Mea hoʻonui Technology: hōʻike, ka ho'ākāka 'ana, a me ka palapala noi hiʻona lākiō i. Mea hoʻonui loea ma ka hana

3D-pai ana i ka 'enehana i hoʻolauna i ka makahiki 1986, ka wā o ka poe 3D Systems hoʻomohala i ka mua kūikawā mīkini paʻi - stereolithography mīkini, i mea hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka hoomalu ana puolo. Ka mua machines he loa pipiʻi a me ke koho ana o ka mea no ka hanaia ana o Ke Ana Hoʻohālike ua kaupalena. Ke kokololio hooulu ana o ka ekolu-dimensional pai ana, hoomaka ae la me ka hooulu ana o ka 'ike loea hou manao (CAD), ho a me hōʻulu (CAE) a me ka machining (pahupaʻikiʻi). A me keia mea mea paakiki i ka imi i ka wahi o ka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, i makemake ole i hoʻohana 3D-nā mīkini paʻi :. E hoʻohana i ia, e paka māhele o ka mokulele, spacecraft, mokuluu, na mea paahana, prostheses a me implants, Jewelry, etc. ka nānā ana ua maopopo - 'enehana mea hoʻonui i loko o ka kokoke wā e e he makakoho o me mechanical' enekinia, 'ike loea hou .

Ke alakai'āina o ko ke ao nei i 'Imi' ole i loko o ka 3D-eʻohi. No laila, i ka 2012, Yangstoune, Ohio, wehe aʻela ia i ka National HOU Institute mea hoʻonui manufacturing NAMII - ka mua konu o ka mea hoʻonui 'ike loea hou a he umikumamalima hua mai la i loko o ka United States. Machine pāka Institute ia he 10 o ka mea hoʻonui machines, ekolu o a nō ka loa holomua machines e ho okumu ana i mea hiki ke hooheheeia wahi.

Terminology a me ka Mea Maluna

Ke pā like o ka 'ike loea hou mea hoʻonui mea e hui pu iho i nā mea e ho okumuʻikepili mea mai 3D-ho, ahu iho ma ka papa. He okoa maiʻike mau subtractive manufacturing i kūpono mea kōkua machining - wehe mea, mai ka workpiece.

enehana mea hoʻonui ua hoʻolaha:

• ma na mea i hoʻohana (wai, particulate, polymeric, metala pauka);
• ma ke alo o ke kukuna;
• ma ke ano o ka hoʻopunipuni i ka ahu iho la no? ieoaeunoaa (thermal hookoia, irradiation me ka ultraviolet a hiki malamalama, me ka mea hoʻopaʻa haku mele 'ana);
• ma ke ano o ke kahua o ke ahu iho.

Aia he mau aoao o ka ho okumu i ka ahu iho. I ka mua o ia ka mua anuu ua nininiia ma luna o ka lepo i nā puke, ia mea i pohā paha lole wili pahi, e ho okumu i ka i ahu iho la ka makemake mānoanoa o ka mea. Ua lŘlŘ e wae kukuna pauka aaioee 'ole' ē aʻe iaoia o ka pauka (particles) o ka hui (heheʻe a tuko i) e like me ka pauku pono o ka CAD-Ke Ana Hoʻohālike. ? Ieoaeunoai Kekoa mea ua hoʻololiʻia, a me kekahi o ka lepo noho pū. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia e wae hoʻololi kemikala like hoʻi me e wae kukuna sintering, ina he huina lakou o ka mea paahana o ke kukuna. Ka lua o ka papa hana ninoieo ma ka pololei palapala moʻopane o ka mea i loko o ka summing wahi ikehu.

O ka hui ASTM, a hoʻomōhala i ka hana mau hae, i hookaawale ai 3D-mea hoʻonui 'enehana ka i loko o 7 waeʻano.

