Ke kumuhana o ke kuka nei lakou General kālaimeaola mea he lākou no keʻano o ka hanaʻana i underlie ka kŰia o ke ola

Natural mea ole wale kekahi o ka mua kanaka haʻawina o na kahua mau o ka 'epekema, akā, i nui ka hehee ai i loko o ke ana o ko mākou noho maikai ana. Ke kumuhana o ke kuka nei lakou General kālaimeaola mea he lākou no keʻano o ka hanaʻana i underlie ka kŰia o ke ola. Pookela mawaena o lakou: o ka'ōlelo a me ka ontogenesis, nā kūpuna a me ka mea oko a, ka mōʻaukala kūpono 'ana o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona laha', a kūlohelohe koho. Ma kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i ia i loko o aku au mamuli.

Ke kūlana o maoli mōʻaukala kanaka i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kaiāulu

Pili liluwelo sciences i hana i ka mea hiki study o ka lunaʻike manaʻo o ke 'ano, ka hoʻohana' ana i nā hualoaʻa ma ka hooulu ana i kēia hana o ka mau kālaimeaola - aeea a me aaiaoe ka hana 'enekinia, biotechnology, a me ka heluna kanaka aaiaoe?. Ke kokololio hooulu ana o ka 'ike loea hou hanalima, a na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke kaʻa poepoeʻana i loko o ke ao nei hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻoikaika kānakaʻepekema, e komo i loko o mea noiʻi ma kumuhana o? Aneie palekana o maoli nenoai.

Like naturalistic 'epekema, mau kālaimeaola haʻawina o ka loa luna' 'ole o ka hoʻolālā o ke ola: heluna kanaka-? Ueony, e like me kekahi pae o? Aneeo nenoai, a me ka biosphere.

I ka moolelo o ka hooulu ana mai o liluwelo ike

Ka 'epekema i Haʻawina ano i loko o nā mea a pau kona' ano, i hānau i loko o ka hohonu o ke kanaka ike a me ke kōkua o nā poe akeakamai o ka wa kahiko Greece a me ka Roma, akā, i kapa ia kālaimeaola wale nō i loko o ka XIX kenekulia, ma na hana o J. Lamarck a me G. Treviranus. Kekahi o ka mea kahiko o kona hoʻopaʻi 'ana ia mea, noonoo taxonomy ma muli C. Linnaeus, a me ka morphology, ka hoʻomakaʻana i loko o ka hoonoho o Hippocrates, Galen a me Aesculapius.

Eia ke ano o ke ao ana i mau kālaimeaola mea, e hookupaa aku i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ola meaola i ka hakakino mua, a laila, - ma ke kelepona hele kiʻekiʻe. Ka muli o ka 'epekema kumumanaʻo, hoʻomohala ma ka Lūkini evolutionist PF Goryaninovym a Kelemāniaʻepekema M. Schleiden a me T. Schwann ho'āʻo ai i ka walaʻauʻana ano o ke ola ma ka Honua - o ka halepaahao. R. Virchow hāpai i ka rula o ka "ola - mai ka noho ana" i ka hoopau ana i ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hanauna o nā kānakaʻepekema meaola mai nonliving mea.

Cytology ma na ano like centrifugation, huina'ine microscopy, tracer iaoia, Pilikanaka ka 'ole o ka prokaryotes a me nucleated keena, a o ke kumu no ka hooulu ana o ka mea hiki kumuhana apau loa o ka' epekema maoli: histology, aaiaoe?,? Aneii.

metabolic loina i ola nenoai

General kālaimeaola haʻawina i wale i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka meaola, akā, i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i underlie lākou pūnao. Biochemistry hookupaa regularities o ka lāʻau anabolic reactions, e like me kāʻamaʻai i ka mea kanu. Ua kekahi hoike o ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis (EKOLU a me ka unuhi keʻano o ka hanaʻana), e hoʻoholo i na rula e pono ai no na reactions dissimilation ka hoʻolako 'pono ikehu hookoe keena me nā lātoma o NADPH a me ATP.

Mai ka mea o ke ao ana i mau kālaimeaola mea hakakino kiʻekiʻe o ke ola, seriously noʻonoʻo i ka naoh o catabolism. Ma lalo o aerobic rula, i ka holoholona aeea synthesizes 36 iole o ATP, mai kela a me keia lātoma o ka monakō koko i loko o ka reactions o ka Krebs pōʻaiapuni.

Mea kanu a me nā fungi ma reactions o ka ikehu pūnao i loko o ka anaerobic no keia hoi hoopili C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ i ka'eto ka waiʻona, a me ka ae - i lacticʻakika. Akā, i loko o nā hihia a pau, i ka synthesized nā lātoma o ka mea ikehu - adenosine triphosphate.

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ke kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻa General kālaimeaola mea heʻano papa hana o ka pūnao. Na elele o ka wildlife ia i puka mai me ke komo 'ana o nā'ūhū o like biochemical mau alahele. Kēia e hōʻike mai i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ke kumu o ke ola, mai ka mea, he pono ole kupuna halepaahao 'ano apau loa. I lawa au mamuli o ka mea uhi i loko o kēia māhele o ka 'epekema maoli i ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution.

Paʻa o kekahi mau kālaimeaola

Kēia inoa i ka naturalistic kula ka hoʻopaʻi 'hoʻolauna ma ka laulā maʻamau, e hoomaka ana me ka kaha 9. Mahalo i kaʻepekema, a didactic nā loina o ka hoʻomauʻana, kiʻekiʻe kula haumāna aʻo e pili ana i wildlife, unuhi aku la ia i ka ike ana o ka papa o ka botany, zoology,'anatomia. E hana i ka piha kiʻi o ke ano o na keiki - i ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻonaʻauao hana.

Hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka cytology, ontogeny, kumu hoohalike o ka'āina hoʻoili - i ke këia mau kālaimeaola. Kumuhana apau loa i hoolilo ai i ka mōʻaukala kūpono 'ana o ke aloha ao nei, a me na kumu o ke o kālaikaiaola, e alakai i ka Hopu nui i loko o nā manaʻo o nā haumāna, a he hoʻonui i ka ulu kūpono' ana o ko lākou mau personalities.