Ka 'ike pūnaewele meakino o ke kō lalo iho. Kahiko pūnaewele Media

Mākou i kokoke i kela la i CD-nā pā, waihonaʻike kipaku aku ai, a me ka pepa, akā, e ole i ike ia mau me Media, i kona iho mōʻaukala. A, i mua ma nāʻaoʻao o ka ho'āhu a me ka pū i hiki memo, Eia kekahi laʻana o ka i hiki e ke loaʻa, paha, wale i loko o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha lākou mau helehelena. Old Media hou i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kanaka Hawaiʻi. Kēlā me kēia hou lākouʻano i ka nānā i kekahi mau mea maʻalahi oi mana ma mua o ka mua a me ka. I kēia manawa i ka papaa meakino, mai ke kumu mai o Kana, kahiko ilipalapala hoi, a me ka palolo papa hōʻike kānakaʻepekema i ka hailonaʻana e pili ana i ke ola i loko o ka mamao i hala. Kekahi o ia i kahi loihi mamua o kēia analogues no ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka pūnaewele o ka' ike.

Ma ka aka o na ana

Ka mua Media, pono-ikeiaʻepekema - i kēia pā pōhaku kiʻi. Ka mea, hui me ka lua i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ke ao nei. Initially, ke noi paha hoʻohana 'ia nā pōpō mele. Over manawa mea i ike fragility o ia lauana, a me kahi mea paahana kila hoʻohana pahi pohaku. Ka mea, scratched ma luna o nā paia o petroglyphs (ka inoa ua loko mai o ka Greek hua'ōlelo "pohaku" a me "ka pae"). I ka papa kuhikuhiE Halaman o ka pōhaku oe - ua ioioie?, Holoholona, ano moʻokalaleo Ke ike weliweli. I kēia lā, e noho unclear manao o ia mau nō. Ka mea, e hōʻike aku i ka mana i ka mea, he poe haipule ma ka 'ano' ole hoʻololi i e decorate hale, a hiki i i ke ala e hoolilo 'ike i ka tribesmen.

Nā examples loa kahiko o ka pōhaku, no ka mea, he lōʻihi loa mōʻaukala. Archaeologists manaoio i ka mea i hana hou aku he kanaha tausani makahiki aku nei.

pālolo

Evolution o ka Media ua ma luna o ka huli ala o ka mea, hoʻohana-aloha a me ka hiki ana o ka poʻe e ho'ōla i ka memo no ka like loa me hiki. I wahi o petroglyphs a me ka pōhakuʻoe mai ka lepo o na papa io. Lākou me Kinohi ua pili ia me ke kumu o ke kākau 'ana ma Aigupita a me Mesopotamia. He aha he mau Media,? Table oia o nā papa kapa komo iā ia me ka lahilahi ahu iho la ka lepo. Palapalaia maluna penei huapalapala hoʻohana pohaku a laau laau. Kakau iho la i pulu i ka lepo, a laila, maloʻo papa. A malaila i ka mea e hiki ke hana i kekahi o nā aoao: kekahi e haʻalele, a, ina he pono, e holoiia i ka palapala, hui pū ia me ka wai a me ka hana kālua. Ma ka hope Ina, ka 'ikepili ua waiho waho no ka lōʻihi manawa, ma mua o ka make ana o ka mea lawe. Ke koe o ia mau papa, archaeologists hōʻike i ka keia lā. Kēia mea he nui loa nā mea i hoʻoholo 'ia ke hai aku i ka puu e pili ana pehea ko kākou poʻe kūpuna i noho ai.

