'O nā'ano protozoa. Nā'ano, nā'ano a me ke'ano o protozoa

'O nā mea mua loa o ka mō'ī holoholona he mau mea kiko'ole. He'ano like'ole lākou o nā protozoa, nā'ano like'ole a kākou e no'ono'o ai i kēia lā. 'O ka inoa Latin no kēia'ano'o Protozoa. Ma muli o ka pa'akikī o nā mea ola'ole i ka holoholona (Protozoa) a me nā mea kanu (Protophyta), ua hui pinepine'ia lākou i loko o ka hui Protista. Ho'opilikia nā'ano protozoa. 'O ka nui o lākou he 30 000 mau'ano, a'o ka hapa nui o ia mau mea e'ike'ole'ia e ka maka'ōlohelohe, no ka mea'a'ole i'oi aku ka nui o ka nui ma mua o ka piko o ke kui. E hō'ike iki i ke'ano o protozoa.

Nā'ano pōkole o ka protozooa

Ua māhele'ia kēia mau meaola a pau i 4 mau papa, e like me ke'ano o ka ne'e'ana. Hele'ia'o Sarcodina no ka pseudopodia; 'O kēia mau meaola like'ole e hopu i nā mea pio. Flagellar (Mastigophora) e ho'oluliluli'ia e ho'okahi a'oi aku ka hae. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), me ka Plasmodium sp., He mau hua'ōlelo parasitic ke kumu'ole o nā lako locomotor'ano. Ke hui pū nei'o Infusoria (Ciliata) i nā'ano ola'ole-ola, i ho'one'e'ia me ke kōkua o cilia. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ke'ano o ka pu'upu'u li'ili'i o ka infusorian Stiorior, hānai, i ka papa o nā mea kanu wai.

E like me nā holoholona'ē a'e, he mau loiloi ka protozoa, ke hānai nei lākou i nā mea'ai like'ole. I loko o ko lākou kino, ua'oki'ia, e hā'awi ana me ka ikaika. 'O nā'ano like'ole o ka protozoa e pono ai kahi'ano wai. 'Oiai ka hapanui o nā meaola e noho nei i ke kai a i'ole i ka wai maoli, he nui ka hapa o lākou e alaka'i i kahi nohona palapili i nā meaola o nā mea ki'eki'e, e like me nā kānaka, kahi e ulu pinepine ai lākou i nā ma'i. He nui ke'ano o nā protozoa pathogenic.

Flagellae

No nā haela'au he'elua genus - Euglena a me Chlamydomonas, nona nā'aha i loa'a ka chlorophyll a, no laila, hiki iā lākou ke ki'i aku. Hō'aia kēia me ka flagellar flagellates (Dinoflagellata), i'a'ahu'ia i kahi capsule cellulose a ho'okomo'ia i loko o ka plankton. Ma ke ola o kānaka, e ho'omaha ana i kahi ma'i hiamoe, he hanana poma o Trypanosoma (i hō'ike'ia ma lalo nei).

Sarkode

Sarkodovye - kekahi hui, kahi e komo ana i kahi nui o nā'ano. He mea pa'akikī kēia mau'ano protozoa a pau, no laila, e'ōlelo kākou i mau hua'ōlelo e pili ana i ka mea kaulana loa. Mākou mau kama'āina i kēia 'elele sarkodovyh mai ke kula, e like me ka noa-ola a pau Amoeba proteus (kiʻi ma lalo nei). 'O'Amoeba he holoholona ola'ole o ka'ano like'ole o nā protozoa e ho'opōmaika'i ana ma nā wahi a pau e emi ai.

'O ko lākou nui, mai ke'ano o nā mea pale microscopic o ke kino'o Babesia i nā mea nui loa, he 5 cm ka lō'ihi o kona pūpū.

'O Luchiviki, nā lālā a me nā moku

'O ka Radiolalius (Radiolaria) a me nā sunflowers (Heliozoa) loa'a kahi'eke silica. No laila, ua hui'ia kekahi manawa a ho'ohana'ia e like me ke abrasive. Ke hā'ule nei ma waho o ke kaulike o ka loli, spoviki hō'ike i ke ki'eki'e ki'eki'e o ka homogeneity, ka mea'ole e like'ole nā'ano protozoa. Parasitic protozoa - a pau ano o ia mau mea. No laila, ua ho'onele'ia nā kumuhana e pono ai no ka ne'e'ana a me ka pono'ole:'a'ole pono lākou e ne'e, a ke'eli nei lākou i ka mea'ai i kō'ia. Ho'ohui'ia ka papahana o ke ola i nā papahana e ho'opi'i ai i nā'enexx and sexually, e hiki ai i nā spores e hiki ke hana i nā haneli he haneri.

