Malleability o ke keleawe. 'Ano o ke keleawe

Malleability i kapaia susceptibility o ke hooheheeia, a oka a no ka forging a me nā 'ano o ka puʻe lapaau. Kēia hiki ia he unuhi, hahiʻana, ape paha ua e. keleawe malleability Ua wehewehe aku e ole wale no ka deformation ia'ku, aka, i moldability. He aha ka plasticity? Kēia hiki no i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e hoʻololi i kona contours ma lalo o puʻe me ka uhai ana. Malleable ke hooheheeia nā keleawe, kila, duralumin a me ka 'ē aʻe kekahi keleawe ulaula, makanekiuma, nikala, Aluminum oka a pau. I ka mea, i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka plasticity ua hui me ka haʻahaʻa ia'ku i ka deformation.

keleawe

Interestingly, ka mea nana e like ano o ke keleawe? Ua ua ike ia ia mea he hehee ai o ka pae 11 4 manawa o Nine Inch hehee wale D. I. Mendeleeva. Kona'Ātoma he 29 keena, a ua denoted ma ka hōʻailona cu. I mea, keia mea he malumalu metala lula ea nonono a me ka gula eleele. Ma ke ala, ka mea, i ke kala a pau a pink, ina ka'okesaside ho film mea kahi e. Mai ka wā kahiko, ua hehee ai ua hoʻohana 'ia e kanaka.

moʻolelo

Kekahi o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia mua i hoomaka kanaka e 'Imi hana i loko o kona waiwai, i ke keleawe. Aia hoʻi, ka meaʻoi aku ka loaʻa no ka loaa ana mai o ka mea i eliia, a mai ka haʻahaʻa heheʻe wahi. Ua Ua lōʻihi, ua hoikeia mai i na kanaka aʻehiku ke hooheheeia, a i ka loaʻa o ke keleawe. Ma ke ano maoli, ua hehee ai ka oi, he pono ole ma mua o ke kālā, i ke gula a me ka hao. Makamua mea o ke keleawe slag, i ke kauoha i kona smelting o na mea e hooheheeia. Ka mea, Ua loaʻa i hanaʻeliʻana o ka noho Çatalhöyük. Ua ua ike ia i loko o ke keleawe Age, ua lohe nui keleawe mea. nāna ia e alualu i ka pohaku ma ka honua mōʻaukala.

S. A. Semonov me nā limahana hana mana haʻawina i loaʻa i ke keleawe mea paahana ma e like me ka pono pohaku ma na aoao. Ka mea, i ka oi aku ka māmā holo planing,ʻeli, a oki, a i oloʻia ka lāʻau. A iapaau ana o ka iwi keleawe pahi mau like nui, a me ka pohaku. Akā, ke keleawe ua noʻonoʻo i ka pahee metala.

Loa pinepine, i loko o ka wā kahiko ka mea i hoʻohana kahi o ke keleawe oka a me ka piuta - keleawe. Ka mea, ua pono no ka hana ana o na mea kaua, a me na mea a pau. No laila, e puku i ke keleawe Age hele mai i ke keleawe. Keleawe no ka manawa mua loa i loaa mai i loko o ka Middle Hikina no ka 3000 makahiki BC. E:. kanaka me ka ikaika a me ka maikaʻi ductility o ke keleawe. Mai ka kūpono keleawe hele hana nui a me ka holoholona, mau kīʻaha, nā mea hoʻonani. A pau o kēia mau 'ikamu i loaʻa i loko o hulikoehana hanaʻeliʻana. Eia, i ke keleawe, Age haawi ala i ka hao.

Pehea e kiʻi i ke keleawe hiki ia i loko o ka wa kahiko? Initially, ka mea, ua i mai o ka sulfide, a mai malachite i eliia. No, ma keia hihia, e komo i loko o ka mua o ia kī ua i pono. No keia mea i eliia, a me ka lanahu läÿau, i waiho ia ma ka lepo ipuhao. Ka moku Ua hoʻonohoʻia i loko o ka lepo lua, a me ka läÿau, ua ignited. Next hoʻomaka e paka kalapona monoxide, i ka pilina i ka hoihoi hou ana o malachite noa keleawe.

