Helium: ka waiwai, ano, noi

Helium - inert kinoea o ka pae 18 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. 'O kēia ka lua o ka hoa hehee ai ma hope o hydrogen. Helium - kinoea me ke kala, a me ka honiʻaiʻana i lilo wai i ka wela o ka -268,9 ° C. baila aʻela i wahi a kona ke kūpaleʻana wahi haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o kekahi'ē aʻe i ike waiwai. He ka wale hehee ai e hua ole solidify me anuanu ma maʻamau ka lewa puʻe. He hoʻoneʻe i ka paa moku'āina pono e 25 me ka lewa, i ka wela o ka 1 K.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Helium i loaʻa i loko o ke kinoea lewa a puni i ka lā, ka Palani astronomer Pierre Zhansenom ia i ka 1868 i ka Pu Ua loaʻa he ao alohilohi i laina melemele i loko o ka pae o ka poe chromosphere. Initially ka mea, i ea ae i keia laina, he hōʻailona ka hehee ai paʻakai. I ka hookahi makahiki, English astronomer Dzhozef Norman Lockyer nānā i ka melemele laina i loko o ka poe pae, a i ole hoʻopili like i ike paʻakai laina D ₁ a me D _2, a no laila ka mea, ua kapaʻiaʻo ia i ka laina D _3. Lockyer manao i ka mea i kauoha ia e ka waiwai i loko o ka Sun IKE OLE IA ma ka Honua. He a chemist Edward Frankland i loko o ka inoa hehee ai na Helene inoa 'Helios' (Kaonohiokala) ka hoʻohana 'ana

I ka 1895, i ka Beritania chemist Sir Uilyam Ramzay ua hooiaio ae ka ola ana o ka helium ma ka Honua. He loaa Laʻana cleveite uranium-e hali ana i nā minelala hao, a ma hope o nana i ke kinoea i hanaʻia i hahana maoli nō kēia, ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka aahu laina yellow i loko o ka pae coincides me ka laina D _3, ike ia ma o ka poe pae. Penei, he hou hehee ai i hope hoʻouka kekahi. I ka 1903 Ramsay, a Frederick Soddy ike ia helium mea he huina hoonui o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hoʻopöʻino 'o radioactive waiwai.

Haawi aku i ke ano maoli

Ka nuipa a helium mea ma kahi o 23% o ka huina nui o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a me ka hehee ai o ka lua o ka loa, he pono ole i loko o ka lewa. Ua ua i kia ma ka hoku, kahi hydrogen ua hana mai ke kūpono kuʻi nukeliu. ʻOiai ka helium i loko o ka lewa i loko o ka lehulehu o ka 1 hapa no 200 la. (5 ppm) a ua hookomoia ma ka dala uuku o radioactive nā minelala hao, meteorite gland, e like me mea pōhaku kumu, nui dala o ka hehee ai loaʻa i loko o ka United States (oi loa aku hoi ma Texas, New Mexico City, Honolulu, Oklahoma, Utah, a me Arizona) i ke keʻena (i 7,6%) o maoli kinoea. Small a me kona me ke koe i ua loaa ma Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar a me Rusia. Ma ka pńpa helium lehulehu mea wale nō ma kahi o 8 ppb.

isotopes

ʻO kāna mau 'ōlelo o kela a me keia o ka helium'Ātoma he mau protons, akā, like me nā kumu mua, ka mea, he isotopes. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila, mai kekahi i eono neutrons, no laila lākou nuipa a nui HEN, mai ekolu i ewalu. Ka pilina paʻa o kēia mau mea na kumu mua kona kaumaha me ka nānā 'ana helium'ātoma helu 3 ⁽³ He) a me 4 ⁽⁴ He). All'ē aʻe radioactive, a hoʻomaka koke ka palaho i loko o nā 'ona. Honua ka helium mea,ʻaʻole he palapala hapa o ka Honua, ka mea i hana me ka hopena o radioactive ka palaho. Alpha (particles) kinoea ma nuclei o radioactive kaumaha waiwai e kālaiōewe ⁴ He nucleus. Helium Aʻole i loaa i nui na mea i loko o ka lewa, no ka mea, o ka Honua ka umekaumaha mea,ʻaʻole lawa ke pale ia mai progressively leaking i loko o ka lewa. Ko läkou 'o ³ He i loko o ke ao nei e wehewehe io Hoʻokolohua palaho hydrogen pohihihi-3 hehee ai (tritium). ⁴ He mea no ka loa, he pono ole o ka pilina paʻa isotopes: ⁴ lākiō o ia nā'ātoma i ka ³ He mea e pili ana 700 tausani i 1 lewa, a ma kahi o 7 miliona ma ka 1 ma kekahi helium-waiwai nā minelala hao ..