'O ka pāku'i wāwae

'O ka Paramecium (infusoria-kāma) he holoholona kūikawā kūikawā. He mea pono ke ha'i e pili ana, e'ike ana i ka nui o nā kumu wai. 'O ka papa waho o nā pūnaewele pūnaewele - ectoplasm - ua ho'opa'a'ia e kahi pūpū'ehu e halihali ana i ka lehulehu o ke'ano cilia. 'O kā lākou mau pākīkī me ka pākīkī hiki i ka holoholona ke ne'e. 'O ka pericroma ke alaka'i'ana i ka ulu'ana o nā makapō - pharynx, i ho'opuni'ia e ka endoplasm granular. Ke komo i loko o ka'ōpū nā mea'ai kūpono i ka'ōpū ma muli o ka hana'ana o ka cilia, a laila hā'ule i loko o nā moemoe. 'O nā mea i loko o nā moemoelo'ele'ele e ne'e ana i ka hopoplasm e ho'opiha'ia e nā enzymes. Ua ho'oku'u'ia nā koena i waho o ka lepo. Mālama'ia ka pale wai ma o ka hana'ana o nā'ōpena'elua. 'O ka'elua nuclei,'o ka nui (macronucleus) e pili ana me ka metabolism i loko o ke kele, a'o ka mea li'ili'i (micronucleus) e komo i loko o ke ka'ina wahine.

Plasmodium vivax

E no'ono'o i kekahi'ano'ē a'e'ē a'e, e'ike ana i nā'ano protozoa. He lehulehu nā protozoa Parasitic, akā,'o kēia'ano kolohe nui ka ho'opilikia i nā kānaka. Plasmodium vivax, ke komo'ana i loko o ke koko o kahi kanaka ma hope iho o ka puhi'ia e kāna wahine Anopheles'elo, komo i loko o nā pūpa'a i kahi e ulu ai. Ke wāwahi'ia nā pūnaewele pīpī, nā lau plasmodium a ho'opili i nā mea hou. A laila ua ho'okomo pinepine'ia i loko o nā erythrocytes, ho'onui i loko o ia mau mea a me ka luku'ana. I ka hope,'ike'ia nā pūnaewele hui kāne a me ka wahine (gametocytes). Loa'a ka loa'a'ana o ke koko i ka nalu e hiki mai ana, nā kāne male kāko'o i loko o kona'ōpū, e hana ana i nā hō'ailona. Mai ka huahana o kā lākou fusioni, ka'enelo, ka plasmodia hou e'ike'ia e komo i loko o nā āpau o ka nalu. A'o ke ka'ina hou e hana hou.

'O ka hana hou'ia o protozoa

Me ka hana like'ole o nā mahele o ka protozoans e māhele i ka hapalua, e ho'okumu i'elua mau kānaka. 'O kēia māhele o nā pūnaewele i ho'ohui piha'ia e pa'a i ka protoplasm a me ka pūpū. 'O ka hopena, ua ho'okumu'ia nā pūnaewele'elua. Ma lalo o nā kūlana pō'ino, ua hūnā kekahi mau hae a me nā kohu i kahi'ele'ele palekana, hilahila'ole i loko o kahi e māhele ai ka pu'upu'u. Inā hā'ule i lalo i nā kūlana maika'i, ho'opau'ia ka cyst, a hō'ike'ia nā mea e like me nā hua'ōlelo.