Ua ua ike ia i loko o Kupero i loko o ke kolu o Ka Wā Kaukani BC i kukulu keleawe mines, ma luna i ka mea i lawe mai smelting.

Ma na aina o Rusia, a kokoke Hawaii i waho keleawe mines ma luna o ka mau millennia BC. e ka. Lākou mau wahi e pili ana i loko o ka Urals, a me Ukraine, a me ka Caucasus, a me ka Hawaiian, a me ka mamao Siberia.

Hanalima heheʻe keleawe i hoʻohana ma o kaʻumikumamākolu kenekulia. A i loko o ka lāʻumikumamālima o kēlā kaua pa i hoʻokumuʻia ma Moscow. Ma laila i loaʻa i loko o ke keleawe nou ana la o na pu o kekahi mau calibers. Alaheo ka nui o ke keleawe i lilo ma manufacturing o ka bele. I ka 1586, i ke keleawe i hoʻolei Tsar o kēlā kaua, i ka 1735 - ka Tsar Bell i ka 1782. Ua hana ke keleawe hoʻoholo lio. I 752, ka haku i na nani Big Buddha kiʻi i loko o ka luakini o Todai-Ji Temple. I mau, i ka papa inoa o nā hana o ke akamai foundry mea ole.

I ka umikumamawalu kenekulia kanaka loaa uila. Ua i laila, ua hoomaka nunui dala o ke keleawe, e haʻalele ai no ka hana o ka uea, a like huahana. I ka iwakalua kenekulia, ua aoia na kaula e e Aluminum, akā nō i keleawe i loko o uila 'enekinia, nui manaʻo nui.

Kumu o ka inoa

A oe i mea Cuprum - o ka inoa he Roma o ke keleawe, loko mai o ka inoa o ka mokupuni o Kupero? Ma ke ala, ma Strabo keleawe kapa halkosom - i ke kulanakauhale o Halkida ma Euboea hewa o ke kumu o ka inoa. Ua lawe loa Greek inoa ke keleawe a me ka keleawe mea wahi ia mea, mai kēia'ōlelo. Ka mea, e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka blacksmithing, i waena o forging a me ka hoolei ana i nā huahana. I kekahi manawa, haawi ia i like keleawe Aes, a 'o ia hoʻi ka mea e hoohehee a me koʻu.

Ka Slavic hua'ōlelo "keleawe" ua i'ōlelo ai etymology. Paha ia mea kahiko. Akā, ka mea, ua nui pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ka loa kahiko, ka palapala, ai kia hoʻomanaʻo i o Rusia. V. I. Abaevʻana i kēia'ōlelo hele mai, mai ka inoa o ka aina o Media. Keleawe ulaula Alchemists kapaia "You". I ka wā ma mua ka mea i kapaia o "Mars".

Where o ke keleawe i loko o maoli?

Ka pńpa paʻa (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% keleawe (ma ke kaupaonaʻana). Ka muliwai ka wai a me ke kai ka wai ia mea nui i emi. 10 ^-7% a me 3 m 10 ^-7% (ma ke kaupaonaʻana) niioaaonoaaiii.

Ma ke ano maoli, ua nui pinepine keleawe i huiʻia. Ka hana hoʻohana CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite kapa keleawe pyrites, bornite cu ₅ FeS _4, chalcocite cu ₂ S. ka poʻe 'imi kanaka, a me ke keleawe ulaula nā minelala hao cuprite cu ₂ O, cu azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, cu malachite ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ a me covellite CuS. Loa pinepine, i ke kanaka ke kaupaonaʻana o ke keleawe he mau huhui i ka 400 tona. Keleawe sulfides i hanaʻano nui i loko o ka meakino-mahana hydrothermal aa koko. Pinepine i loko o sedimentary pōhaku e loaʻa keleawe hoʻokomo kālā - shale a me ke keleawe sandstones. Ka loa ikeia hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka māhū-Baikal Teritori Udokan Zhezkazgan ma aneea oneiaey, Mansfeld ma Kelemania, a nectariferous kāʻei o Central Africa. Other waiwai keleawe waiho ke aupuni 'o Chile (Kolyausi a me Escondida) a me ka USA (Morensi).

