Iwi me ka hui, kēia: 'ole, ka waiwai, hana,

Ka iwi me he kino hapa o ka'ōnaehana o nā loko o ka hele a me kākoʻo, a pela i kekahi pono hanana shape a me ka 'ole,' ano typical architectonic nä olonä a me nā ipu koko. Ua Ua kūkuluʻano nui o ka kūikawā iwi'aʻaʻa i ua uhi mawaho o ka periosteum, a me ka loko maupaʻa iwi ka lolo.

Key hiʻona

Kēlā iwi me ka hui, kēia mea i kekahi nui, shape a me ka wahi i loko o ke kanaka kino. A pau i kēia nui 'ole ia e kekahi mau kumu ma i ka mea, e ulu, e like me kela ooieoeiiaeuiuo wahie, ua hoano e iwi no kanaka meaola.

Kekahi iwi ahupapa a i ka kekahi nui o ke koko lako i na kumu, i ke alo o ka ho'ākāka kahua o ko lākou wahi, e like me ka pono me he 'ano typical architectonic moku. A pau kēia mau hiʻona e like me ka mea pili i na nā aʻalolo i innervate i ka iwi.

'ole

Iwi me he hui, ka loaʻa o kekahi fabrics mea i loko o kekahi mau ka pili ma, akā, o ka papa, i ka mea nui i waena o ia mea i ka lamellar iwi'aʻaʻa 'ole i hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono i laʻana o ka diaphysis (kikowaena Oihana, kino) lōʻihi omo iwi.

Ke kumu nui loa o ka mea, ua aia ma waena o ka pahale loko, a ma waho papa, a me ka puni mea he lākou o ka gusset papa a me osteons. I ka hope o ka mall a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka iwi, a ua ike ia ma ka hana kūikawā'aʻaʻa specimens a lahilahi pauku.

Mawaho o kekahi iwi ua hoopuniia ma kekahi mau papa o ka pono a mau mooolelo, i mea 'ana ma lalo o ka periosteum. Ma hope iho o kēia mau papa i hana kūikawā perforating kaha i pihaʻi me na ipu ia inoa koko. Ma ka mokuna i ka medullary lua o ka iwi loa pihaʻi me ka hou, ahu iho a puni i ka pā papa houia ma ka ai iiiaanoaa o okoa kaha, hoʻonui na keena.

Medullary lua loa hoalaala ia me ka ai-kapa endosteum ho i ka loa lahilahi ahu iho la ka connective'aʻaʻa, i ka loaʻa o AEeOEXAaI flattened osteogenic keena.

osteons

Osteon poe concentrically hoonohonoho iwi papa e nana me nā paukūʻolokaʻa o okoa ka ho pūnana aku i loko o kekahi i kekahi, a puni Haversian Canal, ma i ka likeʻole nā aʻalolo a me nā ipu koko. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia mea eʻoi aʻe osteons dlinniku kuni ihola ia i kahi pilipń i ka iwi, kahi mau interconnected anostomoziruya.

I ka huina helu o ka osteons mea kanaka no kēlā kanaka iwi. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka mea hoike, i ka femur , e like me ke kino he ia i loko o ka nui o 1.8 no 1 mm², a me ke kaʻana like 'ana o Haversian Canal i loko o keia hihia hoike no 0.2-0.3 mm².

Ma waena o osteons i waena paha intercalated una e holo ana i loko o nāʻaoʻao a me ka aha i ka hapa o ka osteons kahiko i ka mea, ua lukuʻia i koe. Ka 'ole o ka iwi, e like me ke kino e hoʻolako i ka ikaika pele o keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka luku a me ka hou ho okumu ana o osteons.

