He nui na wahineʻepekema a me kā lākou mau discoveries. Hawaii photo

I nā manawa, i ke ao nei ka nānaina ua i ka wahine hoohanau a me ka 'epekema - i incompatible. Eia naʻe, wahine noiʻi, e haawi i kanaka kūpono 'ana i nā mea a pau o ke kahua o ka moolelo, e' aʻa aku i ka mea kaulikeʻole lapaau.

Womenʻepekema o ka honua kahiko

ʻO ka wā o ka noho maikai ana i loko o kona kakahiaka heyday, i ka maikaʻi ke keka ma pohihihi keia hihia i haawiia mai i ka manawa e hana 'epekema. Ka hapanui o na wahineʻepekema noho i loko o kahiko Greece, hoʻowahāwahā i ka ikaika patriarchy i aliʻi ai ma laila.

Ka 'elele loa kaulana o ka' epekema 'ia ua Hypatia, ka mea i noho ma ka aina ma ka pau ana o IV - hoʻomaka o ka V kenekulia BC. e ka. ʻO ia nō ke kaikamahine a ke nä känaka 'epekema kaulana Teona Aleksandriyskogo, like me ka hopena i komo i ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana. Ma waho aʻeo ia mea, ua ao mai la ia ma Alexandria poe kauwa e like me kālaiʻike, makemakika a me ka kilohōkū, a i palapalaʻepekema pepa. Hypatia ua no hoi he inventor: ia i hana mai ia? Iie manaʻo, e like me distillation, me ka astrolabe a me ke kaumaha wai.

Makamua wahineʻepekema e noho ana i loko o nā'āina. Ma mua o ko kakou manawa ua hiki no Maria Profetisse, ka poʻe i noho i loko o ke au kenekulia BC. e ka. i loko o Ierusalema. Lālau alchemy, e hahai ana i ke kumu hoohalike o ka hapanuiʻepekema o ia manawa, ia ua i he nui na makana no ke kūpono 'ana o kēia kemika. I ka mea, a pau hana mea hou i hana muaʻole wai a paio hahana maoli nō'ōnaehana ma luna o ka mahu auau, a me ka mua hoʻololi i ka malie.

Nā discoveries iʻia e nā wāhineʻepekema

I loko nō loa kapu ma ka 'ae' ana i ka ike, i ka maikai keka hoʻomau i ka hana ma luna o kona mau hana. He nuiʻepekema manaÿo, terminology, a me nā maalea, e hiki mākou hana i loko o ka o kēia au nei, ka mea, ua hookupaaia wahineʻepekema.

Penei, o ka anuu, mua ma ka iaaiey, ka mea, ua waiwai ia e ka lede. Lady Augusta'Ada Byron (1815-1851 g), i ke kaikamahine a ka haku mele kaulana, i ka makahiki o ka 17 makahiki invented nā polokalamu a ekolu e maopopo ana i ka mākau uea 'o nā kamepiula' ē aʻe. Kēia i ka hoʻomaka o ka polokalamu. Ua Ua kapaʻia ma hope o kekahi o ka'Ada iaaiey, ma ka hou, 'elele o ka' oihana Holiday o kaʻoihana manaoio ia mea i ka lā hānau o keia unusually akamai kaikamahine - ma 10 December.

Ana i ke kumuhana "Ka mua wahineʻepekema,"ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka huali Luna o kona manawa Marii Kyuri (1867-1934 GG.). Kēia mea i hookoia ka Nobel lua palua ka wahine mua, a me ka mea wale nä känaka 'epekema i loko o ke ao nei e loaa ia i loko o nāʻokoʻa i nā wahi. Hele a me kana kane , Pierre Curie, a me ka mea a lakou i ole wale o ka 'ohana, akā, i ka makakū hui, hōʻike' o ka Nine Inch hehee ai polonium. Eia hou, ka mea e pili ana ia ia i ka loaʻa o ke radioactivity, no ka i ka mea loaa i ka kiekie loa ia nā kumu kāki i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kālaikūlohea. ʻO kēia hoʻolilo 'ia' ia i loko o kemika, Mariya Kyuri hoʻolimalima i iho o kana kane ka make ma hope, ae noke nei i ka hana a me ka highlighting ka radium maemae.