1. Extruding mea. I kūkulu wahi o preheated extruder hanai i ke kāpili ma luna i nā puke, he läÿau, o ka mea hoʻopaʻa a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka pauka. Kūkulu maka kükohu ua waiho i loko o ka umu ahi e wehe i ka mea hoʻopaʻa a me ka sinter pauka - ma ka like me ka mea hana i loko o kuʻuna loea. Kēia mea hoʻonui enehana ua hoʻokō ma lalo o ka hoʻokuleana kope 'MJS (Multiphase mokulele hēkī Solidification, multiphase mokulele hēkī solidification), FDM (Fused palapala moʻopane hōʻikeʻia nani, hōʻulu ma layerwise fusing), FFF (Fused Filament Ioi,? Iecaianoaaiiie iaoia fusing filaments).
2. ʻawa mea. No ka laʻana, ma ka Polyjet mahuahua paha ka 'enehana photopolymer no ka nunui-mokulele hēkī poʻo ua pili i ka wahi no? Ieoaeunoaa. Kēia mea hoʻonui enehana ua i kapaʻia nunui jetting Material.
3. E kapipiia mea hoʻopaʻa. Mau nā mokulele hēkī Ink-mokulele hēkī-ka pahu kui 'enehana ma o ka hana o ka ciia, aole ia i ÷ ike mea, he mea hoʻopaʻa hope paha (mea hoʻonui manufacturing enehana ExOne).
4. Huina lakou o ka pepa mea. Kukuluʻia o ka pīlali ho film, metala pepa kini, pepa a me kekahi poe e ae. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia, no ka laʻana, ma ka ultrasonic nä' enehana mea hoʻonui Fabrisonic. Lahilahi metala papa i welded pu ma ka ultrasound, ma hope i oi metala ua wehe ma ka mīkini wili pōhaku. enehana mea hoʻonui ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka subtractive.
5. Photopolymerization bata. I ka 'enehana a hoʻohana i ka hōʻikeʻia nani kinowai lako - photopolymer kēpau. Lakou i mea hoike o ka SLA-enehana poe 3D Systems a me DLP-enehana Envisiontec poe, Digital Light huakaʻi.
6. Heheʻe o ka mea i loko o ka mālama '-hoʻonoho papa iā, ahu iho. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka SLS-enehana, ka hoʻohana' ana i ke kumu o ka ikehu kukuna a thermal poo (SHS poe Blueprinter).
7. Direct ikehu summing mai a hiki i ka wahi o ke kūkulu. Material a me ka ikehu hānai i kona mahele heheʻe i ka wahi i loko o ka hana ka poʻe. Ke kino Ua hoʻohana like me ka hana ana i ke poo, i hoʻolako pono me ka'ōnaehana no ka hoolako ikehu a me ka mea. Energy hele mai i loko o ka palapala o kekahi kia laau nui o electrons (Sciaky) a me kukuna mea nana i ulana (pom, Optomec,). I kekahi manawa, i ke poo ua luna ma luna o ka "lima" o ka lopako.

Kēia Mea Maluna Ua nui hou aku nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i na intricacies o ka mea hoʻonui 'ike loea hou ma mua o ka mua poʻe.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka palapala noi

mea hoʻonui 'enehana market i loko o nāʻano o? acaeoey mamua o nā hana. Kona awelika makahiki ka ulu oaeuiinoe i 27%, e like me IDC poʻe koho i ka 2019, e nui i 26,7 ieeeea dala like ia 11 ieeeea? I ka 2015

Naʻe, ka I kuai i koe i ka untapped Loaʻaʻia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka consumer waiwai, e hoike aku. Up i ka 10% o nā poʻe o ka waiwai io o? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka waiwai i ka lukuʻia i loko o kona prototyping. A ua ua nui poʻe i lawe i kēia market Hoʻohana. Akā, i ka i koe, 90% hele i loko o-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, no laila, e pili ana palapala noi no kokololio manufacturing o nā huahana e ia i ke kumu nui ma amau o ka? Acaeoey o kēia hana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

I ka 2014, me ka like ana o ka kokololio prototyping loea ma ka makeke o ka mea hoʻonui naʻe ua hoʻemi, e waiho wale ana i ka lani kiekie loa - 35%, o ka puu o? Iecaianoaaiiuo ulu hookeai, a hiki i ka 31% kaʻana like i loko o ka hanaia ana o na mea paahana, koe koe ma ka 25%, i ke koena ua manaoia no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana.

Ma aneiai nāʻoihana, ka I-ʻenehana noi māhele like penei:

• 21% - consumer huahana a me ka uilaʻoe;
• 20% - kaʻa;
• 15% - lapaau, me dentistry;
• 12% - aeronautics a me ka lewa manufacturing hana;
• 11% -? Iecaianoaaiiuo o na mea o ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo;
• 8% - koa lako a pan;
• 8% - ho okumu;
• 3% - no? Ieoaeunoaa.

Amateurs a me ka 'Oihana

MA-ʻenehana market ua maheleia i aeoaeuneiai a me ka 'oihana. Loira kuai nā 3D-nā mīkini paʻi, a me ko lakou ola, i nā hana, consumables, lako polokalamu, a ua papahana no kanaka enthusiasts, ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka visualization o ka manaʻo a me kōkua launa pu ma ka loiloi mua kahua o ka? Acaeoey o hou pāʻoihana.