Ka hapa nui o ke keleawe i eliia o koʻu mau ma ka hamama hana. Ua loaʻa mai 0,3 a hiki i 1.0% ke keleawe.

physical waiwai

He nui nā poʻe heluhelu e hoihoi i loko o ka hōʻike o ke keleawe. Kēia ea nonono a me ka gula metala. Ma kona ili honua i ka lewa koke uhi me ka'okesaside ho film, a haawi ia i ke ano o ka, pili ulaula-yellow hue. Interestingly, ka wiwi Auana o ke keleawe i uliuli-uliuli waihoʻoluʻu.

Osmium, cesium, ke keleawe a me ke gula i loko o ke kala i ka iaʻano hoʻokahi,ʻokoʻa mai ka mea'ē aʻe oho a me ke kala metala. Kēia ka waihoʻoluʻu kamaʻilio Hōʻike i ke alo o ka huina'ine nā mahele ma waena o ka ha o ka hapa-nele a me ka piha i ke kolu o'ātoma orbitals. Ma waena o ia ma laila mea i kekahi ikehu likeʻole e like me ka ke kōā o ka waihoʻoluʻuʻalani. ʻO ia'ōnaehana mea kuleana no ka mea i ho'ākāka 'waihoʻoluʻu o ke gula.

He aha ka oi kupaianaha ano o ke keleawe? He mea hiki ke hooheheeia kūpono ai ka maka-e pili ana cubic puka olu oia, he pokole hui Fm3m, he = 0,36150 HI, Z = 4.

A oi kaulana keleawe o kiʻekiʻe uila a me ka thermal conductivity. E like me ka mea he ana ia mea iwaena o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma lua o ka wahi. Incidentally, pilikua keleawe i ka wela kaʻi lau waiwai o ia'ku , a he akea ka mahana huahelu Ua kokoke kuokoa o kona nā hoailona. Ke keleawe ua kapaia diamagnetic.

Keleawe oka mea e lauwili. People aʻo hui pu iho la me ka kiniki a me ke keleawe, ke kālā, a me ka nikala nikala a me he kēpau babbitt, ke keleawe a me ka piuta, a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

keleawe isotopes

Keleawe, he mau hale lio isotopes - ⁶³ cu a me ⁶⁵ cu, a i ka prevalence o 69,1 a me 30,9'ātoma pakeneka niioaaonoaaiii. Nui, eia oi mamua o elua kakini isotopes loaa ole kumupaʻa. Ka loihi-noho kālaiōewe He ⁶⁷ cu me ka hapalua ke ola o ka 62 hola.

Pehea e kiʻi i ke keleawe?

? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke keleawe o ka loa hana hoihoi kaʻina. He mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua hoomakaukauia mai keleawe i eliia a me nā minelala hao. Ka walaʻauʻana ano o ko lakou hoomakaukau ana, he keleawe hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, a me ka electrolysis.

E noonoo oe i ka pyrometallurgical ina hana like. E like me ka hana, i ke keleawe mai sulfidic i eliia, e like me chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. Ke chalcopyrite feedstock mea 0,5-2,0% cu. Mua, no ka loiloi mua i eliia mea flotation. A laila, i ka oxidizing pūlehu lākou i ka mea, ma ke ana wela o ka 1400 degere. Eia mōhai kiaʻana i kāna hele i loko o ka smelting e matte. No ka paa i ka hao'okesaside i loko o ka mahele heheʻe i ka ua hou ka silica i.