I ka mea, no i ka manao e hana ia ma ka lapaau no ka lapaau ana o scars a me ka like hikoko. I ka wā o ka First World War, ua hana mua i ka X-Ray machines i hiki ke hali. Ma ka hanohano o ka hui i hope kapa Nine Inch hehee ai Ci, e like me ka pa alima o ka ana o ka radioactivity Curie.

Ka papa inoa o ka wahine nui

Hedy Lamarr (1913-2000) - Na kekahi o nā wāhine loa maikai ma Hollywood, i ka mea ia manawa loaa no he kanalua me a me ka ingenuity. I ka poe i mare e ku ei ko lakou makemake no ka Fritz Mandla, ka mea i komo i loko o ka kaua hana, ua holo aku ia mai ona aku i Amerika, kahi i lilo ai 'oihana,' e like me ka mea hana keaka. Iloko o ke kaua, ua kaheaia hoihoi ma ka Radio-kekahi lāʻau 'torpedoes a kaumaha kona kōkua i loko o ka ulu ana o ka National Kukakuka Malu o inventors. Ua haawiia i ka heluia, o ka wahine ke keka, ka luna, i makemake ole i ka hana me ia. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka hiʻona o ka mea hana keaka, ka mea hiki ole ia e haawi mai. Nolaila, oia i noi e kokua i ka Papa, kuai lilo aku la i ka nunui nui o ka paa. Hedy ingenuity kōkua iā ia ohi i oi mamua o 17 miliona. Ua hai mai la i ka mea nana e kuai lilo mai i ka mea paa ma ka dala i emi iho malalo o 25.000, i loaa mai ia ia i ka honi. I ka 1942 wahine, pu me ka haku mele George Antheil, invented ka pähola 'ana o Kepakailiula i kiekie. Kēia loaʻa i ole mahalo, akā, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka honua i keia la: lawe lima kaul, Wi-fi 802,11 a me ka GPS.

Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) - Ka nui nä känaka 'epekema, mua ike i ka neʻeʻana o nā'ōewe. Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma mua i ke komolima chromosome, i wale nō makahiki he nui ma hope, hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana i ka wehewehe aaiaoe maʻi. Lākou pono-pono Nobel makana Barbara loaa wale nō 30 makahiki ma hope, ma ka makahiki o ka 81 makahiki. Ma ka manawa i kūpuna wahine - he koʻikoʻi nä känaka 'epekema - olelo e pili ana i kā lākou noiʻi a me ka hoʻoholo' a puni ka honua.

Lūkini wahineʻepekema

Ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ma Rusia mea i hiki ole ke manao wale me nā wāhine, ka poe i hana i ka nui na makana no ia.

Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna (1898-1974) - The hale hoʻokamakama microbiologist a me ka epidemiologist. Ka mea, ua iho la nana i hana i ka antibiotics - ai ', me ka a he mea hiki ole ia i noonoo ai i ke kālā no laau lapaau. Surprisingly, akā, ma ka mea e hana i kona 'epekema Kaka, 24-makahiki-kahiko kaikamahine iho mailoko o ia iho i ka ona e maʻi - cholera. Ke ike nei kakou ina e hiki ole loaʻa i ka laau, ua heluʻia kona mau lā, ia mea nō hiki ke hoola ia ia iho. He nui hope, 20 makahiki ma hope, i ka mea kaua, keia mea mua i waena-elemakule wahine, he nä känaka 'epekema nui, hoolaia mai ka cholera'ōkuʻu hoʻopilikia Stalingrad. Ua hookoia ka Papa o Lenin, a me ka hope Stalin uku, ua kau aku o ka noonoo i loaa mai ma o ka mokulele a pau. Soon, o ka lani, ua ano e lele ana i ke kinai nāna i hali i ka inoa o keia wahine, heʻe piʻoloke ihola.

