Aldehydes a me ketones. Nā waiwai a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o carbonyl hui

Na ke aloha i huiia i loaʻa i loko o kona hakakino 'ole he carbonyl pūʻulu o ke kēia palapala:> C = O, - haawiia i like oxo-i huiʻia, a ua māheleʻia aʻela i loko o nā pā waeʻano - aldehydes a me ketones. E like me ka 'ole o ka hydrocarbon radicals, e hoʻolaha i kēia mau' ona i loko o aliphatic, onaona a me ka alicyclic. Ka mua a me ka lua o nā lātoma i wehewehe aku e kekahi carbonyl pūʻulu i ua ua hoʻopili 'ana i ka benzene apo aʻaoʻao kaula. Aldehydes a ketones me ka hakakino hoopaa o ka onaona puke, a i ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu ma kaʻaoʻao kaulahao e manaoia e like me nā mea loaʻa o aliphatic carbonyl i huiʻia.

Onaona aldehydes i synthesized i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE aoao elua: ma ka carbonyl pūʻulu i hoʻolaunaʻia ma loko o ka benzene ke komo lima ma electrophilic hakahaka a me ka huli ana o na substituents ua makana i loko o ka 'ole. Aldehydes a me ketones loaʻa a pau ke aloha i huiʻia nō ka loa kū'ē. Eia hoʻi, i loko o Nine Inch hua'ōlelo mua lua nui aku kaila. No ka aldehydes i loa typical'okesaside naoh, hakahaka, polymerization, hou a me ka condensation. Ketones hoi mai i kākoʻo i ka polymerization naoh.

Makaukau o onaona aldehydes, o ka oi aku benzaldehyde i huiʻia ma'okesaside o hydrocarbon ea ukuhiia industrially hua. Oia reactions i lawe mai i loko o Nine Inch mea kanu ka hoʻohana oxides o likeʻole ke hooheheeia, e laʻa me, vanadium'okesaside. Eia kekahi, no ka mea, o ka hoʻololi kemikala o onaona aldehyde hiki ke hoopili i nā kiʻina hana i hoʻohana ma o ka makaukau o ka huina lakou o aliphatic moʻo.

Onaona aldehydes i hōʻike pili kēia insoluble ma koʻana koko meakino wai a me ka hoailona pungentʻala o ka awaawa'alemona. Ka oi loihi, mai ka benzene apo o ka carbonyl pae, ka mea, i, ka sharper lilo lākou ala. Onaona aldehydes Nine Inch waiwai a mea pili kēia like, a me ka mea ia aliphatic hui aie i ka manao keiki o ka benzene apo, a me ka carbonyl pae, e komo kekahi kekahi Nine Inch ka waiwai a me ka physical ano. No ka laʻana, ka mea hiki e hooholo koke oxidized i ka carboxylicʻakika ukali ma ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka like waiʻona mai ke kino, a hydrocarbons. A propionaldehyde, a ua hui pu ka pono me ka na ano o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe ma ke alo o catalysts kupono ua hoohuliia i propionicʻakika a me ka hydrogenation - ma ka propanol.

No ka mea hoʻololi kemikala o onaona ketones hiki e ispolzony nui ki ina hana like. No ka laʻana, ka mea'ākilikai hydrolysis kaʻina geminal dihalides, dehydrogenation,'okesaside o ka like kiʻekiʻe monohydric ka waiʻona i huiʻia, a me na mea e ae. Naʻe, i ke kumu o kaʻina hana no ka hoomakaukau ana i mau hui o ka acylation o onaona i huiʻia. All aldehydes a me ketones me ka electrophilic iwaena konu, ike pāʻani aku me nucleophilic reagents moʻo.

Oia onaona i huiʻia me ka huina'ine-donating substituents i komo i loko o maʻalahi acylation reactions. Ketones o ka hakakino 'ole i ke kinowai a me puaʻa hiwa me ka maikai Floral ala, insoluble i loko o ka wai, a leie aku ia ia e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka mea poni oihana puolo.