'O Protein-enzyme: ke kuleana, nā waiwai, ka hana o nā protein-enzymes i loko o ke kino

I loko o kēlā me kēia pūnaewele ola, nui nā hopena. 'O nā enzymes (enzymes) he mau māmā i nā hana kūikawā a ko'iko'i loa. Kapa'ia lākou he mau mea ola. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino, mea e hōʻeleu i biochemical reactions. 'O nā mea hana mua i ho'onāukiuki'ia e kēia mau molepila i kapa'ia he substrates, a'o ka mea hope loa he mau huahana.

I ke'ano, nā hana ho'omalu enzyme e hana wale i loko o nā'ōnaehana ola. Akā, i kēia manawa, ke kālaihana'enehana, nā diagnostics, pharmaceuticals a me nā lā'au lapa'au, ho'omehana'ia nā enzymes a me ko lākou mau hale i ho'ohana'ia, a me nā pono'ē a'e e pono ai no ka'ike pūnaewele a me ka'ike'ike'ikepili no ka mea noi'i.

'O ka pilikino a me nā waiwai o nā enzymes

Inā'ole kēia mau moleculo, hiki'ole i ke kino ola ke hana. Hana pū nā hana a pau o ka hana ma'amau me ke aloha i nā enzymes. 'O ka hana nui o nā protein-enzymes i loko o ke kino,'o ia ka ho'oponopono o ka metabolism. Me ka'ole o lākou,'a'ohe hiki ke hana i ka hanu. Ho'oponopono ke kūlana o ka hana o nā molecuka ma lalo o ka hana a nā mea hana (inductors) a i'ole nā mea ho'opane'e. Ka hana'ana i nā hana ma nā'ano like'ole o ka ho'omana'o pilina. He "hana" nō ho'i'o ia i kahi mole mole mua.

'O nā kumu nui o nā protein-enzymes he kiko'ī ia i kekahi'ano. A, no laila, hiki i ka hiki ke ho'oikaika i kahi wale nō a i'ole ka pa'akikī, he'ano o nā hā'ina. 'O ka'oihana, hiki ke ho'ololi i kēlā mau hana. 'O nā enzymes'elua ke kuleana no nā'oihana'elua. Akā,'a'ole'o ia wale.

'Oi ka pono o ka protein-enzymes. Me ka'ole o lākou, hiki'ole nā hopena o ka lā'au kino. Ma muli o ka hana o nā enzymes, hiki i nā reagent ke lanakila ma luna o ka pale ho'oulu me ka nui'ole o ka ho'olālā. Ma ke kino, hiki'ole ke wela i ka mahana ma mua o 100 ° C ai'ole e ho'ohana i nā mea ho'okaumaha e like me kahi laboratory chemical. Ho'ohui'ia ka pūmua-enzyme me ke pani. I ka moku i ho'opa'a'ia, ho'ololi'ia ka ho'ololi'ana, a ma hope o ka ho'oku'u'ia'ana o kēia hope. 'O kēia ke'ano o nā mea ho'ohana i ho'ohana'ia i loko o ka hana ma'amau.

He aha nā pae o ka ho'olālā'ana o ka mole-enzyme mole?

'O ka mea ma'amau, ua loa'a i kēia mau molekile kahi papahana ko'iko'i (ka honua) ai'ole quaternary ('o kekahi mau pūnaewele pūhui). 'O ka mua, ua hō'ano hou'ia i loko o kahi palapala. A laila e ho'opili i ka papa i makemake'ia. No ka ho'olālā i ka'oihana, pono i kahi biocatalyst kahi hana.

'O nā enzymes, e like me nā mea'ē a'e'ē a'e, e ho'opau'ia e ka ho'omehana'ana, ka pH pH, ka mea hana'ino.

Nā mea hou o nā enzymes

Ma waena o lākou, ua'ike'ia nā hi'ohi'ona o kēia mau mea:

1. 'O ke kūlana hi'ona - kahi hana ho'okahi huahana.
2. 'O ka Regioselective ka wāwahi'ana i kahi pilikino pa'a a i'ole ka ho'ololi'ana o kahi hui ma ho'okahi wale nō kūlana.
3. 'O ka Chemoselectivity ka hopena o ho'okahi wale nō ka hopena.

