nānaina. Kekahi o ia kuleana a e kupu ana mai 'ole-ola - ka abiogenesis. I ka lua o ka mea no ka manao i ka poe e ola ana ke ala mai wale mai i ke ola - ka biogenesis. He aha ka i ka likeʻole o ka pähola 'ana o biogenesis o abiogenesis, ho'āʻo e ike i kēia' atikala.

mō'aukala manao

I ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola ua maopopo correlated me ka nui o ka ike ana o ka ua'āina. I ka wā kahiko, ka wā i no ka ike liʻiliʻi, ka pähola 'ana o ke kumu o ke ola, ku kona fantastic. Eia kekahi manao o ka poe akeakamai a me naturalists o ka hala. No ka laʻana, Empedocles (V BC.) Manaoio i laau amo hua. Aristotle (. IV BC) ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka na uku hoi kekahi i loko mai o ka ai, a me ka pilikia - wai holoholona kino. Mau manao o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o ke ola wale ola a hiki i ka waena o ka XVII kenekulia, i ka wa a ka English poe akeakamai Francis puaʻa (1561-1626) kumumanaʻo, a me ka Italia kauka F. Redi (1626-1698) a me Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) kokoke i ho'āʻo ai i ka impossibility o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o ke ola . Ua i laila, i hoomaka ai e hana i ka kue hoomoana elua, ke mau ae mikanele theories o ke ola - biogenesis a me ka abiogenesis.

A wahi o ke kumumanaʻo

Ma lalo o Abiogenesis (mai Greek negation hooluolu mai - he, Bio - ke ola a me ka Kin - nānā aku) maopopo i ka kumumanaʻo o ka hanana o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole hale, mai waho mai o ka meaola ola. Broadly abiogenesis - ia mea he pähola e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola, mai ka politika. A laila, e pono e möakäka hou i kūpono ai ke ola a me ka lifeless ka wā e lilo ola ana. A mahope mai i keia la i ke ola i ka ho'ākāka 'ua hoohalike ana i naʻano likeʻole, a mai kekahi mau kumumanao o ka hoomaopopo, like me nā kākoʻo o ka abiogenesis a me ka biogenesis koe hoʻonoho.

Life i loko o ka kumumanaʻo o ka abiogenesis

Ma kēia manaʻo, ka mea nui i manaoia e e aaiaoe a evolutionary ana hoʻohālike wā ola. A pau nā ana hoʻohālike - thermodynamic a? Aneie - ua ike kiʻekiʻe. Na olelo o ka manaʻo o ka abiogenesis kuhiakau like penei:

• Animated a me nā mea ola 'oko i loko o Nine Inch haku mele' ana a me nā 'ano (pūnao). All theories o keia wahi ua kapaia ka biochemical abiogenesis.
• Ke kumu o ke ola ma ka Honua ka mea, ua, a he, a me ka noa ikehu. Kēia hopena o keʻano o ka luna 'ke aloha i huiʻia mai ka poe noonoo ole'okanikaʻole me ka Hekikai o hou Nine Inch reactions therebetween. A pau theories o ke kumu o ke ola ana o keia wahi i kapaia o geocentric.
• I ka papa kuhikuhiE 'ano a me nā hiʻona o ke ola - o ka wehe aʻe o ka waiwai, ka hoʻoponopono-nā'ōlelo o ko lākou mau ano, nā kūpuna a me ka mea oko a.

Penei, abiogenesis - he geocentric a me ka Nine Inch theories e wehewehe i ke kumu o na mea ola a pau hoi.

Life like me ka hopena o ka biogenesis

Biogenesis haawi makakoho i ka thermodynamic a me ka? Aneie waiwai iʻike i ka poʻe e ola ana, mai ka nonliving. Ke'ōlelo mai aaiaoe, biochemical a me ka evolutionary hoʻokokoke mai i manaoia ponoʻole. biogenesis o ka manaʻo like penei:

• Live, like hoʻi me nā mea ola '- kēia mau meaʻelua interrelated a me inseparable moku'āina o ka mea. Mau theories i kapaia ma kona ano maoli.
• Thermodynamics (entropy confrontation) a me ka'ōnaehana (hōʻeuʻeu kumupaʻa a me subordination ana) ke keʻena - kēia mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhi 'ano a me na hoailona o ke ola.
• Life originated ma ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a me ka Honua ka biosphere - ka hoike ana ola o ka Cosmos. Mau theories i kapaia ka lewa.