Ke kūpono silicate like slag lana, a ua kaawale. Ma ka lalo koe matte - sulphides oka a cu ₂ S a me FeS. Eia, ka mea, ua maule iho la ma ke ano o Henry Bessemer. No keia hopena, ka mīkini hoʻololi ua nininiia hoʻoheheʻeʻia matte. A laila, Ua hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i ka ipu me ka oxygen. A hao sulfide, a i oxidized e'okesaside hoʻohana 'ana i ka silica i wehe' ia mai ke kaʻina hana me ka silicate. Keleawe sulfide ua oxidized i keleawe'okesaside mea aole i hiki maopopo, akā, laila, hoemi ia i ka mea hao keleawe.

Ke blister keleawe loaa na 90,95% o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Next, ka mea, ua hookauwa aku oia ia ia electrolytic, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Interestingly, ka electrolyte mea heʻakika pāʻoihana o ke keleawe sulufahate.

Ua ua hana ma luna o ka cathode electrolytic keleawe a i ke kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) o ma kahi o 99,99%. Mea i ke keleawe he loa okoa: kaula, uila lako a pan, oka a pau.

Hydrometallurgical iaoia o kekahi okoa. Aia keleawe nā minelala hao wahine hemo la, ua hoʻopau i sulfuricʻakika a ammoniacal pāʻoihana. Mai hoomakaukau ke kinowai pau ka ke keleawe hao metala.

Nine waiwai o ke keleawe

Ma i huiʻia o ke keleawe hōʻike mau'okesaside Hawaii +1 a me +2. Ka mua o kēia mau mālama i ia e disproportionate a me ka mea ku paa auanei wale nō i loko o ka insoluble i huiʻia a me eiiieaenu. Incidentally, keleawe colorless hui.

Ke'okesaside moku'āina o +2 hou hale lio. I ka mea i hāʻawi mai i ka paakai uliuli a me ka cyan. I ka hana ana i ke hoomakaukau i huiʻia me ka nui o ka'okesaside o +3 a me +5 ahiahi. I ka la mahope ia olelo i loaʻa i loko o paʻakai kupraboranovogo anion loaa i ka 1994.

Pure keleawe ma ka lewa ua ole hoʻololi. Kēia nāwaliwali hoemi hope, aole ia i pane koke me dilute hydrochloricʻakika a me ka wai. Oxidized kia nitric a me sulfuric nāʻakika, halogens, oxygen, a "Aqua regia", oxides o non-i eliiaʻi, chalcogens. I ka enaena, ia reacts me ka hydrogen halides.

Inā ka lewa o nā hua, i ke keleawe ua oxidized, ho okumu i ke kumu o ke keleawe kalepona (II). Ua reacts pono me ka wela a me ke anu paʻa kūhohonu loa sulfuricʻakika, anhydrous wela sulfuricʻakika.

Me ka dilute hydrochloricʻakika keleawe reacts ma ke alo o ka oxygen.

Mākau kemika keleawe

Ua noa i ike i keia kemika. Keleawe i loko o ka pāʻoihana, he mama, e huai ae. E hana i kēia, he platinum uea hui pū i ka hoao ana pāʻoihana, a laila, hui ia i kekahi Bunsen puhiʻino lapalapa. Inā keleawe mea i loaʻa i loko o pāʻoihana, o ka lapalapa ahi e e nā pōpō i ka uliuli a me ka uliuli. Oe e ike i ka:

• Nō kāu, i ka nui o ke keleawe i loko o weaklyʻakika pāʻoihana ua ana ma ka mea o ka hydrogen sulfide: mea, mea kawili pu ia me ka waiwai. Nō kāu, i ke keleawe sulfide precipitates.
• Ma ka pāʻoihana kahi ole, keakea e Ion, keleawe hooholo complexometric, potentiometric paha potentiometrically.
• Small dala o ke keleawe ma ka pāʻoihana ua anaia mai ka manawa spectral a me ka kinetic ki ina hana like.