He nui no hoi ka lepo o na papa io me cuneiform palapala, mua hoʻolauna i loko o ka palena o ke kahiko Sumer i loko o ke kolu o Ka Wā Kaukani BC. He nui nā kanaka i hoʻohana i kēia 'ano o ka' ike lawe a hiki i ke ano o ka pepa.

mahuahua

I ka wä kahiko Rome holo he mahuahua na papa. Ka mea, Ua hana o ka laweʻia, beech a iwi, a i ka indentation no paraffin. By mahuahua ua hoʻomaopopo i ka stylus, he heʻoiʻoi metala kookoo. Na hoailona hiki wale ke hou-hoʻohana: na hoailona hoopuni holoiia. Eia naʻe, i ka mahana hana hea ole ae e malama i ka hapanui o na mai, helu ma ia Media,. Eia naʻe, ua pili kekahi Eia kekahi laʻana i ka keia lā. Kekahi o ia mau mea - ka polyptych (mau palapala hoopaaʻili kaula mahuahua o na papa io) i loaʻa i ka Novgorod Codex, loaʻa ma luna o ka mokuna o ke kūlanakauhale kahiko.

Ka 'ike pūnaewele meakino o ke kō lalo iho

Ma nā 'ano o nā papa, a me ua laau puke kekahi drawback ka - ka mea, kaupaona i ka hailona. Ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau, no ia mea, i hele aku la i ka hou 'ana o kāu kiʻina hana a ho'āhu a me ka pū i hiki' ike ma luna o ka huli alanui māmā kumu. KoʻAigupita invented i ka pāʻoihana. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ke kolu o Ka Wā Kaukani BC, hele mai la lakou me ka papaa meakino o ke kō lalo iho. Ka mea, ua ka papyrus, i ua i mai ka ia mea kanu. Ia keia hoahanau o ka sedge i māhele i loko o ka muliwai e Aaeuoa. I kēia lā, hihiu laha 'o ka papyrus ua aneane hele.

enehana

Ke lawe 'ike mai i ke kumu o nāʻohe hana i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mua, huikala mai kanu wauke, a ua oki kona kāna mau 'ōlelo i loko o lahilahi holehole mai ai. Next, i loko o ko lākou waiho i lalo ili anuanu, ahu iho. Mahope, hapa o ka holehole mai ai i kauʻia ma luna o ka decomposed ma akau pana pua. All uhi ia me ka pōhaku i lalo, a ma hope o kekahi manawa i koe i loko o ka lā. A hiki aku ka mea kūpono pepa i lawa ka maloʻo ia, ia hāmare kipaku a me Kaulu.

Papyrus pinepine alu pu, tuko i kahi hookahi. Ua loaʻa nani lōʻihi ribbons, i i waiho i loko o ke kino o ka pepa. Ke papyrus mua i kapaia "protokolon". Ili a pau o ka pepa o ka kekahi ma na olona, ua papamoe.

reusable

Papyrus, he Hawaii photo a oe ke ike ma kekahi punaewele hoʻolaʻa i ka mōʻaukala oʻAigupita, ua pinepine hoʻohana 'oi ma mua o kekahi manawa. A hiki aku i ka 'ike, he ma luna o ka maka, e lilo ia i pili' ole wale AND 'ikamu piha huli. Pinepine laila neo? Aaiiai? Likeʻole ka palapala, ai hana. I kekahi manawa e lilo AND kikokikona, mai kaʻaoʻao'ākau holoi.

Papyrus i kahiko Aigupita, a waiho laa hāʻina o nā haʻawina a me nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka kela la i keia hale chores. Ke lawe 'ike mai i ke kumu o Kana, apparently, oia wau iuka nei i ka ia manawa me ka hanau ana o ke kākau' ana, i loko o ka predynastic ka'āina. Pinepine i loaʻa ma ka 'aoʻao hiki ke loaʻa pepa la kiʻi.

loaʻa

Papyrus - i ka loa ike loea malama. Mālama i ia i loko o unaltered palapala mea hiki wale nō ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu, no nae ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha hiki ke ike waiho ma ka paʻa aniani pahu loko i ka mea e pono ai ka mahana a me ka humidity. Papyri hoʻohana ma o ka holoʻokoʻa ?? eoi? O Helene a me Roma, akā, ua ola na kope wale, mālama i loko oʻAigupita: ke aniau o keia aina ua loaa ma ka fragile kākoʻo nā mea emi kŘpuna hopena.