'Oihana 3D-nā mīkini paʻi i pipiʻi, a ua pono no, ua kīkoʻo akula nā'ōlelo. Ka mea, i ka nui ele o ke kūkulu, hana ana, pololei, pono,, ua kīkoʻo akula huahelu kŘkohu lako. Mau machines ua ikaika nui ae huikau a me ka noi aku i ka ulu ana o kūikawā nā mākau, e hana me ka manaʻo iho, me ka ho mea a me ka lako polokalamu. Nō kāu, i ka Aʻole o ka mīkini i he 'oihana akamai ma mea hoʻonui loea me kiekie ae oaoieei-hoʻonaʻauao.

Mea hoʻonui Technology i ka 2015

E like me ka palapala hoike Wohlers Hoike 2015, 1988 a me 2014 79 602 hana o 3D-nā mīkini paʻi i ua hoʻouka kekahi hualoaʻa a. , I ka Ia manawa 38,1% o ka mea i loaʻa oi ma mua o 5 tausani US dala mea, mai ka USA, 9,3% - no Japan, 9,2% - a hiki i Kina, a 8,7% - a hiki i Germany. Koena o ko ke ao nei i mamao mamua o ka alakaʻi. Mai 2007 a hiki i 2014 i ka makahiki ka leo o ke kuai ana o kaʻoneki nā mīkini paʻi mahuahua mai ka 66 a hiki i 139 584 huahelu. I ka 2014, 91,6% o kuai hoike no kaʻoneki 3D-nā mīkini paʻi, a 8,4% - no ka hanalima palapala noi o mea hoʻonui manufacturing, i ka pono, mai a, nae, hoike ia 86,6% o ka huina, a 1,12 ieeeea? US dala loa hua'ōlelo. Waikiki machines ai no ka maʻiʻo 173,2 miliona US dala, a 13,4%. I ka 2016, ua manaʻo kuai ulu i $ 7,3 ieeeea?, I ka 2018 - 12,7 ieeeea?, I ka 2020 i ke kuai, e hiki $ 21,2 ieeeea?.

E like me ia Wohlers, FDM-enehana ka i lanakila, averaging ma kahi o 300 ahi nā hualoaʻa a, i kela la i pepa hou ka hoʻololi 'ana. Kekahi o ia i kūʻai wale Tuamotu, no laila ia mea loa paakiki, ina i ole, e imi i ka 'ike e pili ana i ka helu o ua hanaʻia lama o 3D-nā mīkini paʻi. Me ka wiwo ole, ua hiki ke olelo aku nei au i ko lakou helu ana ma ke kuai maoli a me kela mea keia mea i hele aku lā. Aia He He 'ano nui ma ka nui a me ka' ike loea hou i hoʻohana. No ka laʻana, ka mea Pelelina huakai produces he nui BigRep FDM-mīkini paʻi i kapaia o BigRep ONE.2 ma ke kumu kuai o ka 36 tausani. Euro, hiki ke pai ana i mea i hiki i 900 m 1055 m 1100 mm o me ka olelo hooholo o ka 100-1000 microns, a me nā extruders, a me ka hiki, e hoʻohana i kekahi mau mea.

Hana - no ka

Ke maunakea hana ua hoʻokomo kālāʻelemakule i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka mea hoʻonui. Ka hoʻohana o ka mea hoʻonui 'ike loea hou, e emi i ka hoopau ana o ka mea hoolilo ia ma luna o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o māhele ma 10 manawa. Ua Ua manaoia ia GE maunakea Company, e makahiki hoolaha 40 tausani. Injectors. A me Airbus ma 2018 me ka poe i hele e kakau i ka 30 tona o ka māhele no ka malama. Ka poe memo ka holomua loa ai kākou i loko o nā 'ano o ua hanaʻia hapa i loko o ia i ke alanui i like i ku una. Ua huli mai ia i ka māhele, a i papahana no ka 2.3 tons haawe ana, ma ka mea, ke ku e wahie, i ka 14 tona iā hoemi kona kaumaha ma ka hapalua. Eia hou, i ka poe publishes lāliʻi o ka Aluminum pepa a me ka wahie nā mea hoʻopili. Na Airbus mokulele i 60 tausani. Apana, i paiia i ka 3D-mīkini paʻi Stratasys Fortus Company. Other poʻe aerospace hana i kekahi hoʻohana mea hoʻonui manufacturing enehana. I waena o lākou: Bell helekopa, BAE Systems, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, Generalʻano, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, palapala-Royce a me SpaceX.