Ka hoʻohana o ke keleawe

E hoolaulea like Keleawe mea he nui loa, hoʻokipaʻia mea. Ke'ī mai, me kaʻeleu metala i haʻahaʻa resistivity. Mamuli i keia mea e like ai o ka keleawe hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila mana a me nā uwea, kaula a me ka 'ē aʻe conductors. Keleawe uea hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nāʻanuʻu o ka mana transformers a me ka pila nui kipaku aku ai. E ho okumu i ka hua metala i koho 'atikala loa maemae, mai impurities e loaa ia emi i ka pou conductivity. Inā keleawe mea i loaʻa i loko o 0,02% o ka Aluminum, kona uila conductivity e emi ma ka 10%.

Kekahi mau mea kōkua ma hiʻona o ka maikai thermal conductivity o ke keleawe. Aie i keia waiwai ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka likeʻole ma o ka wela poe kuai moni, wela paipu, teplootvodnyh manaʻo a me ka kamepiula coolers.

A ma ua ka paakiki o ke keleawe i hoʻohana? Ua ua ikeia e Aloha Bikini ke keleawe şarkı o hoʻopoepoe keʻa pauku i maikai loa me mechanical ikaika. Ka mea, e pono ke ku imua o mechanical e pēpēʻana, a ua hoʻohana i ka hoʻoneʻe i ke kinowai a me nā kinoea. Nō kāu, ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka na kinoea lako a me ka wai lako nenoai, paio hahana maoli nō nenoai. Ka mea, e hoʻomano hoʻohana i refrigeration huahelu, a ea hoʻoikaika kino nenoai.

Maikai paakiki o ke keleawe uaʻikeʻia i loko o nā mea he nui. Pela, ma Farani, o ka UK a me Australia, i ke keleaweʻohe hoʻohana no ka kinoea lako hou i ka hale i loko o Kuekene - no ka paio hahana maoli nō, i loko o ka US, UK a me Hong Kong - o ka papa kuhikuhiE mea no ka wai lako.

Ma Rusia,? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka wai a me ke kinoea keleawe ulaula paipu normalized maʻamau GOST R 52318-2005 a me Federal Code o Hou SP 40-108-2004 regulates kā lākou hana. Paipu i ke keleawe a me ka mea i lohe nui ia kona oka a ma ka mana 'enekinia, a me ka shipbuilding e hoʻoneʻe mahu, a holo i ke kinowai.

Aole anei oe i ike i ka mea hoʻohana keleawe oka a pau i loko o ka likeʻole ma o nā mahinaʻai o ka 'enehana? O kēia mau mea, no ka loa kaulana i manaoia i ke keleawe a me ke keleawe. He mau oka a nā alahula mau ohana o ka mea, a, aole hoi i heluia kiniki a me ka piuta, e hoʻokomo bismuth, nikala a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana gunmetal a ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia no ka hana o ka mea kaua pūpū, i haku no keleawe, ke tina a me ka kiniki. Kona hoʻomanaʻo e lauwili ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi a me ka manawa o ka hana pū.

A pau i ike i ka mea maikai a me ka processability kiʻekiʻe ductility o ke keleawe. Ma muli o ia mau waiwai, i ka mea hiki ole ka nui o ke keleawe lau no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o lole a no na mea kaua a me ka mea kaua ammunition. Ua mea noteworthy i nā māhele i i ke keleawe-silikone oka a, kiniki, ke tina, Aluminum a me nā pono hana. Keleawe oka a pau i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika a me ka thermal aaioee noho ma kā lākou me mechanical waiwai. Lākou Wear ia'ku ua nānā 'wale ma ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana a me kona kanawai ma luna o ka 'ole. It E e kaulana i keia rula, aole ia e pili i ka beryllium ke keleawe a me kekahi Aluminum bronzes.

