Anatomia o ke kanaka mandible. Topographical'anatomia o nā niho o ka luna, a malalo ā

Mawaena o ka mea nui nā loko o ke kanaka kino ninoieo o ka niho. Kēlā me kēia no ia i ka definite 'ole, a hanaʻia me ka maopopo kuleana pili i. He aha nā niho mea he keena kauʻia o nā niho? He aha ka ka'anatomia o ka mandible? Ma kēia mau a me nā nīnūnē e pili ana i ka 'ole o nā niho, ua loaʻa i ka ike.

General 'ike e pili ana i na niho

Ma ka makua kanaka ma ka moʻolelo maʻamau i ia mai ka 28 a hiki i 32 mau kui ia ia. Ka mea, i ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā, i ka luna '' ole. Ua kapaʻia ka hiki hapa o kēlā me kēia niho i ka pāpale aliʻi. Kekahi o kona mau papa ka dentin - paakiki calcified mea i mea ole i na moku ke koko. Mai ma luna o ka mea i kapa komo iā ia niho enamel. Ua hana like me ka aiiay mawaho iwi.

Ke huna hapa o ka niho - ke kumu. Ua Ua waiho ia ma ka recess o ka iwi ā, kapa alveoli. Ma ke kumu, hoi, i dentin. Ua uhi ka lepo pipili, ahu iho ma i ka niho ua paʻa i loko o ka recess o ka iwi ā. Iwi ho okumu i loko o ke keʻenaʻiʻo pepa ua hakuʻia no nā aʻalolo, na moku a me ka pahee connective'aʻaʻa.

Ano a me ka oihana o ka niho

Anatomia o ka mandible a me ka maxilla subdivides iwi ho okumu, a i aia ma ka moʻolelo o ka lua no kekahi mau? Ueo:

• nui mole (molars);
• mua (incisors);
• conical (canines);
• premolars (premolars).

Niho hana kekahi mau mea nui i hana '. Mua, ka mea, i ÿole mechanical aaioee o ka ai. Aie i na niho kanaka ke hoopau ai i ke hoopau i ka meaʻai. Ka lua, ka pae'āina i kēia mau iwi hale i loko o ke kahua o ka olelo. Me ia i hana i kekahi mau leo. Ekolu, na niho, he hapa o ka minoʻaka. paani ka mea, aesthetic kūlana ano nui i.

Oe ke i koho i na mana hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o kēlā me kēia kanaka niho. Kālai Aia ma ke alo o ke ku una ha i ka lua, hoomakaukau i ai slicing. Kēia ka poʻea pau i kā lākou i lalo chisel pihoihoi. Canines i ka hana o ka palaoa a me ka trapping ana o ka ai, e like me ka mea, kuhikuhi conical shape. Molars a me premolars ka pae'āina i ka wili ka ai, no ka mea, o ko lakou ili, he ākea lawa.

Location niho ma ka ā

Ke'anatomia o ka luna, a malalo iwi dentition hōʻike i e hoonohonoho iwi ho okumu i loko o ka palapala o arcs, kela mea keia mea o ka i hiki ke maheleia i loko o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua (quadrant). Kekahi quadrant o ka makua kanaka ninoieo o 8 niho:

• 3 molar;
• 2 kōmi ';
• 1 niho;
• 2 premolar.

Ma kekahi kanaka, na molars, a i aia i loko o ka hope kahua niho mau hoaka, a kapa aku la "ke akamai niho" e nalowale. Kēlā me kēia quadrant ua loaa ole 8, 7 a me ka iwi ho okumu. Ka nele o "ka naauao niho" - Ua loa maʻamau. Ma kekahi kanaka ka mea, eʻoki i ka 24-26 makahiki a me ka pono e wehe ana o ka ulu ana ma ka hewa huina, oiai kekahi poe mai i hōʻike.

luna molars

E like me ka'anatomia o ka luna, a malalo mau a, o ka loa luna 'morphological naehana i dentition kanaka molars kahua. Ka mea, i loko o ke kahua niho e pio mai ma ke kua o na premolars. Ke a luna 6 i molars - 3 me kekahi niho, a me ka kekahiʻaoʻao. Hoʻomalu maopopo ka mea mua, ka lua a me ke kolu nui molars.

Ka mea nui i waena o ka nui niho kumu - o ka mua maluna molar. He mea trehkorennym. Ili honua molar huli ana i ka niho o ka mea e ku pono lalani, kona ano i eʻahā like paha daimana-hoʻokino. Ua loaʻa he protuberance 4 (a pau o na kēia elevation māheleʻia Groove):

• distal-palatal;
• distal-buccal;
• medial-buccal;
• mesial-palatal.

Ka lua o ka luna molar okoa, mai ka mua a mama ili honua. Ma ka mea, ma 30-40% o na kanaka, he 3 tubercle. I ka 5% o ka hihia ana dvuhbugorkovy keena molar. At niho ana leki 3 aa. I kekahi manawa, elua o lakou e ulu pu laua.

