He aha ka electrolysis? Ke anode a me ka cathode. Physico-Nine Inch kaʻina

No ka lōʻihi manawa kanaka i ole kahu ai e kiʻi i ka hailona o ka maemae waiwai i loko o ka noa palapala. E like me ka kekahi laʻana:

• mea hiki ke hooheheeia;
• alkalis;
• chloro;
• hydrogen;
• hydrogen peroxide;
• ke aloha chlorine a me na mea e ae.

Ka mea, loaa kekahi he kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o impurities, mai i ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka pakele ana, aʻaʻole synthesized i nā mea a pau. Akā, i ka pilina mea nui loa no ka hoʻohana i ka hana a me ka maʻamau o ke ola. Akā, me ka loaʻa o ke kaʻina hana e like me electrolysis, he hana no, alahula huliāmahi i ua kane manaopaa. I kēia ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ole wale no ka hoʻololi kemikala, akā, no hoi no ka nui no hoi na keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

He aha ka electrolysis? E like me ka mea hana, kekahi o na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao paila i, ka mea o ka papa kuhikuhiE pomaikai o keia hana, ho'āʻo e maopopo i ka papa o ka 'atikala.

He aha ka electrolysis?

No ka pane i kēia nīnau, ua pono e imi mua e maopopo i ka terminology a me kekahi hoʻokumu paʻa kino ai a me ka Nine Inch manaÿo.

1. DC - he kuhikuhi kahawai o electrons ka hoʻomakaʻana mai i kekahi kumu o ka uila.
2. Electrolyte - waiwai, pāʻoihana a i ka hiki ke mālama nei i ka pila nuiʻikena.
3. Nā uila aʻa lolo - papa o kekahi mau mea, interconnected, a hele uila ma o lakou iho (anode a me ka cathode).
4. Ka redox naoh - he kaʻina hana ma i he mea kekahi loli ma ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka i komo. Oia hoi, kekahi Ion oxidize a me ka hoomahuahua i ka waiwai o ke degere o ka'okesaside, oiai kekahi poe e hoemi, hookuu iho ia.

Ua möakäka hou a pau o kēia mau hua'ōlelo, e hiki ke pane i ka ninau o ka mea electrolysis. Kēia redox kaʻina, ec Eʻoi mai ana i ka pololei pono ma ka electrolyte pāʻoihana a me ka ua 'ōlelo ma ke kala ana o kekahi mau huahana ma na nā uila aʻa lolo.

Oluolu mea hoʻonoho, i hiki ke kapaia electrolyzer, komo wale he mau eiiiiiaiou:

• mau makaaniani me ka electrolyte;
• he papa kahi;
• mau nā uila aʻa lolo i interconnected.

Ka hana hoʻohana i ka hana nona iho nui aku luna 'manao, hiki e loaa nui nui o nā huahana - electrolysis bato ke komo iloko.

electrolysis kaʻina mea 'ano eiiieaen, mea paha i kekahi mauʻimi naʻauao kānāwai, a loaa e like me ka mea a me ka rula. E pono kilokilo i ka hoʻokūkū, a pau nā kānāwai a me nā mea hiki e hooholo ia ia e aoia maikai.

I kaʻimi naʻauao kumu o ke kaʻina

Ka loa nui apau o canons ma iʻanuʻu electrolysis - nā kānāwai o Michael Faraday - ke kaulana physicist,ʻikeʻia no kāna hana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka uila papa a me nā mea a pau e hele pū ana keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

A pau ia mau rula mau, kela mea keia mea o e hōʻike ana i ka pā like o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka electrolysis.

Ka mua kānāwai

Ke mua kānāwai o Faraday, ka haʻilula o i ka palapala me ka m = Ki * Δt, Ua like penei.

Mass waiwai hookuu ma ka'ūholo uila mea pololei hapaʻauhau i ka uila, a ua hala ma ka electrolyte.

Ka haʻilula hōʻike i ka ka m - o ka nui o ka mea, au - he pinepine ', Δt - manawa a ma ia mea ua hala. I hookomoia o ke kumukuai o ke k, i ua kapaia ka electrochemical like paha o ka hui. Kēia waiwai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o ka hui wale. K He heluna hapauuku like me ka hū o ka waiwai i ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ma ka'ūholo uila ma ke electrolyte ka wā Eʻoi mai ana i kekahi pa alima o ka uila uku ole.

I ka lua o ka noho aliʻi o ka electrolysis

Ka lua o ka kānāwai o Faraday, ka haʻilula o ka a - ka m = M Owau no ia Δt / N * F, Ua like penei. An electrochemical like paha o ka hui (k) mea pololei hapaʻauhau i kona molar nui, a me ka inversely hapaʻauhau i ka valence o ka waiwai.