He'oko'a loa nā'ano o ka ho'opili'ana i nā protozooa. 'O ka paramecium, no ka la'ana, ho'onui'ia e ka hui pū'ana:'elua mau kānaka e pili ana i nā laina like'ole e ho'ohui i nā mea kūlohelohe, a laila, ma hope o ka māhele'ana i ka nuclei a me ka ho'ololi'ana i nā mea'elepila, e ho'ololi. Ma hope aku, hiki i nā hoa'elua ke pu'unaue, a hiki i ka'ewalu ('ehā o kēlā me kēia) o nā keiki me nā'ōkiko me ka heredity i ho'ohui'ia. Ho'omohele'ia'o Amoeba, e ho'onui ana i ka asexually, i'elua mau pu'upu'u kaikamahine. Ho'okahi nō ko lākou waiwai. I ka ho'omaka'ana o ka mahele i loko o ka pūpū, i lilo i pōkole a lahilahi,'ike'ia nā chromosomes; 'O kēlā me kēia me'elua mau chromate. Ho'okipa'ia ka'ōhinu momona, a ho'oka'awale'ia nā hapa. I ka manawa like, e māhele ana nā chromitids, a ho'omaka ka pāpālua i ka cytoplasm. Me ka hopena o ka māhele o nā chromosomes, ho'oka'awale'ia ka cytoplasm. 'O nā hopena o nā pūnaewele kaikamahine he like.

Pā'ina Kawa

E like me nā holoholona'ē a'e,'o ka mea ma'alahi ka loa'a'ana o ka ike ma o ka'ai'ana i nā pūnaehana ho'omehana honua. Amoeba sp. Ho'opuka i nā pseudopodia i nā mea'ai'ai, a ua'eli'ia lākou i loko o nā'ōmole meheko me ka komo'ana o nā enzymes. Paramecium sp. Ke ola nei ma muli o nā hua bacteria, e ho'oku'i iā lākou i ka ne'e'ana o ka cilia. Trichonympha sp. Noho i loko o ka'ōpū o nā wāwae a hānai ma laila i nā mea i komo'ole'ia e ka mea lawelawe. Acineta sp. (Pictured lalo) ho'ohana wale i kekahi mau'ano o infusoria, i kekahi manawa nui aku i ko lākou.

Holo

Lawe'ia ka protozoa i'ekolu mau'ano. Ke "lele"'o Sarkodovye ma o ke kāpili'ana o ka huapili protoplasm. Ho'okumu'ia ka ne'e'ana ma muli o ka mana o ka hopena endoplasmic i ho'okahi ala a me kona ho'ololi hou i ka'ao'ao i loko o kahi ectoplasm gelatinous. Ma muli o ka hopena o ka flagellum, hae ka hae. 'O ka ne'e'ana o Infusoria me ke kōkua'ana mai o nā'ōle'a he nui, ke'oli'oli.

'O ke kino me nā ma'i

General ano o ke ano a me ka pololei Pono e e inā ma kekahi manawa pōkole moʻolelo e pili ana i koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a i pinepine pioloke me ia. Hā'awi lākou i ka pilikia i kekahi kanaka, akā, he hana ko'iko'i lākou i ke'ano. 'O nā huakino a me nā ma'i'ino nā mea'oi loa loa ma ka honua. 'Oiai he mau mea i ho'onohonoho pono'ia,'a'ole hiki iā lākou ke kapa'ia'o ka mua. Hiki iā lākou ke ola i nā'ano kūpono'ole, a'o ka ikaika nui e ho'ololi ai i nā'ano i ho'ololi'ia, e kau iā lākou i kahi papa me nā'ano'oi loa a'oi aku ka maika'i. 'A'ole nā kinakōle i pūnaewele, no laila'a'ole hiki ke ho'okau'ia i ka unicellular, akā, hiki ke no'ono'o'ia ka paila. Akā,'a'ole lākou i ma'alahi loa, no ka mea,'a'ohe o lākou papa. E no'ono'o e pili ana iā lākou ma ke'ano kiko'ī.

Kahi e ola ai nā bacteria?

'A'ole like me nā ma'i'ele'ele,'o nā huapona nā pūnaewele. Eia na'e,'oi aku ka ma'alahi o lākou ma mua o nā mea i ho'onohonoho pono'ia, a loli iki i ka nui a me ke'ano. Loa'a i nā mea ma'i i nā wahi a pau. Hiki iā lākou ke ola ma lalo o nā kūlana e ho'oka'awale i ka noho'ana o nā mea'oihana'oihana. Hele lākou i ka moana a ma kahi hohonu 9 km. Ke pi'i ka pae o ka 'āina, ua kū ke kino i kahi ho'omaha ho'omaha - ka endosporium. 'O kēia ka hale pa'a loa o nā mea ola ola i'ike'ia:'a'ole e make kekahi mau hopena ma ka wā e ho'olapalapa ai.