Ke kolu o ka luna molar ka shortest kalaunu. E kamaiʻilio ili paha e trehbugorkovoy. Ma kekahi kanaka, keia niho i 4 puʻu. Dvuhbugorkovaya palapala ka'āina pohihihi keia. Molar hiki i 2, 3, a me ka aa. I kekahi manawa, he mea he kuʻi nukeliu no ia.

Ka lalo molars

Like ka lalo molars o ke keena ia mea kuhikuhi i loko o ka palapala o ka pāpale aliʻi. Ua hiki e huinahń loa paha pentagonal. Kekahi kiʻiona hiʻona o ka lalo molars o ke keena - i ka helu o aa. Ma pokou me ka ho okumu aia ma ka lalo, he 2 aa.

Anatomia o mandibular molars Ua like penei:

1. Ma ka molar mua mai i ka distal, distal-lingual, buccal, distal, medial-lingual a me ka mesial-buccal tubercles.
2. Ma ka mea e hiki mai ana nui molar i distal tuberosity. Lei hoʻomaopop 'ana i chetyrehbugorkovy helehelena.
3. Ekolu molar, i mea no ka mea uuku o na molars o ka lalo ā, 50% o nā kanaka he 4 Iegasaduha, 40% - 5. nui emi pono three- ole shestibugorkovaya naunau 'ili honua.

Ka luna incisors

Iwi ho okumu aia i loko o ke alo o ke a luna, a me ke aa, i kapaʻia ka luna incisors. Maʻamau, ka niho 4 e e - 2 2 a me kaʻaoʻao Central. Eia naʻe, kauka i increasinglyʻalo me ka iniiaiie edentulous (nalowale) o ke keena kīloi paʻewa incisors. I ka wā kahiko, i hanai ai kanaka i paa ai. Ke ai biting i loa, a me ka Central a kīloi paʻewa incisors. Kēia manawa, kanakaʻai softerʻai. Ano, no ka biting ka ai lawa ka ikaika Central incisors. Kīloi paʻewa mau niho i ka palena iki haawe ana. Ma keia manao, he mea kā lākou ka ho'ēmiʻana.

Ka lei i ka Central incisors ākea. Ma ka medio-distal kuhikuhi, kona laula mea e pili ana 8-9 mm o. Me ka pili ana i ka vestibular ili ia mea kumukuai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka luna incisors ia loli aʻe. Anatomia o ka lalo iwi ā, a hoaka o ka niho Hōʻike ia:

• luna Central niho i ia i loko o ka palapala o ka rectangle, he triangle;
• kekahi kanaka ano o keena incisors ka pahu-hoʻokino;
• luna kīloi paʻewa niho pele hoʻomaopop 'ana i triangular a barela shape.

Palatal ili o ke keena incisors i e palahalaha, uniformly concave Oopalau la (noctuoidea). Kona helehelena hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka loa o ka medial a me ka distal marginal kualono e holo ana mai ke kumu mai o ka pāpale aliʻi a hiki i nā kihi o ka oki kihi o na niho. Ke oki kae o ka ohi kaʻe mea i nestershihsya huakai hele - kinks a me bumps. Kēia ripple nalo like na niho functioning ma ka moʻolelo o ka lua.

lalo incisors

Ka mea uuku niho i ka moʻolelo o ka lua, e like me ka topographical'anatomia o ka mandible i lalo incisors. Ka mea i emi iki mahope o incisors i loko o kona nui, ua aia i loko o ke keena dentition. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka ai raskusyvaniya lalo niho hana kākoʻo oihana.

Ma ka lalo iwi ā 4 e hoonohonoho meaʻoki - 2 2 a me kaʻaoʻao Central. Ka Central niho ke i kekahi mau huinahń loa paha ovoid vestibular ili. Ma ke kīloi paʻewa incisors ka mea, i ke ano o ka isosceles triangle me ke kumu i loko o ka wahi o ka ohi lihi, a me ka luna ma ka'ā'ī o ka niho ka moana.

Ke lingual ili o ka lalo incisors mea i laumania, concave. Ka palapala Ua triangular. Ma nā kihi o ka lingual surfaces o ka lalo mau niho, ua distal a mesial marginal kualono. Ka mea, ua emi mai ka ulu 'o ia ma ke keena incisors. Mākou nei lua niho ke kalai palena mea sinuous. Nā bumps i maopopo i nanaia. I nā mea nalo. Ke ohi kaʻe i laumania.

Ka luna canines

Topographical'anatomia o nā niho o ka luna, a malalo ā nā ina hookolokolo canines 'ole. Kēia nui iwi ho okumu ana i kahua niho'ōnaehana me ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi aʻa a me ka lei alii odnobugorkovuyu. Oia kekahi me nā hale o ka luna niho aie i kaʻoihana e hana.