Iwi papa i ka mea paa i ka kinona o nā paukūʻolokaʻa, a me ka osseinovye fibrils pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, a ia laua. Ma waena o ka papa i ka hooponopono ia e moe ana concentrically osteocytes. Keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka iwi keena, a hohola i nā ma lehulehu tubules, neʻe maila i ke kokoke-spike in osteocytes a me ka pae'āina ma ka aeea-aeea pili 'o Randy. Pela ka mea i hana spatially aʻo i kaʻoihana lacunary-canalicular'ōnaehana loaa pili 'ole i loko o nā metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Osteon haku mele 'ana nā oi ma mua o 20ʻokoʻa concentric iwi papa. Kanaka iwi hala i kekahi a me nā ipu a pau o ka microvasculature osteon ma wahi, e like me kela unmyelinated nā aʻalolo olona, a me ka kūikawā lymph capillaries, a i pu ma ka papa o connective moe kolohe'aʻaʻa, a me osteogenic likeʻole hehee wale e like me osteoblasts, perivascular keena, a he nui na mea e ae.

osteons kaha i ka pono pilipaa hui 'ana me kekahi i kekahi, a me ka medullary lua a me ka periosteum ku i ke alo o kūikawā probozhdayuschih auwai a, i ka poʻea pau i ka nohona ma iwi anastomosing moku.

periosteum

Ka 'ole o ka iwi me he kino hoʻohuʻu i ka mea, ua externally uhiia e ka kūikawā periosteum, i ua hana mai fibrous connective'aʻaʻa, a mai ka mawaho, a ma loko, ahu iho. Hope nā cambial a hiki keena.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE oihana loaʻa ka periosteum limahana ma ka noho, e like me hoʻomalu a me trophic hana, a ua loaʻaʻaneʻi ma ka hele likeʻole moku koko. Pela, ke koko a me ka iwi E hoʻolauna.

He aha nō ka mana o ke periosteum

Ke periosteum Ua kokoke loa uhi i ka pā hapa o ka iwi, a me ka mea wale nō koe nae 'aneʻi nō i nā wahi ma kahi he mea articular cartilage, e like me paa ligament a Muscle tendon. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ana me ke kōkua o ke koko a me ka iwi periosteum kaupalenaʻia ka puni'aʻaʻa.

I iho ia mea paʻakikī loa wiwi, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, ikaika Auana i ka haku o ka loa anuanu connective'aʻaʻa, a i aia i loko o nā ipu lymph a me ke koko a me nā aʻalolo. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka hope komo i loko o ka iwi waiwai no o ka periosteum. Nānā 'ole o ka ina paha noʻonoʻo nasal iwi, a me kekahi'ē aʻe, periosteum i hala loa ka nui hopena ma luna o ka ulu ana keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o kona mānoanoa a me ka mana.

Ka loko, ahu iho o ka osteogenic ka penaʻana o ka iniiaiie wahi ma i iwi ua hana, a ma ona iho ia koloka innervated ia e loli ai kona pā lonoaʻili. Inā ka iwi ua nele o ka periosteum, e ho'ōla ia pohaku e lilo i viable, a hoakaka sphacelating. I ka hoʻokō 'kekahiʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau uao ai' ana ma o ka iwi, e like me fractures, pono e mālama 'ia ai ka periosteum,ʻaʻole kaʻole, e hamama ai i ko lakou ulu maʻamau, a hoomau iho la oia ola.

Other manao hiʻona

Ua aneane kekahi iwi (koe wale no ka hapanui nui o cranial, i ka loaʻa o ke nasal iwi) i articular ili, a ua hoʻolako 'ia e lākou articulation me ka mea' ē aʻe. Oia surfaces kahi o ka periosteum he mea he hana kūikawā hui cartilage, i loko o kona 'ole ka fibrous paha hyaline.

Loko loa preferential iwi lolo ua noho ai, a ua kau ma waena o nā papa ka naele ia waiwai paha 'ana i loko o ka medullary lua, a me ka mea i e melemele aʻulaʻula.

Ma neonates a fetuses ma ka iwi mea i loaʻa wale nō ula iwi ka lolo, i mea ka hematopoietic a ho he homogeneous nui, paʻa kūhohonu loa i hanaʻia oihana mua o na moku i ke koko, e like me kuikawa reticular'aʻaʻa. Red iwi lolo he he nui helu o osteocytes, iwi keena. Ka buke o ka ula iwi mozag mea ma kahi o 1500 CC.