Digital mea hoʻonui loea i ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana ana i kekahi mau consumer waiwai. Company Materialize, hoʻolako lawelawe mea hoʻonui manufacturing, cooperating me Hoet Eyeware i loko o ka hana o ka makaaniani no ka hihiʻo? Iaea a me nā maka aniani. 3D-Ke Ana Hoʻohālike i hoomakaukau ai i keʻano o ke ao lawelawe. Wale ka poe o 3D, aee ?? a me Sketchup kaumaha 2,7 miliona Eia kekahi laʻana. Mai noho i loko o ka aoao a me kaʻano puolo. RS Print hoʻohana i ka'ōnaehana i kora ka puʻe o nā kapuwaʻi, e kakau kanaka insoles. Akamai i experimenting me bikinis, kamaa a me ka lole.

kokololio prototyping

Ma lalo o kokololio prototyping maopopo i ka mea i hanaia o ka prototype huahana ma ka shortest hiki manawa. Ka mea, o kekahi o na kumu nui palapala noi o mea hoʻonui manufacturing loea. Prototype - mea he ano o ka huahana koi 'ia, e hoʻoikaika i ka kinona o ka hapa o ka loiloi' ana o ergonomics,ʻaha kanaka hōʻoia uea, a me ka pono o keʻia pāʻoihana. Ia mea ke kumu o ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o ke manufacturing wahi ola ke me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i ulu manawa. Nō hoʻi, ke prototype hiki ia he kumu hoʻohālike 'ia no ka aerodynamic a hydrodynamic ikea ai a me ka hōʻoia functionality puni o ka hale a me ka' inikua lako a pan. He nui prototypes hana like exploratory Ke Ana Hoʻohālike manao me ka nuances i loko o ka hoʻonohonohoʻia, nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā 'ia nā pōpō, a no laila, ma luna o. D. No ka kokololio prototyping hoʻohana inexpensive 3D-nā mīkini paʻi.

kokololio? iecaianoaaiiuo

Ka mea hoʻonui 'ike loea hou ma o ka hana i ka nui o ka manaʻolana' ia. Small unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nā huahana me ka luna 'anahonua, a o kekahi mea, he pono ole i loko o ka shipbuilding, mana' enekinia, reconstructiveʻoki kino a me kahua niho lapaau, aerospace hana. Direct mahi o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia huahana ua kūpaʻa ma aneiai expediency, e like me kēia ʻano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua emi kumukuai. Me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka mea hoʻonui' ike loea hou e hana kino turbines a me nā pua, a me nā implants prostheses, iāʻoe māhele no ka hi a me ka mokulele.

Ka hooulu ana o kokololio manufacturing, a hoʻokumu i ka nui mahuahua ma ka helu o ka loaʻa metala ka pauka lako. Inā i ka makahiki 2000 he 5-6 ke ano o me ka pauka, e ka mea, e kaumaha ana i ka ākea huahelu, nui no na umi o ka meheu mai mall kila i ka mea maikai i eliiaʻi a me superalloys.

enehana e olelo a me ka mea hoʻonui i ka paʻi 'enekinia, ma ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana' ia ma o ka hana ana o na mea paahana, a me na mea paahana no ka moʻo? iecaianoaaiiuo - inserts no ka pahu kui mōlina machines, ka hopena he, UAAIIeIIeX.

Ultimaker 2 - ka maikai 3D-mīkini paʻi i ka 2016

Ma ka manao o ke? Inoaia Magazine, a alakai aku ia ikea ai, a hoʻohālikelike i nā 'ano o ka ohua o 3D-nā mīkini paʻi, maikai nā mīkini paʻi 2016 ÷ Ultimaker i 2 poe Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 lehulehu Conrad a me Replicator Desktop 3D mīkini paʻi poe MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ i loko o kona iaono? Ienoai kükohu hoʻohana hōʻulu 'enehana ma ka fusing. 3D-mīkini paʻi i kekahi mea uuku, ahu iho mānoanoa o 0,02 mm o, he uuku manawa i ka ho omaulia, haʻahaʻa ka lilo pai (2600 hamo i no 1 kg o ka mea). Key Hiʻona:

• i ka nui o ke keʻena hana - 223 m 223 m 305 mm o;
• ke kaupaona - 12,3 kg;
• poo nui - 0,25 / 0,4 / 0,6 / 0,8 mm o;
• make ana wela - 180-260 ° C;
• ka hoʻonā 'ahu - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Print Speed - 8-24 mm o ³ / mau;
• miomio XYZ - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• mea - PLA, ABS, CPE anawaena 2,85 mm o;
• Nokia - Cura;
• Kākoʻo AEIʻAno - STL, OBJ, AMF;
• Power hokii - 221 W;
• kumukuai - 1895 Euro, a me ka mea i hoowahawahaia kükohu 2495 Euro hoopomaikai io.