Aie i ka mea kūikawā olelo i loko o ka muliwai Valley, ua hiki no ka ike lea i ke "Kumukanawai o ka Atenai" Aristotle, Roma poem "Alcestis Pakelona", kekahi o na hana o Menander a me Philodemos Gadarskogo archaeologists a me nā moʻolelo. Pepa la me kēia Eia kekahi laʻana o ka kahiko moʻokalaleo i ua loaʻa i loko oʻAigupita.

paa au

Evolution, a ua kahiko Media, i ole e ku malie oukou. Ke papyri hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o ka Hikina a me ka VIII kenekulia BC. Eia naʻe, ma Europe i loko o ke kakahiaka Middle Ages ia i UAIAaIN ma ka hoʻopaʻa meakino, mai ka ili o ka holoholona. He iā ia me he pōkole holopapa ola o ka papyrus (ia i mālama i oi aku 200 makahiki), a me ka hoemi i ka helu o nā mea kanu i loko oʻAigupita.

Ka ili o na holoholona, e like me ka malama

Parchment iʻikeʻia i loko o ka V kenekulia. BC. e ka. ma Peresia. Mai lailaʻo ia i loko o Makamua Greece, kona wahi i liloʻano hana me ka II kenekulia BC. Ua i i keia manawa, Aigupita ua banned ka mea hoʻolilo o papyrus mai o ka aina. Oia ka olelo hooholo e alakai i ka maliuia'ku o ka Waihona Puke o Alexandria ma e like me ke aupuni 'o Pergamum ma Asia Minor. A laila, hoʻomanaʻo i nā Helene, a me ka Peresia kā lākou hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, ua hou i ka 'ike loea hou a me ka ua hoʻomaka' ana ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hou mea. Ma keia manao, ua kapaʻia ka papaa meakino o ka holoholonaʻili, a "parchment". Ma Helene, no kona? Iecaianoaaiiie hoʻohana pelaʻia ili o ka hipa a me nā kao.

pepa au

Parchment hoʻohana like me ka papa kuhikuhi palapalaʻia mai i ka nucleation o ke pai ana. A laila, no kekahi manawa ua kēnā aʻela i nā holoholona hoʻohana i ia laua me ka pepa. Naʻe, i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o parchment ua alakaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe, e haʻalele ia i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka hou Media,.

I ka pepa, e like me ka Pākē moʻolelo, i invented ma ke kakahiaka nui elua kenekulia AD, Cai Lun. Hulikoehana hanaʻeliʻana, nae, hoike ka mua kumu o ka mea (ma kahi o II kenekulia BC). Cai Lun, e like me ke kālā no manaÿo, 'ike loea holomua i pepa ho'ēmi a oi mau nō. Ke manufacturing kaʻina hana o ke kākau 'ana i nā puke laila finalized: i ka papa kuhikuhiE maka mea (lole, ka lehu, hemp) hoomaka ae la lakou e hoonui mai glue, pia, a' ia nā pōpō konohiki. I mau, nae, o ka haku mele 'ana o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia pepa mea,ʻaʻole loa okoa mai ka mua.

I ka XI-XII kenekulia ka ike Media hou i hele mai ai i 'Eulopa, a hooauhee aku la i ka parchment. Me ka hooulu ana o ke pai pepa? Iecaianoaaiiuo hoomaka ae la e mahuahua me ka nui loa. Hou hou 'ana i kēia lawe' ike i Ua pili kēia i hou? Iecaianoaaiiuo epekema, gradual hoʻololi mai e manual i mechanized hana.

I kēia manawa i ka pepa lohi, eia ka e kikohoʻe a me ka uila counterparts. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka Media i loko o mākou manawa - i ka nui o ka iaiyoe. Pepa ua kiʻekiʻe o losing kona manaʻo nui, nae ka mea, ua hua mai la mea no ka nui loa. Parchment a me ka papyrus, e hoopuni loaʻa kiʻi ma luna o ka punaewele, mea o ka hala, eia nae ka mua ua hoʻohana 'ia i keia la ma Artists. wehewehe i ka moolelo o Media i ka makemake o ka manaʻo kanaka, e holomua, a me kekahi manawa, a hiki i ka loa mau kailaʻae o ke ola.