Ka luna haʻilula o ka hopena o ka withdrawal o nā mea a pau United. Ua hoʻopioʻana i ka pā like ana o ke kānāwai lua o ka electrolysis. M - molar nui i huiʻia, au - he pinepine 'hala no ke kaʻina hana a pau, Δt - huina electrolysis manawa, F - Faraday ka ikaika, N - electrons i ka pae'āina ma ke kaʻina. Lākou helu mea like me ka malama ana o ka ion, i loko o ke kaʻina hapa.

Faraday mau kānāwai, e kōkua maopopo i ka electrolysis, a, e hoʻomaulia i ka Loaʻaʻia hua ma ke kaupaonaʻana, no ka makemake hopena mea e kilokilo, a ho ololi i ka papa o ke kaʻina. Ka mea, lakou i kaʻimi naʻauao kumu o ka loli '.

I ka manaʻo o ka anode a me kona ano

Mea nui i loko o ka electrolysis nā uila aʻa lolo. Ka a pau kaʻina Ua kalele iho ma luna o ka mea mai a lakou i hana ai, kā lākou kekahi 'ano a me ka waiwai. Nolaila, ke noonoo i ka oi au mamuli kēlā me kēia no ia.

Anode - eia kekahi a maikaʻi'ūholo uila. Ia mea, hoʻokahi i ua pili i ka "+" laau o ka mana kumu. Alaila, ia ia, mai ka electrolyte pāʻoihana e neʻe io Ion paha anions. Ka mea, e oxidizeʻaneʻi, e ho onui ana ke degere kiekie o ka'okesaside.

Nolaila, ua hiki ke kikoo aku i kekahi wahi kiʻikuhi mea e kōkua hoomanao anodic keʻano o ka hanaʻana: he anode "eia" - anions -'okesaside. Pela ma laila nō nā walaʻauʻana ano o ka'ūholo uila, huli ke kaumaha ma muli a e ka ua huahana.

1. Na insoluble a inert anode. Oiaʻano nā ka'ūholo uila a lawelawe wale e hoolilo electrons a me'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana,ʻaʻole naʻe ka mea, ua i hoopauia, a i mea hoʻoheheʻe. Oia anodes ua i mai ka graphite, iridium, platinum, kalapona, a no laila, ma luna o. E ho ohana i mau nā uila aʻa lolo, na mea hiki ke hooheheeia hiki ke hua mai i loko o ke gula kinoea (oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, a no laila, ma luna).
2. Ua wailana anode. I ka oxidative keʻano o ka hanaʻana ia ia ka pono a me ka loli i ka hope o ka electrolysis. Ka walaʻauʻana mea o ke kūkulu no kēia 'ano o ka'ūholo uila: nikala, keleawe, cadmium, kēpau, ke tina, kiniki a me na mea e ae. E ho ohana i mau anodes Pono no electrorefining keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke hooheheeia, electroplating, aiiay ka penaʻana ma luna o ka popopo, a no laila, ma luna o.

Ua hoemiia ke pā like o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i ka mea maikaʻi'ūholo uila e, e hookuuia loa electronegative Ion meaningfully Loaʻaʻia. Ivot no ke aha la hana anions hydrogen nāʻakika a me hydroxide ion, a laila, i ka wai, ina ia mea he kākoʻo pāʻoihana. Oxygen ma-i loaʻa ka anions i loko o ka koʻana koko electrolyte pāʻoihana, nui ma ka anode ua i hookuu, mai hana i ka wai ka mea wikiwiki, ka hoʻokuʻu 'ka oxygen.

Ke cathode a me kona ano

Ke cathode - He he negatively hoopiiia'ūholo uila (aie i ka hoʻomāhuahua o electrons ma luna o ka mea, i ka wa a ka uilaʻikena). I mea no ke aha la ia ia, e neʻe ikaika hoopiiia Ion - cations mea e undergoing hoʻopulapula,ʻo ia hoʻi, emi ke degere o ka'okesaside.

Aia ka hoi i kā ke hoomanao noaia cathode "hua" - cation - ke ola. E like me ka mea no ka cathode nā:

• kuhiliʻole kila;
• keleawe;
• kalapona;
• keleawe;
• me ka hao;
• Aluminum a me na mea e ae.

