National Library o Rusia (St. Petersburg): History, kumu, helu

National Library (St. Petersburg) ma May keia makahiki kaulana kona 220th lā hoʻomanaʻo. Ma muli o ke kānāwai o Ana II i loko o ka mahina hope o ke kupulau 1795, he waihona, a me ka mea e kekahi o ka mea nui i loko o ke ao nei.

Pride o ka Northern Capital - "Publichka" (unofficial inoa) - Russian koho pelekikena manao hai aku i ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu hoʻoilina o na kanaka a pau o Rusia.

kekahi mau inoa

National Library (St. Petersburg) mai kona inception, a hiki i 1917, ua kapaʻia ka imperial Public Library. I ka wā o ka Soviet mana, i ka inoa hoʻololi kekahi mau manawa - a hiki i ka makahiki 1925, ua kapaʻia ka nui Waihona Puke o ka Lūkini Public Library, i ka inoa o 1932 Library ma hope o Saltykov-Shchedrin, a laila, no ka 70 makahiki, a hiki i 1992ʻikeʻia me ka State Public Library. Ma kona ola ana, ka mea kahiko hale waihona puke o Rusia imi i ka āpana dala a me, ka hapanui importantly, kaulike noa komo ia ia.

No ka pono o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana

National Library (St. Petersburg) ka manawa ma luna o ke koe nō waihona kālā o ka lua o ka puke depository ma Rusia. Like o ka hoʻomaka o 2012, ka NLR me ka 'auhau o 36,5 miliona kope, i nā moʻolelo i kākau lima 400.000, 7000 puke i paʻi mua 1501, i kapa ia incunabula. Mai kona hoʻokumuʻo ia i ka i keia lā, i kēia waihona o ka noiʻi, 'ike a me ka nohona konu o Rusia.

Ua aneane 30 makahiki ia i ka naʻauao Empress (1766-1795) e hoapono i ka hei ana hoʻouna 'ia iā ia. Over ka makahiki, a me ka hapalua mua o kona makeʻana, ka mea, o keia nani hana unuhi ae la oia i ka laina ma lalo o ka "nui na makahiki" o kona noho aliʻiʻana. hoomaka koke? ieoaeunoai ma hope o ka apono ana o ka papahana, a hoomau iho la oia no 15 makahiki.

Ka mua Ua pili kēia

Wonderful hale ulu ma ke kuʻina o Sadovaya Street a me Nevsky e nānā, i ka mea ma ka naau o ke kulanakauhale alii. I ka hale, i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka papahana E. T. Sokolova (Music Kino o Nyos i loko o ka hale o kana hana) E ka mua National Library. St. Petersburg ua pili i na makaainana mau poo, oʻEulopa. Na C. Brewer a pono e loaʻa i ka hale waihona puke, a me ka mea ia ia i hana mai i ka aina ka mua Manual i hale waihona puke Mea Maluna no replenishment a me systematization o kona kālā.

A me ka'āpana o ke kanawai no ka muli o haawi i systematically hoopiha i na dala ma ka Waihona Puke (i loko o ka nui o ka 2 huahelu) o kekahi paʻiʻia pai huahana ma Rusia kekahi aie kona kêia kanaka a hiki i ka hale waihona puke mua.

Ho okumu ana o kū hoʻokahi dala

Wehe ia ka mea i hoʻopaʻa 'ia no 1812, akā, no ka maopopo kumu, i wahi i ka 1814. National Library (St. Petersburg), ka helu wahi o ka i ua ike ole wale i na kamaaina o ka'ākau kumukuai, akā, he nui nā malihini kupaianaha kulanakauhale, Aia ma luna o Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, i kinona like me ka mōʻaukala Ensemble i ka 1900. It E e kaulana he hana hoihoi mea: i loko o ka? Aieao o kekahi haole dala waihona kau mau hoahanau Zalusskih Library, a ua noho ma Warsaw, a ua kekahi o ka mua hale waihona puke ma ke ao nei.

Ua hiki ke hoohalikeia me wale ekolu o ka waihona aliʻi i loko o Europe, Aia ma London, Paris, a Munich. I ka 1794, ma hope o ka suppression o ka uprising Kosciuszko Suvorov. 400.000 puke i ua hai aku i ka waiwai o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Pearl o ka haawina ka kekahi i ka waihona o Voltaire, a i kuai ia e Ana II i ka 1778 ma Deni Volter ka kaikamahine a me heiress o ka thinker nui. Special moku ka mea, ua lawe ia Rusia, a waiho iho la i loko o ka leʻaleʻaʻeleʻele, a ua hoolilo i ka mea o Alexander II i ka imperial Public Library.

