Fort "Alexander 1" ( "make ai"): hōʻike, mōʻaukala, pehea e loaa

More o ka 10 makahiki aku nei, i ka April lā i loko o 2004, i walawala ai ma ka loaʻa manaʻo i nā noho o St. Petersburg. Kekahi o ka Kronstadt na pakaua, o pāpū "Alexander 1" no ka lōʻihi manawa mālama i ka huna weliweli i loko o ka hōʻailonaʻia he aniani hue. Ke kahiko moku kahakahaia me ka Roma palapala "T", i ka moohueloawa, a me nā aliʻi kapa ana o na mea kaua o ka'ē splashing wai.

loaʻa

ka mea i loaʻa i ka hue kuʻi i kekahi mau lā, ua ho'āʻo e kūʻai lilo aku ia, i mai no ka kuai ma lalo o ka inoa o "ke ahulau ma ka hōʻike Tube." A, o ka papa, e loa koke lilo hoihoi i loko o ka kupono Aupuni. Ua wehe ia ka ampoule.

Akā, pehea interconnected kai pā kaua, a ampoule me ka maʻiʻo weliweli?

About ino

I ka nui a me ka mea mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka maʻi i loko o ka 6th kenekulia BC i loko o 'Eulopa, i ka noho alii ana o Emperor Justinian I. Ma ka hapalua like-14th kenekulia, hou hoikeia mai ke ahulau ia iho, ua hoʻoneʻe ma ka mamo a kai, mai Asia a hiki i Europa, mau kuamoo, i ke ala o ka holoiia i ke kulanakauhale a hiki i ka honua. Ia, ala mai ia Rusia. A laila, mai ka "Black Make" make ma kahi o 75 miliona. Man.

A hapakolu o kona nona iho laha mai ai i loko o ka hopena o XIX kenekulia. Ma Rusia, e pili ana i ka pōʻino e hiki mai pōʻino ike, a ho'āʻo e hoomakaukau no ka mea.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mea mua Anati-ino o ka ai 'Ua hoʻoholo i paʻa ma luna o nā outskirts o St. Petersburg, akā, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, e makau ana i ka make mea hoʻomaʻi ke uhai noa, i ke ao, nee aku, o ka pāpū "Alexander 1". E like kēia manawa ia mea paakiki, e hele ma laila: i loko o ke kauwela ma luna o ka wai, a me ka hooilo - hau ma luna o ka paʻahau awawa o Finland.

Where ka pāpū "Alexander 1"

He loa hana hoihoi. Ma ka hema-komohana mokuna o Kotlin mokupuni ma ka awawa o Finland, 5 km, mai Kronstadt mea i haalele pāpū "Alexander 1". Ua aneane 200 makahiki aku nei i ka 'Oihana Moku manao e hooikaika i ka hema pūʻulu o na pakaua o Kronstadt. I ka 1838 ka mea, hoomaka ae la ia e ke kūlana pale pakaua alakaʻi ma lunaʻenehana Colonel van der Weyden. I kona palapala mea i 'ano like me ka manao o ka mea me ka pī a hiki i ka nui o ka 90 × 60 mau mika. 150 pu ke aupuni 'i ekolu tiers pāpū pale i hoakaka ia ma 360⁰. Loko hiki lawa polutysyachny ka pā kaua.

"Alexander 1" - He pā kaua ma Kronstadt, kukulu hou aku 10 makahiki. I kona kumu i ua eo larch 12-mika puʻu, a i oi ma mua o 5000. A makahiki therebetween i uhiʻia i ke one a me ka pohaku. Ka mawaho pōhaku pa, hoalaala ia me ka māpala, i ka mānoanoa o 3 m. Māpala ālai 'kalai a i hoʻopilikino' ia ma-paena ma ka Papu. More o 1.5 miliona rubles ia anao? Aou, mai ka State Waihona no keia hana.

I ka 1842, 14 August, Emperor Rotehama au i hana aku ai i ka pakaua "Alexander 1".

Description o ka pāpū

I ka 1845, July 27, Ua paʻa ke Kiure wehe, a ho'ā i ka pā kaua, i loaa i ka inoa "Alexander I». Mau pakaua - "Paul I o" "Peter I o" "Kronshlot" o na pu ki "Constantine", a pu me ia, a "au o Alexander" - aha ka insurmountable keʻakeʻa nei ma ka aoao o kaʻenemi'auwaʻa a me ka pale aku i ka Fairway mea kaua ke ahi.

Ma ka pāpū i hoʻouka kekahi ikaika 11-'īniha pū, a me nā mea a pau hoʻokokoke mai iā ia i koʻu mau. Akā, 'aneʻi' o ka paradox: i loko o kona aneane 200-makahiki-kahiko "ola" a hiki i ka pakaua i i ke ahi he hookahi manawa.