An makua nana i mua ana i ka ulu o ka iwi, ulaula ka lolo ua i nā UAIAaIN ma melemele, poeʻano nui ma ka hana momona keena, oiai o ka pono ka waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo o ka mea i auou caiaiai loa ka iwi ka lolo, a ua aia i loko o ka medullary Canal.

osteology

Ma ia ia mea he iwi o ke kanaka, pehea ka iwi kuʻi nukeliu, a me kekahi 'ē pele keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ia, hoʻoili i loko o osteology. Ke mau helu o ke kino i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o kānaka hiki ole ke hooponoponoia ia mea, me ka oiaio, no ka mea, hoʻololi i ke kūnewa kaʻina. Mau kanaka ike ia mai ka wā kamaliʻi a hiki i wa e poohina ai i loko o kānaka ua mau hana iwi lesions,'aʻaʻa ka make a me ka nui 'ē aʻe keʻano o ka hanaʻana. I mau, ma ke ola e hoʻomōhala oi ma mua o 800 okoa pokou oihana mua, 270 o ka a - a hiki i ka utero.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka poi pu hapanui o ia i fused i kekahi i kekahi, oiai ke kanaka mea ma ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka adolescence. Ka makua kanaka kino iwi a iloko ona i kakauia ka huina o 206 iwi, a ma ka hou ana i ka ia a eia i loko o adulthood e kekahi ikea fickle dice, ka hanana a i ua kauoha ma keʻano o ke kanaka, hiʻona a me nā hana o ke kino.

iwi

Na iwi o na lala a me nā māhele o ke kino pu me kā lākou pili 'o Randy i hana i kekahi kanaka iwi, i mea he anuanu lākou o anatomical nā hale, a ma ka noho ana meaola lawe kūpono kou wale nō me mechanical hana. Ma keia hihia, laekahi 'epekema ku paa iwi i makana wale iwi, a me ka palupalu, i nā me ka dukima o ligaments, membranes a me ka hana cartilaginous ami.

Nā iwi kanaka a me ka ami, e like me ke kanaka kino iwi a me ka a pau, e ia i loko o ke kino, e hana i kekahiʻano o ka hana. No laila, i nā iwi o ka lalo lala a me kumu eʻano nui malama me ka palupalu'aʻaʻa kākoʻo, oiai ka hapanui o na iwi e levers, like me nā nāʻiʻo i pili ia ia, ka hoʻolako 'locomotor kuleana pili i. He mau hiʻona ae oe i rightfully haawiia mai e kapa aku i kekahi iwi loa OE hehee ai o na kanaka musculoskeletal nenoaiu.

Kanaka iwi ho antigravity 'ole counteracting i ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha. I ma lalo o kona keiki, i ke kanaka kino mai e e kaomi ma luna o ka honua, akā, ma ka lilo o ka hiʻona e lawe na keena kanaka o ka iwi a me ka iwi me ka a pau, i ke kino shape loli mea i hanaia.

iwi kuleana pili i

Nā iwi o ka puniu wale no, a me ka pelvis kumu i ka aiiay hana ku e likeʻole piʻi nui nā loko, nā aʻalolo nui ilpko o a nui na moku:

• iwi poʻo mea he piha ipu no ka equilibrium nā loko, ike, ka lohe ana, a me ka lolo;
• spinal Canal nā ka spinal ke kaula;
• iwiaoao nā hīnaʻi manu i malama i ka maʻiʻaʻai, naau, a nui nā aʻalolo a me nā ipu koko;
• pelvic iwi i palekana mai ka poho o ka bladder, rectum, e like me kekahi mau na wahine.

Preferential loa iwi i loko o kekahi mau ula iwi ka lolo, a mea he kūikawā nā loko hematopoiesis, a me ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana o ke kanaka kino. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i na iwi pale ia mai ka poho, e like me hana' ano kūpono no kaʻoihana kaua, o kekahi koko keena a me trophism.

