'ōkuʻu kaʻina. Ano o ke ahulau kaʻina

Maʻiʻaʻai a me ka laha kaʻina i ana type naoh ma luna o ka heluna kanaka a me ka? Ueo pae. Ua Ua hele ia e heterogeneous evolutionary-pilikia pili i kekahi i kekahi pathogen, parasite a me ke kanaka kino. Infectious a me ka laha kaʻina ikea asymptomatic a me ka maopopo 'ano apau loa. Ka mea, e haawi i waena o ka heluna hui i ka pilikia o ka maʻiʻaʻai a maʻi, manawa a me ka mokuna.

mōʻaukala 'ike

Ia i kekahi mea e like me "ke ahulau kaʻina", hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana mai ke kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia. Kekahi o ka wā ia e hoohalike ai o keia kŰia i ua kālaiʻia Ozanamom i ka 1835. Eia, he helu o ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao hana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka manao. Ka manawa "'ōkuʻu kaʻina" Ua wahahee i ka 1941 Gromashevskiy. E möakäka hou Belyakov mai la ka hoʻoholo 'maʻiʻo. la oia ia ia iho i hope i mua i ke kulana o ka pakiko-rula i loko o ke ahulau kaʻina.

pauku

A pau ekolu. Aia nō i ke kēia mau pauku o ke ahulau kaʻina hana:

• Hua'ōlelo a me nā kumu.
• Keʻano papa hana o ka? Acaeoey o ke ahulau kaʻina.
• Hoike ana.

Ka pauku mua hōʻike mai i ka pā o ke kaʻina. Ua Hōʻike 'i ka na kumu o ka ho okumu a me na kumu ma lalo a ia ia lŘlŘ. Systematization o ka 'ike i loko o keia pauku i hāʻawi mai i ka manawa i mau hua'ōlelo, e pane mai i ka ninau o ka mea na kumu o ke o ka epidemiology. I ka lapaʻau lapaau - i loko o ka wahi, kahi a noiʻi ua lawe mai pathological rula ma ka organismal pae - ua kapaia ano like pauku i ka "etiology". Ka lua o ka loulou hōʻike i ka holomua o ka ho okumu ana o ka kŰia. Ma keia pauku, ua pane i ka ninau a pehea e huli no. Ma lapaʻau lapaau, ua kapaia he like kahua "pathogenesis". Ke kolu o ka pauku hōʻike hoike ana e pili ana i laha kaʻina hana; systematised ike hōʻikeʻana i nā hiʻona o ke kŰia. Ma lapaʻau lapaau, like pauku kapa semiotics. Next, noonoo i ka waeʻano i hou au mamuli.

Nā kūlana a me nā kumu

Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka pathogen a me ke kanaka kino ia lŘlŘ i ka makahiki a me ka manawa i noke aku. Aia i likeʻole aʻe o ke ahulau kaʻina. Mau nā, no ka laʻana, liluwelo. Mau kumumea nāna i hana i ke ahulau kaʻina kumu i hoʻomaka pathological AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Aia ka hoi o ka lua o ka waeʻano. ? Aneie a me ka pilina aʻe i rula hooponopono o nā kūlana ma lalo i ke kaʻina i wahi. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea hiki wale nō i loko o ke alo o nā kumu a me na kumu.

Na ka hoʻokukeʻana koa o liluwelo ano

Kēia ololi - parasitic'ōnaehana ma a he mea he maopopo AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Konaʻaoʻao i kekahi kiʻiona hiʻona. Penei, na parasites ho'āʻo pathogenicity, kaua - susceptibility.

pōʻai koa

Kēia mau kumumea nā i ka luna 'o ka lawelawe ana i ka paipai' ole keakea mai i ka papa o ke ahulau kaʻina. I waena o ia mea:

• Hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe eiiieaena e noho.
• Hana kupa.
• Social ulu.

ʻeleu heluna

Ua kahiko o ka'āina a me ka pololei e loli ai i ka uku o ka pele o ke ahulau kaʻina. Ka ikaika nohona haʻawina, me ka nui nō i AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN parasites a me ka meaola. Hawaiʻi nei, i ka piko i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni a me ka wartime. ha awina o ka heluna kanaka ke hoike mai ai ia ia iho ma o ka pae ana o ka mea a pau ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me kekahi mau ohana.

ola hou

Kona 'ilikai pono e loli ai i ka uku i i ke ahulau kaʻina kahe. Ka manawa nā alapine (frequency) icai? Hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe ohi a me ka hoʻolilo o ka ai neoneo a me ka paa. I hou aku la ua malamaia lakou nei, moku'āina sanitation a me ka wai lako nenoai.

ka nohona kanaka

I ka nui o ka hanalima a me ka nohona ulu mai kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ole ma na olelo ma i ke ahulau kaʻina kahe. Ma keia hihia, ka mea, hiki i nā maikaʻi a me ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole. hiki ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mua e noʻonoʻo me maikaʻi kino a me ka pono o ke ola, a, nolaila, hoomahuahua i ka poʻe i noho ma o hoʻonele, e like me nā loli i loko o ka moʻomeheu o ka hana, kou niho hoʻonaʻauao,ʻanoʻenehana holomua. Ka hopena maikaʻi keiki Ua akaka no ka puka i loko o ka ulu helu o ka lāʻau addicts a me alcoholics, loli ma ka moe moʻomeheu (i ka laha ana o mea hoʻomaʻi hepatitis, HIV), ka mea hōʻemi o? Aneie rula, hoʻonāwaliwali i ke kino i ka pale aku ia lakou.

maoli ana

nā abiotic a biotic eiiiiiaiou i kēia mau kumumea. Ka hope i na kumu o ke ano. Me lakou i mea hoike, i ka hoʻokonukonu hopena o biotic eiiiiiaiou hiki i ka loli ana i ka nui o ke ahulau kaʻina hana holo ma luna o ke kāʻei kua o kekahi mau helu o rodents i loko o nā mea palahēhē maoli mea nui type. Inā maʻi lele-hali zoonoses Polenekia, a me ka helu o nā arthropods i ka hooponopono ana ia ma luna o ka oolea o ke kŰia. Ma abiotic eiiiiiaiou nā Hawaii Leeuwerikplein aku ana a me ka huliau. No ka laʻana, ka wā e hele i ka equator maoli he nui loa nosological ē aʻei pathologies.