E like me ke Customer nāʻana, ka mīkini paʻi ka malamalama, e hoʻouka a hoʻohana. Hauʻoli o kiʻekiʻe olelo hooholo, pakiko-hoʻomaʻa moe, he nuiʻano o ka mea i hoʻohana, ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka hamama kumu lako polokalamu. Ke keakea nā ka mīkini paʻi wehe i ka mīkini paʻi manao, a i ka hopena i'ā mai ka wela mea.

LulzBot Mini 3D mīkini paʻi

Ma ka loiloi 'ia o ka Magazine PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 a me Replicator Desktop 3D mīkini paʻi i komo i ka luna ekolu, akā,' aneʻi ma ka wahi mua i ka mīkini paʻi LulzBot Mini 3D mīkini paʻi. Kona hoakaka e like penei:

• i ka nui o ke keʻena hana - 152 m 152 m 158 mm o;
• Weight - 8,55 kg;
• make ana wela - 300 ° C;
• , ahu iho mānoanoa - 0.05-0.5 mm o;
• Print Speed - 275 mm o / s ma ke kiekie o ka 0,18 mm o, ahu iho;
• mea - PLA, ABS, puhaka, PVA, PETT, polyester, nylon, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, a me kekahi poe e ae anawaena o 3 mm o.
• Lako polokalamu - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl a pela aku;.
• Power hokii - 300 W;
• kuai - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Kekahi o ka mea maikai hanalima machines mea hoʻonui manufacturing mea EBAM 300 poe Sciaky. Huina'ine mea nana i ulana pu ke kumu i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia papa ma ka mämä holo o ka mai i 9 kg no hora.

• i ka nui o ka hana keena - 5791 x 1219 m 1219 mm o;
• ka puʻe o ka holo keena - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• mana hokii, - i ke 42 kW i ke anakahi uila o 60 kV;
• enehana - extrusion;
• mea - titanium a me ka titanium oka a, tantalum, inconel, tungsten, niobium, kuhiliʻole kila, Aluminum, kila, keleawe-nikala oka a (70/30 a me 30/70);
• ka i kā mākou dala - 8605,2 nā lika;
• kuai - 250 tausani US dala ..

Mea hoʻonui loea i loko o Rusia

hanalima-papa machines ma Rusia ka mea,ʻaʻole i lawe. Oiai wale, ua hoʻomohala i loko o ka "Rosatom", ke kukuna waena MSTU. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University o St. Petersburg, i ka Urals Pekelala University. "Voronezhselimmash", ka hana hoʻonaʻauao a me ka wahi lulu 3D-nā mīkini paʻi "Alpha", ua ulu kekahi kālepa mea hoʻonui laau.

ʻO ia kulana me ka lako. I ka luna o ka hooulu ana a me ka pauka, a me kona lepo mea haʻilula keimikala ma Rusia o VIAM. Ka mea, hua mai la i ka lepo no ka mea hoʻonui 'ike loea hou i hoʻohana' ia ma o ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ka mīkini peahi uila kōmi 'ana, ma ke kauoha o ka Permian "mokulele kiko'ī». Holomua o, a ma o ka All-Russian Institute o ka malamalama oka a (huila). Aey? Acaeoey i kekahi 'enekinia,-oaio? A ma ka Russian Hui. "Rostec", Ural Branch o Russian Halau o Sciences, UFU alakai ai i ko lakou ulu ana. Akā nō ka mea, e ole hiki i ka halawai, a hiki i ka uuku koi o 20 na tona o ka pauka no ka makahiki.

Ma keia manao, ke Aupuni ao ke Kuhina o Education, Kuhina o Hoʻomohala Waiwai, Kuhina o hana, Kuhina o Hoʻokaʻa ', Russian Halau o Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" ulu kulanui, e hookupaa aku i kekahi wahi polokalamu ulu a me ka noiʻi. No ka mea, ua manaoia e līkaia i nā Bedroom allocations, e like me ka noonoo i ka manawa kūpono o ke kākoʻo '-kaʻoihana kālā i ka lilo ana o ka National pomaikai dala a me nā kumu. ? Aeiiaiaiaaia e kākoʻo iiauo i? Iecaianoaaiiuo enehana ka, ma ka Vol. H. Oae, MERs, "Rosnano" dala "Skolkovo", ka mea hoʻolilo oihana "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". Ke aupuni ua kekahi poe ma ka hana a me kaʻIliahi Kuhina, e hoomakaukau i kekahi mahele o ka? Ia? Aiiu moku'āina no ka hooulu ana a me ka hana o ka hanalima ka hoʻokūkū.