Ua mea ma luna o kēia'ūholo uila mai i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia loaa o ke gula waiwai, i mea kekahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE ki ina hana like no ka hana ia industrially. Ua mea no hoi e hiki ke hoolilo o electrons mai ka anode a hiki i ka cathode, a ina o ka mua - wailana, e hoemiia kona Ion ma ka io'ūholo uila. Eia ka mea, he hoihoi hou ana o cations i ka hydrogen kinoea H _2. No laila, i ka cathode - o kekahi o nā māheleʻano nui i loko o ka nohona ma noaia o electrolysis o ka waiwai.

electrolysis o ka heheʻe o

Mai ka viewpoint o Nine Inch kaʻina ma lalo o noonoo i kona helu kaulike. Me ka mea hiki, e ho i ka mea a pau a puni ma ka pepa a me ke kilokilo hoʻokūkū. Ka mea nui wale nōʻoe e hoʻolohe i - ke alo paha kaawale ana o ka wai i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ke' ano o ka anode (wailana pahaʻaʻole).

Inā pono, e loaa i ke kēia huahana: mekala 'åkilikai a me kona'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi, alkalis, Aluminum, beryllium, anions o ka o oxygen-i loaʻa ka kinoea hiki ole laila e ka ninau e pili ana i ka electrolysis o ka electrolyte pāʻoihana. Just heheʻe, no ka mea, i ole ia koi 'ia i pili ai e hana. I mea no ke aha la i loko o ka hana pinepine synthesize mau waiwai, me ka hoʻohana 'ia maloo anhydrous paʻakai a me hydroxides.

I mau, heheʻe electrolysis helu kaulike mea nō mea a me ka hae. No ka laʻana, ina ua noonoo a me ka palapala i mea no ka potasiuma iodide, me ka manao e ia i ke kēia:

KI = K ^{+ +} I ^-

Ke cathode (K) "-" K ⁺ K + 1 E = ⁰

Ke anode ^{(A) "+": 2I - -} 2e = I ₂ ⁰

Kaʻina hoʻokūkū: KI = K + I _2.

Like me, electrolysis, e palapala i kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia nānā 'ole o kona'ūholo uilaʻia.

Electrolysis o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana

I ka wa e hele mai e electrolyte pāʻoihana, i ka hope o ke kaʻina hana, e ia heʻokoʻa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ka wai ua lilo kaʻeleu aku i komo. Ua mea i hiki ke dissociating i Ion a hookuu mai na nā uila aʻa lolo. No laila, i loko o ia manawa nui 'ūholo uilaʻia Ion. Ma mua o kona io cia mea ma lalo, i ka mea i oi aku ka likelihood o oi kokololio'okesaside a me ka ho'ēmiʻana.

Electrolysis o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana mea paha i kekahi mau rula e pono e hoʻopaʻanaʻau.

1. Anodic keʻano o ka hanaʻana: hookuu anions wale o ka hydrogen nāʻakika (koe ka hydrogen fluoride). Inā i oxygen ma ion paha fluoride ion, laila ka wai e e oxidized e wehe i ka oxygen.
2. Ke cathodic keʻano o ka hanaʻana: electrowinning ke hooheheeia ma ka electrochemical hopena ua (i ia, a kauoha aupuni o ka Aluminum) ma luna o ka cathode hiki ole e hoihoi hou ia no i ka mea kiʻekiʻe Nine Inch ha awina. Kēia i ka wai, e hoʻokuʻu hydrogen. Ke hooheheeia mai Aluminum i ka hydrogen hoihoi hou ia ka poʻe me ka wai i ka mea waiwai. ʻO ka mea i ma hope o hydrogen i loko o ka electrochemical hopena ua (haʻahaʻa hana), hooholo koke undergo ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka mea waiwai.

Inā 'oe e hahai i kēia mau rula, ua hiki kolo `kekahi electrolysis a omaulia ana i ka hua. Ma ka hihia o ka wailana anode kaapuni loli aʻe a lilo nui aku huikau.

electrolysis paʻakai

Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻohana no ka loaa ana maemae i eliiaʻi a me nā kinoea, no ka mea, o technologically mea a me ka hoʻokele waiwai mea eʻoi aʻe. Eia hou, nā huahana hele mai me ka degere kiʻekiʻe o ka pololei, i mea nui.

No ka laʻana, electrowinning o ke keleawe hiki koke loaa ana ia i loko o ke gula maikai ano, mai ka pāʻoihana o kekahi paakai. Ka loa mau hoʻohana keleawe sulufahate a me ke keleawe sulufahate (II) - CuSO _4.

E like me ka mahele heheʻe i ka a pāʻoihana o ka paakai hiki ke extracted maemae metala, i mea no laila, e pono ai i kaʻaneʻane a pau nāʻoihana o ka uila a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia wilikî.

Meaning a me ka noi kaʻina

Electrolysis - He mea nui kaʻina. Ma kona kumu i ka nānā 'ana i ka pono oaoieei-hana, e like me:

1. mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoohehee maemae au ia.
2. Electroextraction.
3. Electroplating.
4. Electrosynthesis.
5. I ka palapala noi o Anati-ka popopo ka paleʻana a me na mea e ae.