Ka luna canines ke aupuni 'i wahi anuenue i ka luna kahua niho e pio mai, mai ke alo i ka hope. Vestibular lei aliʻi 'ilikai hoʻomaopop' ana i daimana shape. A waiho ma ka waena lole wili, i kapaʻia ka kikowaena mamelon. Ma kekahi kanaka ia mea pono i nanaia, oiai kekahi poe - māhunehune'ōlelo ai. Ua welau a me ka Media lole wili haehae i ka puu, i mea keʻano o nā canines. Ma nā kihi o ka pāpale aliʻi i kekahiʻaoʻao mamelons - mesial a me ka distal. Ka mea, nāna i hana i kaʻaoʻao i lalo ke alo tuberosity.

Palatal surfaces no ka canines mea iki convex a embossed. Ma ka cervical wahi i kekahi i ka uuku kuia. Mai konaʻaoʻao o ka papa kuhikuhiE puu holo midline lapa. Ma ka aoao 'oe ke hoomaopopo i ka distal a me ka mesial marginal kualono. Ka mea, ana mai o ka pāpale aliʻi huina e palatal tubercles.

'ōpū niho

More ololi a elongated pāpale aliʻi, emi nunui - ano hanohano nō hoʻi luna mai emi canines. Naʻe, ke 'ole i like niho. Inā mākou e hoohalike i ka niho o ka lalo a me luna mau a, ua hiki ke ike i ka pāpale aliʻi loaʻa he daimana shape. Wale 'aneʻi ma ka luna o ka lalo niho i loko o ka wahi o ka rhombus haehae tubercle ka mea, ua oi flattened, truncated.

Ka hapanui o kanaka e nana convex canine mandible. Anatomia ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i ka waena lole wili holo ana o ka vestibular ili ua olelo ia pono nui iho la ia. I kaʻaoʻao aku lāua i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO emi i nanaia. Naʻe, i loko o kekahi kanaka i ka vestibular ili o ka niho i ke flattened shape. Ka waena, lole wili i loko o ia mau hihia nei emi hai.

Ke kokua ana o ka lingual ili o ka lalo canines he meager. Ma ka mea, i loko o ka cervical wahi i ka lingual cusp. Ua merges smoothly me ka papa kuhikuhiE lapa e pau ana ma ka waena hapakolu o ka lingual ili honua. Ma nā kihi o ka pāpale aliʻi hiki marginal kualono.

luna premolars

Ma ka maxilla ke kanaka premolar 4 - 2 liʻiliʻi molars ma kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'o ka mawaena konu hapa o ke kahua niho e pio mai, e lawe ana i ka 4th a me ka 5th kulana. Premolars, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ka'anatomia o nā niho o ka luna, a malalo iwia, hana i kākoʻo hana ma machining ai. Ua paopaoʻia, a pulverized hana i ka meaʻai.

Hoomaopopo i ka mea mua a me ka lua o ka luna premolars. Ke premolar mua i loaa i ka lei prismatic shape paha e two- paha hookahi kumu. Ma ka occlusal ili o keia tubercle 2 - buccal a me ka palatal. Ka mua kekahi mea, e like me ka rula, ka nui a me ka kiʻekiʻe. Ma waena o ia mea intertubercular hewa elua. Ma nā kihi o ka pāpale aliʻi i marginal kualono.

Ka lua o ka luna premolar i kekahi i ka ia ole. kakaikahi wale kiʻiona ano hiki ke hōʻike ':

• niho nō kāu i kekahi kumu Canal, a me ka aa;
• iki smoother'āina;
• e kamaiʻilio ana popo lepo hookahi i kokoke i ke ki eki e;
• kīloi paʻewa kualono i underdeveloped.

lalo premolars

I ka lalo uuku molars, e like lalani mea uuku, hou hookahi kumu a me ka pāpale aliʻi hoʻi, ua hoʻokōʻia i loko o shape papamoe pauku. People ka poe i ike i ka'anatomia o ka lalo ā niho, hoomaopopo i ka mea mua a me ka lua o ka ma lalo premolars, iki okoa i ka 'ole.

Ka mea mua i kekahi mea i 'ano like me ka canine. Mau niho e like leialii. Eia naʻe, bicuspid, e like canines, eia 2 Iegasaduha ma ka naunau 'ili honua. Ka mua o kēia mau ua kapaia ka buccal, a me ka lua - lingual. Maheleia bumps intertubercular hewa elua. No ka nui kanaka, ka mea, ua keʻakeʻaʻia ka Media transverse waihona meli.

Lua premolar, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ke kanaka'anatomia o ka lalo iwi ā mea iki nui ma mua o ka mea mua. E kamaiʻilio ili Ua dvuhbugorkovoy. I kekahi manawa, hōʻike '3 a hiki 4 tubercle. Ma ka ili o ka bicuspid mai i ka hohonu transverse hewa elua me ka hope ramifications. Kumu lua o premolar mea hou ma mua o ka mea mua.

Penei, o ka niho o ka a ka luna, a malalo ā, 'ole,' anatomia o kēia mau kumu mua - he pilikia akā, hana hoihoi kumuhana. Kēlā me kēia iwi ho okumu kūkulu mai kūikawā'aʻaʻa i kona mau ipu koko a me ko mākou hopohopo i hoʻomākaukauʻia. niho 'ole ka loa paʻakikī, no ka mea, hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mana e hana.