Center o ka moʻomeheu ola a me ka HOU

, I ka hale waihona puke ma nā lima o ka poʻe heluhelu i loaa wale nō ka mea mua 30 makahiki o ke ola hou ma mua o 100 000 kope o nā puke. Maoli ai, na dala ka mea, ua noke nui ae like me ka helu o nā malihini, a ma o nā makahiki 1832-1835 i Komikina'Āina i loko o ka lua o ka hale, i ka mea helehelena o ka i hele aku i ke Ana o ka mahinaʻai. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o XIX la ke kenekulia kumu, ma muli o ka lehulehu puke makana, hoomaka iho la makou e mahuahua ana pela i avalanche - no 50s 30 manawa like i ka mea holoʻokoʻa mua hapalua o ka XIX kenekulia. I ka 1917, ua nui loa ka helu o nā moʻolelo i kākau lima i loko o Rusia i loko o ka hale waihona puke o ka hoiliili ole. National Public Library (St. Petersburg) i ka mea mua i loko o Rusia, kahi kūlana pono i hoopau - ia i hoomaka ai e hele aku e ike i ka wahine. I nā makahiki 1860-1862 i kukulu ia kekahi hale noho pāhana VI Sobolevschikova, pani o ka pahale anapuni. All HOU librarianship hōʻike 'ia ma' aneʻi.

manawa o ka pōpilikia

Mai 1917 a hiki i 1930, dala pūnaewele hana hiki ke waiho loihi ana ma muli o ia ka nationalized pono'ī hoiliili ole a me ka hoiliili ana o monasteries a me ke aupuni ma lalo nei, eia nae ma ka lilo o ka puka? Iecaianoaaiiuo waiwai hoomahuahua kokoke loa pani, a ua hoihoi hou ia wale nō ma hope o 1930.

Library koʻokoʻo na hoopai ana i ka repression, a hoomau, i ka Great Patriotic War, i hanaia mai nui maoli ka pōʻino kālā. Akā, i ka pua ana hale waihona puke aʻu i hana pu ai, a malama aku i ka poʻe heluhelu.

An kaʻenaʻena nele no he halekula akea maikai

Ua Kapa hou i ke hou State National Library (St. Petersburg) i ka makahiki 1991 ma ke kauoha Borisa Eltsina. Ano ka mea, ua kapaia ka Lūkini National Library.

Hekikai no e olelo aku i ka hale, a ua hala i ka makahiki o ka 200 o kona mau makahiki, e amo, a lilo i mea weliweli, e hoahu na mea he nui o ka loa waiwai apana. No laila, i loko o ka XX kenekulia, ua he ninau e pili ana i ka hana o ka hou hale me nā mea a pau i nā koi o ka modernity. I ka makahiki 1970 i ka olelo hooholo, e kūkulu i ka hou hale i hana ai, a no 10 makahiki, ua ulu ka hou hale papahana, a laila, i ka mea helu o nā makahiki, ka mea i kukulu. Ua Ua wale ka mua pae o ka hou hale i wehe i ka 2003 (ka mea, nā mea a pau i ka heluhelu ana keena a me ka hale waihona puke, kahi o ka puka i ka manawa o 10 miliona puke).

Ke hou hale i ole ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia

Ke hou hale (Ei? I ka hale waihona puke, a hoomaka ae la e e kapaia) hoʻoneʻe i ka National Waihona Puke (St. Petersburg). "A ia la aku Park" - ke kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho noaioee, Aia i loko o ka koke wahi (e like me ke ano o ka A ia la aku Park, e ku pono ana) a hiki i ka 9-yoa? Iiai o ka hou puʻu, hiki hoi e kōkua mai i ka 12 miliona puke. Heluhelu keʻena a me nā oihana i ke aupuni 'o na hale o ka uuku kiʻekiʻe. Waho pūnaewele mea he Hoʻohaku hiʻona o ka pau papahana. Ma lalo o kēia hale ka mea, i kaʻawale kuka o 4,6 aa. I ka mea kahiko hale o ka hale waihona puke, Aia ma 11 mau wahi, hale kūʻai mai i 22,7 miliona puke.

Maoli ai, ka mea, ua holomoku akula ia. Akā, komo i ka hou laekahi waihona hale i ole ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia a pau - mea no kekahi hapa o na dala i ma 9 mau wahi, i kekahi manawa ma ka haehaeʻia hale ma ka naniʻole. I ka 2009, i kakauinoa i ka aelike, e kūkulu i ka hou 11-moʻolelo puke depository, a e ke kai piha e hiki mai ana i ka na luna 'i loko o A ia la aku Park.

HOU kikowaena

Ka nani hou kino cozily ko Yuuki National Library o Rusia (St. Petersburg). Ka helu wahi o ka hale o: Moscow Avenue, 165, Bldg .. 2. Ka hou kukulu o ka Russian National Waihona Puke o ka piko o ka HOU papahana, a 'ae' e hoʻokū i ka hana a hiki i ka pau houʻilikai. Ke keʻena nui o ka waihona puke uila, wehe i ka 2006, lolouila catalogs, hoʻohui i ka 2011 a hiki i ka pukapuka o ka lolouila hale waihona puke Vivaldi - a pau keia e lawe MFN ka mea kiekie loa lahuiʻilikai. Kēia hale o ka ke keʻena luna o ka Russian Library Ahahui.