An, alahula na makana i ka hooulu ana o ka'anatomia i Adamovna Krausskaya Anna (1854-1941 kulanakauhale). Ua loaa i ka inoa o ke Kumu me ke pale i ka ia hoʻi, a lilo iho la ia i ka mua wahine i loko o Rusia e e hookoia keia honorary scientific kūlana.

No emi nui na makana i ka 'epekema i a me Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna (1850-1891) - The Lūkini mathematician a me ka lunaʻenehana.

He ua hana i kekahi o ka hailona ana no kēia mau lala o ka 'epekema, akā, me ka mea nui wale loaʻa noiʻi noʻonoʻo i ke kuapo o ke kaumaha asymmetric luna. He hana hoihoi ia Sofya i ka wale lede i ka manawa, lilo i Kumu o ke kiekie makemakika ma 'Eulopa. Personal laʻana, ua akamai Lūkini wahine i ao ia i ka pomaikai a me ka mea i kalele iho ma luna o ka wahine ka ike.

Epekema wahine mai a puni ka honua

Ua aneane kela aupuni ke kaena ana o na wahine nui, ma muli o ia a loaʻa i ua mea hou i loko o 'epekema.

Mawaena o ka nani ke keka, i ka mea a pau, ao ike, kani ka inoa o Rahela, Luiz Karson (1907-1964), biologist, hana pono ma? Aneie nīnūnē. I ka 1962, i kēia manawa waena-elemakule wahine, he nä känaka 'epekema nui, ua ulu ka (essay) ma luna o ka waiwai o pesticides ma ka mahiai, a i ka naita i ka' epekema honua. Her puke "NU YOKA War" alakai aku i ka ikaika kaua ma ka Nine Inch Manufacturers e pana aku au i ka puu o ke dala ma ka palu i Rahela. Ua Ua Ua lilo kēia puke i ka impetus no ka hanaia ana o na mea he nui o ka hoomalu ana o ka nohona neʻe o ke kaiapuni.

Charlotte Gilman (1860-1935) - The ke kākoʻo '-hoʻokumu o ka feminist neʻeʻana i loko o ke ao nei. Mahalo i kona poʻokela tālena o ka mea kākau moʻolelo, ua hiki ke unuhi lehulehu noonoo i ka hoʻokaumaha kulana o na wahine.

Unrecognized like ana o na wahineʻepekema

Public manao ka ikaika hoowahawahaia oia, a ua höʻike pü i ke kūlana o nā wāhine. Researchʻepekema wahine i ka mea ia manawa aole lakou i manao i ka pau ana, nae, a me ka mea ma luna o lākou i hele ai i na mea he nui nā pilikia. Ma 'ana, i ka makaukau o? Iie aʻe, ma ka Akä naÿe i kā lākou mau kāne nā hoapili, haawi mai la ia me ka pilikia nui ma.

Research Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958 g) i loko o ke ao o ka DNA ua loaa ka pomaikai nui, akā, i ole, ua ike i kona wā e ola.

Nō hoʻi, mau kanaka ike i kekahi o na Mamua o nukelea mea kaua i ka maikai ke keka - Liza Meytner (1878-1968 g). Ua naha, i ka uranium nucleus a me ka manao ana i ke kaula naoh i hiki paha i ka nui kala o ka ikehu.

Ke hana, e hana i ka mea oi loa i loko o ke ao nei, ua kena ae la i ka nui lehulehu pane. Eia naʻe, i hoohuliia pacifist, Lisa papani iho la i kona noiʻi, aole e hana i ka pōkā pahū. Ka hopena ua mea i ike oleia kona mau palapala, a me ka Nobel makana kahi ae la i kona colleague Otto Hahn.

I wehe 'wāhineʻepekema

He paʻakikī e overestimate i ka makana i ka wahine kānakaʻepekema i loko o ke ana o ka honua 'epekema. Ma ka mole o na mea he nui o ko keia la ka theories ua like ka maikai ke keka, ka inoa o ka i mea pinepine ole i lehulehu. Ma waho aʻeo ia mau e piʻi like, na wahine no i na discoveries like:

• Ka mua comet - Maria Mitchell (1847);
• , he pono ole evolutionary aʻa o ke kanaka me ka Keko - Dzheyn Gudoll (1964);
• periscope - Sara Ka peni (1845);
• pū no ka mea kaʻa - El Dolores Dzhons (1917);
• Kānka holoi pā - Geris Josephine Cochrane (1914);
• corrector no typos - Betti Grem (1956), a me na mea e ae.