Ke physical waiwai o ka helium

mea haahaa baila aʻela i a me ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o keia'ikamu. No keia kumu, helium ole me ke kinoea koe i loko o loa ana. He kinoea ua mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai emi ma mua ia o kekahi'ē aʻe kinoea, a me ka uku o ka maholahune ma ka paa kino He ekolu mau manawaʻoi aku ma mua ia o ka lewa. Kona refractive Papa kuhikuhi o ka hoʻopuniʻana hoʻokokoke mai 1.

Ke thermal conductivity o ka helium ka lua wale i ka hydrogen thermal conductivity, kekahi ka wela a me kona extraordinarily kiʻekiʻe. At ano o mahana ia mea wela i? Anoe?, A ma lalo 40 K - ho'ēmi. Nolaila, ma T <40 K helium hiki ke hoohuliia mai i loko o ka wai ma ka hoʻonui.

Hehee ai mea he insulator, ina mea i loko o ka ionized moku'āina. E like me nā aliʻi kinoea, helium i ka metastable ikehu pae i ae ia e ke ionized e ka uila hookuuia ka wā i ke anakahi uila o lalo o ka ionization Loaʻaʻia.

Helium-4 mea kū hoʻokahi i loko o ia mea, he mau wai a 'ano apau loa. Mau kapa helium au, a koe ma ka mahana HEN, mai ka baila aʻela i wahi o 4,21 K (-268,9 ° C) i kahi o 2,18 K (-271 ° C). Lower thermal conductivity o 2,18 K ⁴ He lilo ia i 1000 manawaʻoi aku ma mua ia o ka keleawe. Kēia palapala Ua kapa helium II, e maopopo ia mai ka mea maʻamau. Ua Ua superfluid: (viscosity) mea i haʻahaʻa i ka mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ana. Helium II hohola i loko o ka lahilahi Auana ma luna o ka ili o kekahi waiwai i ua e pili ana, a me keia ho film ua e kahe ana me ka kū'ē, a hiki i ka umekaumaha.

Emi nui helium-3 'ano apau loa ekolu okoa wai kūlana, elua o i mea superfluid. Superfluidity i ka ⁴ He i loaa ma ka Soviet physicist Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey ma ka hapalua like-1930s, a me ka ia kŰia i loko o ka ³ He Ua hoʻomaopopo mua e Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, a me Robert C. Richardson o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i loko o ka makahiki 1972.

A kinowai läÿau, he mau isotopes o helium-3 a me -4 ma ke anawela ma lalo 0,8 K (-272.4 ° C) ua maheleia i mau papa - heʻano nui maemae ³ He a me ⁴ He ukuhiia me ka 6% o ka helium-3. Noho male 'ana o ke ³ He i ka ⁴ He ua pu ma ke anuanu maila ia i ua hoʻohana' ia i loko o cryostat hale a ma i ka helium mahana o lalo 0,01 K (-273,14 ° C) a ua mālama 'ia no kekahi mau lā.

i pili ai

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, helium mea chemically inert. I ka lōʻihi ke hana i kekahi hui hehee ai i ma maʻamau ka mahana a me ka puʻe nā hoailona i ole hale lio. No ka laʻana, helium hiki ke hana i huiʻia me ka iodine, tungsten, fluorine, phosphorus a me ka luaipele, ia malalo iho o ka uila glow hookuuia paha ma ka huina'ine bombardment i loko o ka wai koko moku'āina. Pela ia i hana HeNe, HgHe _10, WHe ₂ a me hakakino Ion He ₂ ⁺ ₂ 'Aʻole ^++, HeH ⁺ a me HeD ^+. Kēiaʻano hana i kekahi Ua he'ākilikai lātoma He ₂ a me HgHe.

wai koko

Ma ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa advantageously haawi ionized helium, nona ka waiwai oko kekahi, mai ka hakakino. Nā electrons a protons i ole ua hoʻopili, a me ka mea, mai ke kiʻekiʻe loa uila conductivity a hiki i ka hapa 'ia' ionized moku'āina. Ma kaki (particles) ua mahalo 'ole ma kaʻume mākenēki a me ka pila nui kihapai. No ka laʻana, ma o ka poe makani me ka helium Ion pāʻani aku me ka ionized hydrogen magnetosphere honua, e kauoha ana i ka holaKahua borealis.