Biogenesis, no laila ia cosmocentric physical pähola 'ana o ke kumu o ke ola.

kēia wale

Hoikehonua, 'epekema mea no ka manao e integrates a pau i ka manaÿo i loko o ka hoʻokahi kahua o ka ike e pili ana i ka mea ola' mea huli i ola. E like me ka loa paha ala o ka hanauna e olaʻiʻo nō o kēia 'epekema hooiaio i ka loiloi mua ke kahua - ka abiogenesis. A ka mea, he o ekolu iniiaiie kūlana:

• Ka muli o liluwelo monomers.
• I ka ho okumu ana o liluwelo polymers.
• Ke Hekikai o kaʻili lahilahi hale, a iniiaiie protozoa - protobionts.

Hou 'ana o ke ola ma ka honua, Ua hele ua maʻalahi - ma evolutionary maomeka Darwin (nā kūpuna mai, a me ka mea oko a koho).

Abiotic ho okumu ana i aloha

Nine evolution a prebiological abiogenesis - kēia hanana ke aloha waiwai, mai'okanikaʻole. I ka makahiki 1924, i ka Lūkini academician AI Oparin (1894-1980)? Aaeaaaaony i ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia i loko o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa pāʻoihana hanaia spontaneously oo? O, a mahuahua nui nā hoʻohui like (coacervate droplets paha coacervates), a i kaʻawale mai ke kaiapuni, akā, ka mea, ua mālama 'ia e loaa hou mai. Oparin ka pähola 'i ka 1929, kākoʻo i ka Beritania nä känaka' epekema Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), a me ka 'epekema paa pähola' o coacervates, i komo ai ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o ke aloha mea i loko o nā kuʻina kakahiaka o ka hooulu ana o ko mākou Honua me ka hanana physical ana.

Hooiaio o ke kuhiakau o ka abiogenesis

Initially hoao hoi i ka manawa kūpono o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha 'ona mai'okanikaʻole ua,ʻaʻole hiki. I kēia lā, akā naʻe, ua hala kekahi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka hopena loaa.

Ia a pau, hoomaka ae la i ka 1953 ka wā chemists Stanley Miller a me Harold C. Urey lawelawe 'ia ka ho okolohua me ka iniiaiie kai (Wednesday, prebiotic-e like ma ka Honua). Ke influx o ka ikehu (i ka 60 tausani no) ma lalo o ka puʻuwai, a ma ka wela o ka 80 kekelē Kelekia ma kūpono i loko o ke kahua o ka momoma nāʻakika, urea a me kekahi mau'amino nāʻakika (kumuʻiʻo monomers). A ma ka 2008, ua hana 'Amelika biologists he "protocells" me kaʻili lahilahi, i ka 2011 na Kepani biologists ua paʻi i ka hana ma ka hanaia'na o ka vesicles a me ka iwi, a me ka hiki, e puʻunaue.

precariousness o nā kūlana hana

I loko nō o ka hana 'ia he ma ka mana biologists imi e hōʻoia i ka kumumanaʻo o Oparin-Haldane i ke kumu o ke ola ma luna o ka Honua i loko o coacervates, aole nae a pau na hale a kūpono i mamao, mai ka' ole o ke ola keena. Ke ao nei kaiaulu 'aʻole i hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau hana like C. Brewer a ike maopopo ana i keia mea i ke kumu o ke ola. Like biogenesis a me ka abiogenesis - keia pähola 'ana i ka lā,ʻaʻole hookupaa iho la ia experimentally. Ua haawiia i ka mea ala, mai'okanikaʻole nā lātoma i ola aeee ua lōʻihi, me ka hailona no o io ma ke alanui, a pau ka moni, nä känaka 'epekema koe wale nō conjecture keia hiki i i ke alanui pehea. Akā, i kēia mau hypotheses mai e hooiaio i na mea a pau i pono i ka hana ma ka Honua na ieeeea? O nā makahiki aku nei.

Pahiki he mea hiki ole

Ke randomness o ka hanana o ka halepaahao e ola ana i loko o ka primordial ai mau hōʻailona i mathematically. Pelekāne mathematician Fred Hall me ka hoʻohana 'ana o kēia kamepiula' ē aʻe ua pōpilikia ka pahiki o kaulele ho okumu o amoeba nā polokina. A me keia likelihood ua negligible - 1/10 * 40000. E hoʻomanaʻoʻoukou, i kēia mea i loko o kekahi maikaʻi ana. A me keia hiki aku i kekahi mau manaʻo, a haawi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē kākoʻo o nā theories a me manaÿo o ke kumu o ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua.

hiki ole paha

Akā, e like me kou ike ana, nā mea a pau i pili. Ma ka Honua, a ma ka honua - ia mea he indisputable mea. Eia nō kekahi mau examples mea e hana kupanaha - ka mea maoli ia he coincidence mea,ʻaʻole e hiki, e like me ke kumu o ke ola i loko o ka primordial ai.

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