'O nā kūlohelohe kūpono a pau,'o ka mea'oi loa aku ka pilikino kekahi'ano kino. Hā'awe i ka paio i loko o ka mea ma'amau ma o nā'eha. Akā, i ka komo'ana i loko, pono lākou e pale i nā palekana o kā lākou mau mea i hō'eha'ia, ma kahi kū'ē i nā pigocytes (nā pūnaewele e hiki ke hopu a hō'ino iā lākou) a me nā mea'elepelu i hiki ke pale i ko lākou mau pō'ino. No laila, ua ho'opuni'ia kekahi'ano bacteria e waho i kahi membrane mucous, hiki'ole ke hele aku i waho i nā pumehana; 'O kekahi po'e ma hope o ka hopu'ia e nā phagocytes e hiki ke noho i loko o ia mau mea; 'O ka hopena,'o ka hapakolu ke ho'omohala i nā mea lā'au pale e kōkua iā lākou e hūnā i ko lākou noho'ana i nā pūpū i ho'opili'ia, a'o ka hopena'a'ole i loa'a nā ma'i'e'e.

Nā huamino'ino'ino a maika'i

Hiki i ke kino ke ho'opilikia i nā ala'ekolu: no ka la'ana, ka ho'opili'ia'ana o nā kahawai nui i loko o ke kino no ka nui; 'O ka ho'oku'u'ia'ana o nā mea'awa'aha ('o ka toxin o ka meaola o ka lepo Clostridium tetani (i hō'ike'ia ma lalo), e hana ana i tetanus, kahi o nā mea i'oi aku ka ikaika i'ike'ia e ka'epekema); A me ka ho'onāukiuki'ana o nā mea'āpona ma'i i nā mea i hō'eha'ia.

Ua pa'a nā lā'au'apa'au e kū'ē i nā ma'i'eha o ka microbial i kekahi manawa, akā nui nā'ano bacteria i ho'oikaika i ke kū'ē i kekahi mau lā'au lapa'au. E ho'onui nui lākou, e māhele i nā kūlana maika'i i kēlā me kēia 10 mau minuke. I ka manawa like, ke'ano o ka hopena o ka mau mīkini kū'ē i kekahi mau lā'au'oko'a e ho'onui ana. Akā'a'ole nā bacteria e ola ana i nā meaola'ē a'e e hana'ino. No laila, i loko o ka'epana o ka bipi, he hipa, he kao paha, aia kahi'oihana kūikawā - kahi ma'ile e ola ai nā mea mai he nui, e kōkua ana i nā holoholona e'ōpala i ka vegetative fiber.

'O ka'u kamepiula

'O ka'u mycoplasmas -'o ka mea'oi loa o nā meaola a pau a me ka hiki paha, he ka'ina ho'oili i waena o nā huakō a me ka bacteri - aia ma ke'ano ma'amau, akā, hiki iā ia ke hō'eha i nā holoholona, e loa'a ana iā lākou nā ma'i e like me ke'ano o kekahi'ano o ke ahonui i pua'a.

'O ka nui o ka huapalapala

Mahalo i kēia mau mea ola, ho'ohemo'ia nā kino, a ho'iho'i'ia nā mea lā'au i loko o ka lepo. Ke'ole kēia'ōwili o nā hale kūkulu lā'au, hiki'ole ke ola. Ke ho'ohana nui nei ke kanaka i ka hana nui o ka bacteria e ho'ololi ai i nā mea kanu a me nā mea ulu'ole i nā huahana i ka ho'opunipuni'ana, i ka hana'ana i ka pua'a, ka'aila, ka vīneka.

I ka hopena

E like me kāu e'ike ai, nui ka'oko'a a me ke'ano o protozoa. 'Oiai'o ka nui o ka nui o lākou, ua ho'okau nui lākou i ka mālama'ana i ke ola ma ka honua. 'Oiai, ua wehewehe iki mākou i nā'ano protozoa. Mana'o mākou ua makemake'oe e'ike nui iā lākou. 'O nā pūnaewele a me nā'ano protozoa he mea pilikino a nui.