Ka loaʻa o ka hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka US

Ma hope oʻeli i ka 1903 ma Dexter, Honolulu, ka mea i loaa ma ka 'ole-flammable kinoea. Initially, ka mea i ike ole ia e ia iloko helium. I kinoea i loaʻa, hōʻike 'moku'āina Erasmus Haworth kanaka hulihonua, ka mea i ohi ia i kona mau Eia kekahi laʻana, a me ka University o Honolulu Via chemists Kedi Gamiltona a me David McFarland ike i ka mea iloko ona 72% naikokene, 15% methane, 1% hydrogen a me 12% ia i hōʻike'. Ma hope o Noho i ka hope Ka Ikepili, ka noiʻi ike ia 1,84% o ka hāpana o helium. No laila, ua ike i keia Nine Inch hehee ai ka makana ma ka nui mea i loko o ka hohonu o ka Great kula, kahi e hiki e mai o maoli kinoea.

hanalima? iecaianoaaiiuo

Keia ua i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i ke ao nei ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o helium alihi kaua. Ma ke kamaʻilio e Sir Richard Threlfall, i ka US Moku hoʻolako 'ekolu uuku ke kahu moku, mea kanu, e paka i kēia waiwai i ka First World War, e hoʻopaʻa i ka barrage balloons Lightweight ole-flammable punohu kinoea. E like me ia i kēia polokalamu i hua mai la i ka huina o ka m + 5700 ³ 92 hapa haneri ia, eia nae keia i loaa wale ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 100 nā lika o ke kinoea. Part o keia dala i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke ao nei ka mua helium airship ka US Moku C-7, a i kona kaikamahine i holo mai Hampton Aloha E Maliu Mai (Virginia) ma Bolling Field (Washington, DC) December 7, 1921.

Oiai ke kaʻina hana o ka haʻahaʻa ana wela wai kinoea ma ia manawa i ole lawa ke kino ia e nui iloko o ka First World War,? Iecaianoaaiiie hoʻomau. Helium ua nui hoʻohana like me ka ke eaʻe kinoea i loko o mokulele. Koi no ka mea, ua mahuahua iloko o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua ia ka mea i hoʻohana me ka pale kaua piʻo kuʻihao. Ke hehee ai kekahi mea nui i loko o ka hanaia'na o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū "Manhattan".

US National no?

I ka makahiki 1925, i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia ke aupuni i hana i ka National hookoe o helium ma Amarillo, Texas, e hoolako koa airships i ka manawa o ke kaua, a kalepa airships ma peacetime. I ka hoʻohana 'ia o ke kinoea haule iho ma hope o ka Apana World, akā, i mahuahua ai ka pua paha i ka makahiki 1950, e hoolako, i waena o nā mea a pau, ka mea e pau ai me he coolant hoʻohana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka o oxygen-hydrogen aʻe paha iloko o ka makahiki lāhui kanaka, a me ka Hawaii War. I ka hoʻohana 'ana o helium i loko o ka United States i ka 1965,ʻewalu manawa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka piko hokii, ma ka wartime.

Ma hope iho o ka hookamaia ana o ke kānāwai ma luna o helium 1960 hoʻouku Buro mea onionio 5 a pilikino poe e extract i ka hehee ai mai maoli kinoea. Kēia polokalamu i kūkuluʻia 425-ei pipeline e hoʻohui i kēia mau mea kanu me ke aupuni hapa 'ia' depleted kinoea kahua kokoke Amarillo, Texas. Helium-naikokene läÿau, EII ni i loko o lola honua pūnaewele, a noho iho la malaila a ka mea, aole e pono i loko o laila.

I ka 1995, ua akoakoa mai i ka buke o ke kumukūʻai ieeeea? Cubic mika, oiai o ka aie o ka National caiiaaaieea no o 1.4 ieeeea dala, a ua paipaiʻia o ka US Ahaolelo Lahui i ka 1996, e pae mai no ia. Ma hope o ka hookamaia i ka 1996 o ke kānāwai ma luna o ka privatization o helium Kuhina o Natural Resources a hemo ka liquidation hale kūʻai i ka 2005.

