Natural kumu o hydrocarbons: mau 'ano a me ka hoʻohana'

Ua Ua kaulana ia maoli ai 'ia hydrocarbons he ākea. Most ke aloha waiwai loko mai maoli kumu. Iloko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha i huiʻia me maka mea ua hoʻohana 'ma kona ano maoli, a hele pū ana me kinoea, lanahu, lignite, aila shale, peat, nā huahana o ka holoholona a me kaʻai kumu.

Natural kumu o hydrocarbons: maoli kinoea.

Natural kinoea - he maoli hui o hydrocarbons o kekahi mau 'ole a me kekahi mau kinoea o impurities (hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, ke kalapona'okikene lua) a ua piha me ka pōhaku pōhaku i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa. Mau hui i hoohuiia e hydrolysis o ka ke aloha 'ona i oi aku hohonu i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka Honua. Ka mea ana i loko o ka noa moku'āina i loko o ka palapala o ka nunui paʻi hua - kinoea, kinoea condensate a me ka aila a me ka kinoea kihapai.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mall ke keʻena o ka combustible maoli kinoea o CH4 (methane - 98%), C2H6 (ethane - 4,5%), propane (1.7% S3N8-), butane (C4H10 - 0,8%), pentane (0 S5N12- , 6%). E pili pū anaʻaila kā kinoea i komo i loko o kaʻaila i loko o ka haku mele 'o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe moku'āina, a ua hoʻokuʻuʻia mai ia ma muli o ka puʻe ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hookiekie ana i ka aila a hiki i ka ili honua. I kinoea a me ka aila i nā mahinaʻai i kekahi tona o kaʻaila maupaʻa mai 30 a hiki i 300 sq. ka m kinoea. Natural kumu o hydrocarbons - waiwai wahie, a heʻiʻo maka nō mea no ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala oihana puolo. Kinoea ua lako i ka kinoea aaioee kanu, ma ka recyclable (aila, haʻahaʻa-wela adsorption, condensation, a me ka rectification). Ua Ua maheleia i kaawale eiiiiiaiou, kela mea keia mea o ka i ua hoʻohana 'ia no kekahi mau hana. No ka laʻana, ka mea methane hua hydrogen, hoʻololi kemikala kinoea, a nō ka hoʻokumu paʻa maka mea no ka hana 'ē aʻe hydrocarbons, acetylene, metanola, methanal, chloroform.

Natural kumu o hydrocarbons: aila.

Oil - he luna 'läÿau, a heʻano nui o ka naphthenic, paraffinic a me ka onaona hydrocarbons. Ka aila haku mele 'ana maupaʻa anoaeuoiauo-resinous waiwai, naphthenicʻakika, mono- a me disulfides, mercaptans, thiophene, thiophane, hydrogen sulfide, piperidine, pyridine a me kona homologs, e like me nā' ona. Ma muli o nā huahana o kaʻaila hoohehee maemae au ia me ke kokua ana o ka petrochemical hoʻololi kemikala epekema ua loaa ma 3000 okoa huahana, me 'etolina, benzene, propylene,'etolina dichloride, vinyl koloriside, styrene, ethanol, isopropanol, butylene, likeʻole lula ea, kemikala olona, make, detergents, ai ', pahū, etc.

Natural kumu o hydrocarbons peat.

Peat - ka sediment o kaʻai kumu. Kēia mea i hoʻohana like wahie (ʻano nui no ka mana lālā), Nine Inch maka mea (no ka hoʻololi kemikala o na mea he nui ke aloha waiwai), preservative litter ma aina ka oi aku i loko o nā manuʻaiʻia, mea hoʻomomona ke keʻena no ka mahiʻai mala a me ka cropping.

Natural kumu o hydrocarbons: xylem, a me ka laau.

Xylem -'aʻaʻa o kiekie mea kanu, o ka i wai, a ua hoʻopau ka mahuaola hele mai, mai ke kumu a hiki i ka lau o ka'ōnaehana, e like me nā nā loko o ka mea kanu. Ua ninoieo o ka'ā'ī iwi o ke keena i i ka vascular introducer kahua. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka laau ka mea, na Oko a ka mńlamalama o ka pectin waiwai a me ka mea pōhaku i huiʻia (ʻano nui kalipuna paʻakai), lipids a me ka nui mea kāhinu,. Wood hoʻohana like me ka wahie, ka mea hiki ke synthesized mai meto ka waiʻona, atsetantnuyuʻakika, kelulose, a me nā waiwai. Kekahi mau 'ano o ka laau i make (ʻiliahi, logwood), tannins (lāʻauʻoka), kēpau, a' aila (kedera, tidara, kaa), alkaloids (mea kanu o ka 'ohana Solanaceae, poppy, Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae). Kekahi alkaloids i hoʻohana like ai '(chitin, caffeine), herbicides (anabasine), insecticides (nicotine i).