Keleawe oka a pau i ka modulus o elasticity haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka kila. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE lanakila hiki ke kapaia he uuku kū'ē kaʻi lau waiwai, hui no ka hapanui oka a me kiʻekiʻe ductility, maikaʻi uila conductivity a me ka maikai loa ka popopo ia'ku i loko o ka corrosive kaiapuni. E like me ka rula, ia mea keleawe, Aluminum a me ke keleawe-nikala oka a pau. Incidentally, ua loaʻa ka mea, i ko lakou palapala noi i loko o hui o ka hāʻuleʻana.

ʻaneʻane a pau keleawe oka a pau i ka ia nui o ke kū'ē kaʻi lau waiwai. Naʻe, i ka Wear ia'ku, a me mechanical ka waiwai, i ka hana i loko o corrosive hana kūpono mea pololei e kaukaʻi ma o ka oka a haku mele 'ana. Ke ductility o ke keleawe ua hoʻohana ' hookahi-pae oka a pau, a me ka ikaika - i loko o nā kūlana. Melchior (coppernickel oka a) ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka minting i ke dala. Keleawe-nikala oka a pau, a me "admiralty", hoʻohana 'ia i loko o shipbuilding. No ia i paipu no condensers, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mīkini peahi uila a no ka maluhiluhi mahu. He noteworthy mea e ho'ēmi i nā turbines ma kai. Keleawe-nikala oka a pau i ka mea kupaianaha ka popopo ia'ku, no laila, e kamaʻilioʻana i ka hana ma ka wahi e pili ana i keʻano pākīkē keiki o ka moana wai.

I ka mea, ke keleawe o ka nui ke keʻena o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa solders - oka a me ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka 590 a hiki i 880 kekelē Kelekia. He hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ia i ka mea pīlali nui i ka hapanui ke hooheheeia, no laila, i ka mea pili no ka paʻa pilina o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia wahi. Kēia paha e paipu pono a loli mokulele hēkī kiko'ī, i ka dissimilar ke hooheheeia.

Ano, helu oka a ma i ke keleawe ductility mea nui. Duralumin a Duralumin ka Aluminum oka a pau a me ke keleawe ulaula. Eia, keleawe, he 4,4%. Oka a pau o ke keleawe a me ke gula ua pinepine ia ma ka Jewelry. Ka mea, e pono e hoʻoikaika i ka ikaika o ka huahana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he gula maikaʻi - he loa palupalu metala, i hiki ole e hoʻopale i ka me mechanical stress. Products i ke gula maikai koke ino a abraded.

Interestingly, no ka hanaia'na o ka'okesaside o yttrium-barium-keleawe oxides, ke keleawe ua hoʻohana. me ke kumu no ka? iecaianoaaiiie o kiʻekiʻe-mahana superconductors He lawelawe. Ke keleawe ua hoi hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o iuo aaoa? A me ke keleawe ulaula-'okesaside electrochemical keena.

Other mau mea o ka palapala noi

Aole anei oe i ike i ke keleawe ua loa pinepine hoʻohana like me ka hōʻeleu no ka polymerization o acetylene? Aie i keia waiwai o ke keleawe hookiokio aku hoʻohana no laila 'o ia acetylene e ae e pili wale i ka wa a ke keleawe maʻiʻo' aʻole i oi aku mamua o 64% o ia.

ua aʻo People, e hoʻohana i ka malleability o ke keleawe i loko o kuhikuhipuʻuone. Facades a puhi i mai loa lahilahi pahu keleawe, ua pilikia-noa no 150 makahiki. O kŰia ua hoopuni wehewehe: ma ke keleawe papa ia lŘlŘ avtozatuhanie ka popopo kaʻina. Ma Rusia, he keleawe kuina no facades, a puhi i kulike ai me na olelo o ka Pekelala Code o ka hooponopono SP 31-116-2006.