I ka 1860, a me ka Hekikai o hou mea kaua mana, 3-wāwae pa hiki ole ke hoomalu pono. No laila, i ka 1896 i kakauinoa ia i ke Kuhina o Kaua ke kānāwai Ma waho aʻeo ka mai o ka pakaua nei mau pakaua e "au o Perth", "Kronshlot» a «Alexander I». Mai ia manawa ma ka hou maluʻaoʻao i i ua hoʻopili i ka wehe i ka make hue ma ka pāpū ola.

Ke ano o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua

I ole i ka ino a me ka hakakā ma January 1897 ma ka manao paa keia o Rotehama II i kau aku i ka kūikawā Komisina, alai ae e Waiwai Kuhina Witte a me ke aliʻi o Oldenburg. I ka luna Ua hoʻolako 'keʻena hoʻokolohua, a ua ike no hoi lakou i ka noho kaʻawaleʻana a kākou wahi kū kaʻawale - pāpū "Alexander 1". I ka hookahi makahiki, e loaa ka ae ana o ka commandant o ka Kronstadt pakaua , a me na Kuhina o ke Kaua. Ma hope iho o ia, i hoolilo i ka pāpū a hiki i ka mana "o ka Institute o Hoʻokolohua Medicine." Ua ua He precedent: no ka mea mua manawa haipule ia anao? Aou no ka noiʻi, mai ka hakakino a hiki i ka heluna kanaka kiʻekiʻe. Analogues o ia i kekahi kula i wahi: aole hoi ma Rusia,ʻaʻole hoʻi i loko o ke ao nei.

Ka mea, ua ka mea mua a me ka wale i loko o Rusia maʻi keʻena hoʻokolohua: laila Kronstadt nā kupa i kūkulu makani e nou mai ana mai ka makau, a me ke Keʻena wale i inoa kapakapa "i ka pāpū o ka ino."

Ma ka Middle Ages, e hana i ka meaʻino ma hoʻohana kekahi mau mea: holoi ana me ka vinega, kālika. Hoʻohana 'ia ai' mea lahaʻole: naau toads, nahesaʻili a me ka pepeiaohao o ka reʻema lā. A me ka malama ana o ka maikai o ia hoʻi, kao hohono. Kauka i ka manawa i'ēʻili ea paha, e hoomalu aku i ka maʻi. Ua Ua ua ikeia e ka poe i kekahi manawa, ua make ia i ka maʻi, ka mea, aole e hana ino i ka lua o ka manawa. Mau kanaka i malama ia no ka poe mai, a me ka wehe kupapaʻu make lākou.

Ka mea, ua i keia manawa, a puni ka honua, hoomaka ae la e lawe wahi i ka puka o ka pathogens o kela infectious maʻi: Louis Pasteur ma Farani, hoomaka ae la e kūkulu i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo ma luna o rabies a me ka anthrax; Robert Koch ma Kelemania, i ko lakou noho weliweli ho okolohua me ka tubercle bacillus; Ilya Mechnikov hana ma luna o ka pähola 'ana o hoʻonele. A eia ka mea hope, i ka 1894, i ike i ka 'ōlelo Palani a me ke Kepani bacteriologists Yersenom A. a me K. Kitasato Yersinia pestis.

4 makahiki ma hope o kēia pāpū "make ai" loaa kekahi keʻena hoʻokolohua. Mau i lawe mai i loko o kauka a me ko lakou mau ohana, kookoo. Ua Ua haawiia a hoʻouka kekahi hanana lako a pan. wale he kaupalena helu ana o kanaka ke kiʻi i ka pā kaua, a me ka pilina ma waena o Kronstadt a me ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ua mālama 'ia e kekahi mea uuku mokuahi - "Germ". Ua ua He kū hoʻokahi hana nona iho iwaena konu, a i nā mea a pau e pono ai no ka piha ola.

Ma ka kūikawā keʻena hoʻokolohua kauka, ua'ō i ole wale i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o Anati-ahulau laʻau koʻokoʻo: mai kekahi'ōkuʻu foci hoopakele mau Eia kekahi laʻana o ka make maʻi. Kauka i kela la i hele mai ai i grips me ka microscopic kai, e hoʻoikaika 'ana a me ka hemolele o ka ai' hou. Loa koke he ka laʻau koʻokoʻo ma luna o typhus, tetanus a me ka cholera. Akā, noho mālie ihola ka noho pilikia loa ahulau.