Na makana i ka honua 'epekema

Inconceivable i ka 'epekema a me kona ulu ana o ka ka maikaʻi ke keka crazier, ka mea i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai iā ia ma nā mea a pau o ke kahua o ke kanaka? Acaeoey. Womenʻepekema o ko ke ao nei i hoʻokumu i ka hana e like me:

• ke kālaikūlohea;
• kemika;
• lapaau;
• kālaiʻike;
• moʻokalaleo.

Eia naʻe, ua i i loaʻa nā inoa o nā mea a pau i nā wāhine i hana ai no ka pono o ke kanaka, nae, ua hiki ke olelo me ka wiwo ole i kā lākou hana ka pono o ka manao.

E pili ana i na wahineʻepekema ma ka o kēia au nei

Aie i ka mea maikai ke keka, ka mea pinepine ae la oia hoao kona, ma ke komo ma ka 'epekema, ke kālā no ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua eia ua ae i ka like o na sexes. I kēia lā, ma kaʻaoʻao o nā kānaka a me nā wāhine, mai ae noke i ka hana ma luna o ka ulu ana o ka manaʻo kanaka. E kiʻi i ke degere a hiki ke hoʻolilo 'ia no nā wāhine hou ia he mea hiki ole, akā, i ke ala no ia o ka pili i Ua loa a me ka pilikia.

Cleverest wahine o ka XX kenekulia

Pepeiaohao nui na wahineʻepekema ka hana i loko o mākou manawa.

Shtern Lina Solomonovna, he biochemist a me ka physiologist, ua ka oluolu a hiki i ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR mua wahine.

Skorohodova Olga Ivanovna - i waena-elemakule wahine, he nä känaka 'epekema nui. An (essay) e pili ana i nā hiʻona o ka Deafblind ua nō Kuhikuhi 'ia ma ka' epekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano. A loea kino, i ke ao nei ka wale kuli-aa wahine nä känaka 'epekema.

Dobiash-Noel Olga Antonovna ke kakaolelo Lūkini, a Soviet a me ka mea kākau, lilo iho la ia i ka lālā e like no ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR.

Ladygina-nā pā nō hoʻi Nadezhda - ka mua nä känaka 'epekema zoopsychologists ma Rusia.

Pavlova Mariya Vasilevna, ka mua nä känaka 'epekema-paleontologist.

Glagoleva-Arkadieva Alexandra Andreevna, physicist. Kēia wahine i loaa nā hualoaʻa a kona kaulana, a lilo iho la kekahi kauka o ke kino a me ka makemakika sciences.

Lebedeva Olga Sergeevna, unuhi a me ka linguist, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka Society o'Ākia Hawaiʻi, honorary Luna hoomalu no i ua i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

Lermontov Julia Vsevolodovna hoʻopau ai i ke ola mai ai i kona inoa kaulana, nae, i loko o kaʻokoʻa wahi. ʻO ia ka mea mua wahine chemist, i hookoia i ka degere o Kauka o Science.

Klado Tatiana Nikolaevna - mua-aerologist wahine nā ma Rusia, a ma ke ao nei.

Lilo i ka mea mua i loko o ko lākou mau kahua, ka mea hōʻike he kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi no na mea he nui. Kēia mau wāhine mea pono haʻaheo o like me ka'āina a me ka honua 'epekema, mahalo i koʻu mahalo i ka makana i ka mea i hana ai.

ka hopena

I loko nō o ka pilikia, na wahineʻepekema i ua hana paakiki, e hooiaio i ko lakou lima akau, e like. A holo o ka holomua i ka mea, ua i mea e hiki ai, ia mea paakiki ke overestimate. Mau cleverest wahine immortalized lākou mau inoa i loko o ka pono e wehe ae, e lilo ana i laʻana o ka fortitude a me ka ikaika.