Clean a? Iecaianoaaiiie

Helium hua mai la a hiki i 1945 makahiki i ka maemae o ma kahi o 98%, kekahi 2% e noho ana i loko o ka naikokene i mea kupono no ka airships. I ka makahiki 1945, ka mea, i kekahi wahi nui o 99,9 pakeneka o ke kinoea i ka pono ma ka piʻo kuʻihao. I ka 1949, i ka maemae o ka kūpono hehee ai ua hiki 99,995%.

No ka mea, he nui na makahiki o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i na oi ma mua o 90% o ko ke ao nei ka kālepa helium. Mai 2004, i kela makahiki ka mea i hana mai 140 miliona m + ^3, 85% o ka i ana i loko o ka United States, 10% i lawe mai i loko o Algeria, a me ka poe i koe - i loko o Rusia a me Poland. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o helium i loko o ke ao nei i maoli kinoea nā mahinaʻai o Texas, Oklahoma, a Honolulu.

I ke kaʻina hana no ka loaa

Helium (maemae 98,2%) ua loaa mai ka liquefaction o maoli kinoea ma nā eiiiiiaiou ma haʻahaʻa mahana, a ma kiʻekiʻe malihini. Ke adsorption o nā kinoea ho'ēmi ho'ā 'kalapona ke kū i ka maemae o 99,995%. A uuku ka nui o ka helium hua mai la i ka ea ole liquefaction ma luna o ka unahiʻole, i nui. O ka 900 nā kana o ka lewa ke kiʻi ma kahi o 3,17 cubic mika. ka m kinoea.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka palapala noi

Noble kinoea i ua noi i loko o nā kula.

• Helium, a waiwai ae e loaa loa haʻahaʻa wela, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ke anuanu maila agena ma ka LHC, MRI superconducting Mākēneki apparatuses a me nukeleaʻume mākenēki resonance spectrometers, ukali pono, e like me ka pono me no ka liquefaction o ka o oxygen, a hydrogen ma Kao lele lako kaua "Apollo".
• E like me ka mea inert kinoea no kuʻihao Aluminum a me na mea e ae, ke hooheheeia ma ka hana ana o semiconductors a me ka'ōnohi olona.
• .. No ka ho okumu i puʻe i loko o ka wahie poʻina nalu o rocket kiko'ī, pakahi aku la ia poe ke hoʻohana i ke kinowai ai hydrogen, ole i wale helium kinoea e mālama ana ka noho ana o ka aggregation ka wā hydrogen koe wai);
• He-Ne kinoea kukuna e hoʻohana i ka scan i ka barcode ma luna o ka pahu i loko o ke keʻena hale kūʻai nui.
• Helium-ion microscope e leie aku oe, e kiʻi i ka maikaʻi ma mua o kiʻi uila.
• Aie i ka permeability kiʻekiʻe o ke aliʻi kinoea ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoao ai liu i, no ka laʻana i kaʻa lewa-hoʻoikaika kino nenoai, e like me kokololio iie ka airbag ma luna o hookui hookahe koko ana.
• Low nuʻa apono 'Nani Loa kala piha me ka helium. Ke inert kinoea ua auou caiaiai pahū hydrogen kinoea i loko o airships a me balloons. No ka laʻana, ma ka meteorology, e hoʻohana helium balloons, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe hoʻi i ka ana mea kani.
• Ke cryogenic coolant Ua hoʻohana 'ia, mai ka wela o ka Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka palena iki hiki kinowai moku'āina.
• Helium, i ka waiwai i ka mea i haʻahaʻa reactivity a me ka wai solubility (a me ke koko), i loko o ka läÿau, me ka o oxygen ua loaʻa palapala noi i loko o naehana hanu mea haʻilula keimikala no scuba luʻu a me ka paa ana caisson hana.
• Meteorites a me nā pōhaku i ua kālailai no ka maʻiʻo o keia hehee ai, e hooholo i ko lakou mau makahiki.

Helium: i ka waiwai o ka hehee ai

He papa kuhikuhiE physical waiwai e like penei:

• 'ātoma helu: 2.
• Ke pili nuipa o ka helium'Ātoma. 4,0026.
• Ke Kēhaupaʻa wahi: i.
• Baila aʻela i wahi: -268,9 ° C.
• Nuʻa (1 atm, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g. / N.
• 'okesaside moku'āina 0.