Nā'ano o ka hana

'O ke kūlana o ka'ike pono o nā enzymes e like'ole. Akā, ke hana mau nei kekahi enzyme e pili ana i kahi piko ai'ole ka hui o nā pūhui, e like me ke'ano. 'A'ole nā mea ho'ohālike pilikino i loa'a kēia waiwai. Specificity ana ka paa a eia i (Mol / k), a hiki e mai ke 10 ^-10 Mol / ho'āo ai. He wikiwiki ka hana o ka enzyme hana. Ho'okahi ka mole i ho'oikaika i nā tausani miliona o ka hana ma kekona. 'O ka māmā o ka pi'i'ana o nā hopena o nā meaola biochima he mea nui (1000-100000 mau manawa) i'oi aku ka ki'eki'e ma mua o kēlā me nā mea ho'ohālikelike.

Hana'ia ka hana o nā enzymes ma kekahi mau hana. 'O ka pilina ma'alahi ka hana'ana me kahi ho'okahi mole o ke substrate, a ma hope o ka ho'okumu'ana i kahi huahana. 'O ka nui o nā enzymes hiki iā lākou ke nakinaki i nā'ōmole'elua 2-3 i komo i ka pane. 'O kahi la'ana, ka ho'ololi'ana o kahi hui ai'ole'ole mai kahi ho'ohui'ana i kahi'ē a'e ai'ole i ke pani pālua ma ka mana'o o "ping-pong." I loko o kēia mau ku'una, ho'okahi nō ke'ano o ka pilina o ke ki'i, a'o ka lua i ho'opa'a'ia i kahi hui hana i ka enzyme.

I ka like o ka'ūhūʻano papa hana o ka 'ana i wahi i loko o ke ano:

1. Nā wehewehe o nā huahana waena a me nā hopena.
2. Haʻawina no ka 'ole a me ka anahonua o ka loiloi hui e hoopaa ana i ka kūpapakū a me ka hoomaopopo ana i ke kiʻekiʻe naoh kōmi.
3. Ke pani'ana o nā genetic enzyme a me ka ho'oholo'ana i ka ho'ololi'ana i kona kuhi a me kāna hana'ana.

Ke kikowaena hana a pa'a

'O ka mole mole o ke pani ka mea i li'ili'i ma mua o ka protein-enzyme. No laila, ke kau'ia nei ma muli o kekahi wahi li'ili'i o nā hui hana o ka biocatalyst. Ho'onohonoho lākou i kahi kikowaena i loko o kahi hō'ailona o nā amino acids. Ma eiiieaena nā polokina i loko o ka 'ole o ka prosthetic pūʻulu keia nonprotein ke ano maoli, a hiki no hoi ia i kauwahi o kaʻeleu waena.

Pono pono e ka'awale i kahi hui like'ole o nā enzymes. Loa'a iā lākou ka coenzyme i ka mole e ho'opa'a pa'a mau ana i ka mole a ho'oku'u'ia mai ia. Ho'okumu'ia ka protein-enzyme i kahi holoenzyme, ai ka wā i wehe'ia ai ke kumuhana, ua kapa'ia he apoenzyme. 'O nā kinamona, nā metala, nā hua'ōlelo o nā kumu'auapona (NAD - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, FAD - dinucleotide flavinadenine, FMN - flavinmonucleotide) e ho'ohana pinepine'ia me coenzymes.

Ke kikowaena pa'a kahi kiko'ī o ka pilina ma ke pani. Ma muli o ia mea, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi māmā substrate-enzyme. Ho'ohālike'ia ka'ōpuni o ka'ōpili i mea e loa'a ai ma luna o kahi niche (gap a i'ole ke'ano) o kahi nui, i mea e hō'oia ai i ka pa'a o ke substrate. 'O kēia'āpana kahi mamao loa mai kahi kikowaena. He mau enzymes kēlā me kēia kanaka no nā hui pū me nā cofactors a me nā kinona uila.

Ka Hopena

He mea ko'iko'i ke kino-enzyme i ke kino. 'O ia mau mea e ho'onāukiuki i nā kinipōpī kīkini, ke kuleana no ke ka'ina hana make - ka make. I loko o kekahi pūnaewele ola, hanana mau hanana o nā hana biochimika, e like me nā ho'oiho hoihoi, ke kā'ili'ana a me ke kahakaha o nā pūnaewele. 'O ka ho'onā'ana o nā mea me ka ho'oku'u nui'ana o ka ikehu e ulu mau ana. Ho'ololi'ia ka mea i ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā'ōpona, nā protein, nā momona, a me nā pu'upu'u. 'O nā huapalapala'oko'a ka pae ho'ohālikelike no ka hō'oko'a o nā pūnaehana ho'omehana kūpono.