I ka wā e hiki mai kokoke kanaka manao e hoʻohana keleawe me he microbicidal surfaces i loko o nā keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau no ka pale neʻeʻana mai o koʻohune paka. All surfaces e hoopa aku i ka lima kanaka, - i ka puka komo, handrails, vodozapornaya fixtures, countertops, moe - hoʻomalu, e paka wale mai i kēia mea kupaianaha metala.

omaka keleawe

A momoku ahi o ke keleawe hoʻohana kanaka no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kupono huahana? nō ka mea, he nui loa: no ka M00, M0, M1, m2, M3. I mau, ka hao hōʻike 'ke keleawe aku o kona maʻiʻo.

No ka laʻana, keleawe papa M1r, M2P a me M3R be 0,04% phosphorus a 0,01% oxygen, a me na hoailona M1, m2 a me M3 - 0.05-0.08% ka oxygen. Ke hehi iho M0b o oxygen mea ma kahi'ē, a me kona pakeneka maʻiʻo ua 0,02% i loko o ka MO.

Pela, ke noonoo i ka oi au mamuli o ka ke keleawe. Papaaina, e hoolei ia, e hoʻolako hou pololei 'ike:

Brand keleawe	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1r	m2	M2P	M3	M3R	M4
pakeneka maʻiʻo keleawe	99,99	99,95	99,97	99,90	99,70	99,70	99,50	99,50	99,50	99,00

27 papa o ke keleawe

I huina, he iwakalua-ehiku papa o ke keleawe. Where me kēia mea o ka huina o ke keleawe lako ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi kanaka? E hoomanao i keia nuance au mamuli:

• Cu-DPH mea ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka pono koi' ia no ka pili ana o na ohe.
• AMP mea pono no ka hanaia'na o ka wela-e kakaʻa ana a me ke anu-olokaa anodes.
• Amphoux hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o anu-olokaa aku la a me ka wela-olokaa anodes.
• M0 ua pono, e hana i kekahi kiʻekiʻe-ʻikena conductors a me ka oka a pau.
• M00 Material hoʻohana ai no ka hana o ka kiʻekiʻe-oka a pau a me kaʻikena conductors.
• M001 ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka uea, papale hainaka a me nā pou huahana.
• M001b pono no ka hana pou huahana.
• M00b ua hoʻohana 'ia e hana i ka papa conductors o kiʻekiʻe oka a pau, a apparatuses uila holo puolo.
• M00k - feedstock no ka hanaia ana o ino a me ka nou ana la o billets.
• M0b hoʻohana i ka ho okumu ana i oka a me ka kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency).
• M0k hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka nou ana la o a me ka ino workpieces.
• M1 pono no ka hana o ka uea, a manufacturing o cryogenic lako a pan.
• M16 ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila holo na manao hana.
• M1E pono e ho okumu ana i anu-olokaa pepa kini a me ka leki.
• M1k Pono e hana i kekahi kalaka nui-pau huahana.
• M1or hoʻohana no ka manufacturing kaula a me nā pou huahana.
• M1r hoʻohana no ka manufacturing nā uila aʻa lolo hoʻohana no ka kuʻihao hao a me ke keleawe ulaula.
• M1rE pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o anu-olokaa loloa a me ka pepa kini.
• M1u hoʻohana i ka ho okumu ana i ke anu-e kakaʻa ana a me ka wela-olokaa anodes.
• M1f Pono e hana i kekahi lipine, pepa kini, wela-olokaa aku la a me ke anu-olokaa a lahilahi.
• M2 e hoʻohana 'ia e hana kalaka nui-pau a me ka ikaika oka a me ka nānā' ia ma ke keleawe.
• M2K hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kalaka nui-pau huahana.
• M2P koi 'ia no ka manufacturing mau laau la.
• M3 ua pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o olokaa oka a pau.
• M3R hana i ka hana, a olokaa iho oka a pau.
• MB-1 mea nui no ka hanaia'na o ke beryllium keleawe.
• MSr1 hoʻohana no ka hana o ka pou manao.