Eia hou, E e uku no ka mea i na iwi i pili 'ole i ka mea pōhaku pūnao, e like me ka mea i waihoia i ka hailona o Nine Inch hehee wale, i waena a he kūikawā wahi ua noho ma ka kalipuna a me ka phosphorus kūikawā noonoo. Penei, ina o ka meaola ua lawelawe radioactive kalipuna hope ma kahi o 24 hola oi ma mua o 50% o ka waiwai ua loaa i loko o nā iwi.

ulu ana

Iwi ho okumu ua lawe mai ma osteoblasts, a ma laila i kekahi mauʻano o ka ossification:

• Endesmalnoe. Ua ua lawe mai 'ana i loko o ka connective'aʻaʻa uhi, iniiaiie iwi. Mai nā maka o ka ossification ma connective'aʻaʻa embryo hana ossification hoʻomaka e hohola iho e like kukuna ma luna o nā mea a pauʻaoʻao. Ili papa o connective'aʻaʻa pela noho i loko o ka palapala o ka periosteum, mai ka iwi a hoʻomaka e mahuahua ma ka mānoanoa.
• Perichondral. Aia mea ma luna o ka pā ili o ka cartilage kumu o ka pololei komo perichondrium. Mahalo i ka ha awina o osteoblasts, a i aia ma lalo o ka perichondrium, i nā kaʻulua iwi, he cartilage hope, a ho okumu i loa hoopomaikai iwi waiwai.
• Periosteal. He aie i ka periosteum, i ia iho me perichondrium. Previous a me nāʻano o ka osteogenesis e hahai ana kekahi i kekahi.
• Endochondral. Hoʻokō i loko o cartilage kumu o ka pololei komo perichondrium hoomaopopo ana eʻai i loko o ka cartilage keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loaʻa i ka mea hana kupaianaha. Kēia kosteobrazovatelnaya'aʻaʻa i nā pepehi izvetshaly cartilage ossification a me konaʻano a he wahi 'ana i loko o ka waena konu o ka iwi Ke Ana Hoʻohālike cartilaginous. Me ka hou mahele ana endochondral ossification, mai ka piko a hiki i ka periphery ua hana trabecular iwi ho okumu.

Pehea ka mea e hele ana?

Kēlā me kēia kanaka ua functionally, kena ae la ossification hoʻomaka me ka busiest mau mea o ke kikowaena iwi. A puni o ka lua o ka malama o ke ola i loko o ka opu hoʻomaka e hōʻike i ka iniiaiie wahi mai a ka hooulu ana o ka diaphyseal, metaphyseal a me nā kino o nā iwi loa. Hope ka mea, ossified ma endochondral iwi ho okumu a me perichondral, akā, pono ma mua o ka hānau ai i loko o ka mua mau makahiki ma hope o ka hānau, hoʻomaka e hōʻike haumāna wahi, mai a ka epiphyseal ulu ana.

Ma na keiki, e like me ka pono me kanaka ma ka wa opiopio, a adulthood e ikea nā ossification mokupuni, kahi e ulu ai huli no apophyses. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'iwi a me kā lākou mau māhele kanaka, oia hoi o ka kūikawā a naele ia waiwai, ma manawa endochondral ossification, oiai na kumu mua i hoʻohui pū kona wale nô a naele ia a me kana olelo hoopomaikai waiwai, ossify peri- a me ka endochondral. Ossification o kēlā me kēia iwi mea oo Hōʻike 'kona ooieoeiiaeuiiai no keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka phylogeny.

ka ulu ana

I loko o ka ulu ua lawe kukulu hou, a me ka uuku iwi pohupani hale. Hoʻomaka i ka hana hou osteons, a ua laweia aku la keia ua hoi mai i ka laua rezorbatsiya ia ho i ka resorption o kahiko osteons, a ua hua mai ma osteoclasts. Ma muli o ia kā lākouʻeleu hanaʻaneʻane a pau endochondral iwi diaphysis e ho'ōla hoike mai, a me kahi i hanaʻia i ka piha iwi lolo lua. I ke kumukuai o 'ana i kumumanaʻo mea i ka hoʻonā ai i ka, a me nā papa perichondral iwi, akā, ma kahi nalo iwi waihoia hou papa mai ka periosteum. I rezultatet iwi hoʻomaka e mahuahua ma ka mānoanoa.

Iwi ka ulu ana ma ka lōʻihi ua hoʻolako 'ia e epiphyseal cartilage, he kūikawā, ahu iho ma waena o ka metaphysis a me ka epiphysis, mau no a me ka'ōpiopio kanaka keiki.