Vivarium a me ka laʻau koʻokoʻo

Ka pakaua i ke aupuni 'vivarium, ma ka poe o ka hoao holoholona: Guinea puaʻa, monkeys,' Olu, a me nāʻiole. E like me na memoirs o wā, i ka pakaua lawe mai i ke kamelo a me ka reindeer. Akā, i ka papa kuhikuhiE holoholona e paka i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo ua he lio. Ma ka lua o ka pae e hoonohonoho kauhale, kahi, a neo? Aaiiai? 16 lio. He nui o ia no kekahi mau makahiki, ka mea, hana mai i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo e ku e mai ino.

E kiʻi i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo i loko o ka holoholona o ka koko i injected hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia, akā, ola microbes. Ke kino hoʻomaka i ka oukou pale ana i kā lākou hana a me ka hoʻomōhala e hoʻonele. He no ka mea, o keia koko i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo, e hoʻomau e pīpī i ka maʻi kanaka. Ka pilikia ana o na kahuna lapaau a me nā kānakaʻepekema mea näna i hana ma luna o ka pā kaua, i ho'āponoʻia: na ai 'ka mea, ua ulu, he nui ua papani iho la i ke ahulau. I ka makahiki 1908ʻo ia i pani cholera i loko o St. Petersburg, i ka 1910 - ka maʻi i loko o ka Volga'āina, ka Aole loa Hikina, Odessa, a ma Transcaucasia i ka 1919 - typhus ma Petrograd.

Ka uku no ka laʻau koʻokoʻo

I ka 1904, ma January 7, St. Petersburg i walawala ai ma ka make ana o ke keiki poo o ka kūikawā keʻena hoʻokolohua, Dr. VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnikevicha, make o bubonic ahulau. Mua mai ona Vladislav Ivanovich iho kauoha ae cremated. Ua ko kona makemake hope.

Ma hope o 3 makahiki, make aku la ia i kekahi kauka, Maniul Schreiber, e like me ka maʻi. Ill Kauka i dissected i ke kino make Schreiber a me nā hoapili ua hiki ke pale aku i ka "Black Make." Hiki i keia manawa, aole kekahi i ike pono i na kauka i haawi mai ai i ko lakou mau ola no ka laʻau koʻokoʻo, a me kahi i hoʻopuehuʻia lākou lehu.

Ke crematoryʻaʻahu ma ka forte no ka incineration o kupapau mai kona, holoholona, a me nā kānaka cremated.

He aha ka i loko o ka hue

Ma ka Institute o Hoʻokolohua Medicine, Aia i loko o ka lehu ipu VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnikevicha, hoololiia hoʻi i ka papu ma ka makahiki 1920, ka wā i hana keʻena hoʻokolohua i paa.

Ampoule, loaʻa i ka 2004, i ke kula, ua noʻonoʻo o ka muli loa e neeaaia hōʻike nō ia o. Paha ia mea i loko o Anati-maʻi laʻau koʻokoʻo, akā, ka mea, he pomaikai, e olelo ia e hiki ole. He aha ke ano o ka palapala "T" a me ke kiʻi ma luna o ke aniani ka moohueloawa nana? Ma keia mea, aohe hoike, a hiki ma ka Institute ka palapala.

No ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka ninini i loko o ka hue, ia mea pono e wehe, a hoʻomaka noiʻi. He loa pipiʻi, aʻaʻohe i kekahi'ē aʻe makemake e hana. Inā e wehe i ka ampoule, ka mea e lilo kona mōʻaukala waiwai, no laila, ua hoʻounaʻia ma luna o ka holopapa i loko o ka iau. Ma ke kaiāulu ka mea, ua aia ma ka like hue loaʻa 15 makahiki mua, no hoi me ka ike ole wai.

Panina o ka pāpū

I ka 1918, i ka pā kaua i disbanded, i dismantled i ka ipu, a hoouna aku la ia Saratov, e ho okumu ana i kulanui "Microbe".

I ka 20-ies ma "make ai" Ua nalowale mai ke Keʻena. Ka pāpū Ua doused me ka kerosene, a puhi i ke ahi i ka pakele ana i ka maʻiʻaʻai.

Iloko o ka Apana World War kekahi manawa hou e kū ana i ka pāpū ma ka hana o ka Fatherland. Aia i hua mai la i "kō rvushki", he mea uuku akā, nui hapa o ka meaola mines.

Iloko o ka noho alii ana o Khrushchev kanaka Kalihiwai ma ka pā kaua, ua oki, a lawe i na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me i ka wā e loaʻa kona makana helehelena. Mai ka piha looting i hoolaia ma ke kūlana weliweli.

Fort "Alexander 1" - Pehea e kiʻi ma laila?

Kela a me keia kauwela ma Fort pana aku au i "rave aoao" - waimaka discos. Ma ke kahua ua hoonoho nui 'ōlelo, hoʻomaʻa i ka ho'ā nā waiwai. Hoaai e hele i ka papu ma ka wai, ma ka moku.