Epidemiology o Infectious Nā Maʻi

Ke kanawai mua Gromashevskiy hoʻoholo i ka papa o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka parasite a me na kanaka kino no ka triad. No laila, ma laila nō ke kēia loulou o ke ahulau kaʻina hana:

• Kumu o ka pūnaewele.
• Ke EYIʻano papa hana.
• Susceptible meaola.

Ka hope loulou o ke ahulau kaʻina hana i kā lākou mau Mea Maluna.

Kumu o ka pūnaewele

He he iho mailoko o kanaka, holoholona, a kanu meaola. maʻiʻaʻai o susceptible kanaka hiki ke loko mai o ia. Complex kahi e hōʻike 'ano apau loa o ka? Aieeeua. No ka anthroponoses i kanaka hana me ka causative konohiki, a mea e noho asymptomatic a maopopo no i kālā o ka pathology no zoonoses - holoholona (hihiu, synanthropic a me ka hale). A ka mea, e ia no sapronoses abiotic oihana mua o ke kaiapuni.

I ka hoolilo ana o ka pathogen

Ke epidemiology o ka maʻi komo ai i kekahiʻaoʻao o ka neʻe parasites i loko o ke ola i ke kino mai o ka loli ana o. E like me ke kānāwai lua o Gromashevskiy, pathogen EYI ua kaumaha ma muli o kona iniiaiie IIeEeAIEUAA. Kēia paha e ke koko, ili flakes, mucus, faeces. E like me ka amo alanui lawelawe 'ana ke kaʻina, a me ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka hoolilo ololi, ma i keʻano papa hana ua hoʻokō.

parasites anal aoao

1. ka aerosol ala hele. Ua nā ka i kēiaʻaoʻao.

- ea-kulu (i ho'īli SARS, meningococcal maʻiʻaʻai);

- airborne lepo (keia ala hele, ua Mycobacterium tuberculosis,ʻulaʻula kuni).

2. fecal-ku una ha ala. Ua nā na aoao like:

- Hoʻokaʻaʻike-hale;

- wai;

- ai.

3. Hoʻokaʻaʻike alanui. Ua nā kauoha a me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ano o ka EYI.

4. Transmissible ala. Kēia waeʻano nā mea ano like:

-ʻimi hoʻopunipuni (pili me ka 'inikua manipulations: pili iʻoki kino, ka pahu kui, transplantation, transfusion, ma muli o ke kaʻina hana PalekanaEND_LINK);

- maoli (excreted feces transporter, me ka inoculation me ka pathogen kontaminatsionnomʻano - ua wahahee me ka tuha).

General Mea Maluna

Aia i kekahi mau aʻe o ka EYI. Ma 'ana, ka noho kaʻawale maʻi, i ka loiloi mua a me ka puke. Aoaao kumumea i conditionally puunaueia i walaʻauʻana a me ka hou. E hoʻoneʻe i nā kūlana o ka parasite nā:

• Hoʻokaʻawale o ka lawe kino.
• E nohoʻoukou i loko o ka mea mawaho kaiapuni.
• Anal predisposed i ka maʻi meaola.

susceptibility

He hiki no infecting i ka poʻe kaua pathologies hoʻonāukiuki ma parasites. Keia ua hoikeia mai ma ka palapala o ka pathological a me ka aiiay muli o manaʻo ('ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana) a me ka nonspecific (kumupaʻa) reactions. Hoomaopopo i ke kēia mauʻano o ka pā lonoaʻili.

• Kanaka (phenotypic a me ka genotypic).
• ? Ueo.

E hoʻonele hana me he mau 'pane i ka anal o kekahi haole Agena. Ia'ku (ia'ku) o ka luna 'malu reactions nonspecific type.

Ano o ke ahulau kaʻina

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka parasite a me ke kanaka hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ka palapala o ka mea hoʻohaumia o ka hope. A laila, he poʻe koa susceptible e iho oe a lilo i ka lawe ana o ka pathogen. Ma heluna kanaka-ilepiliʻilikai hoike ana imua o like me ka sporadic maʻi, i ke alo o ka maʻi laha (epifitoticheskogo, epizootic) a maoli pulakaumaka, waihonaʻike,'ōkuʻu a pandemic.

pinepine '

Sporadic haawi aku nona i ka kekahi hui, manawa, wahi. Laha maʻi mea he pokole mahuahua i loko o ka nui o ka infestation. Mahope Mea Maluna ma keia hihia i hana 'ia e like me ka kino a me ka' āina 'kiko'î. 'ōkuʻu outbreak mea he pōkole-makahiki waiwai o ka maʻi i loko o kekahi pūʻulu. Ua mau no ka kekahi a mau incubation manawa. Ka maʻi laha Ua mahuahua i ka mea hiki wale mai i ka wahi a me ka māhele 'āina. E like me ka rula, e uhi kekahi manawa o ka makahiki. Pandemic characterizes ka nui o ka maʻiʻaʻai mau no kekahi mau makahiki paha makahiki. Māhele aku pathology ma keia hihia ma luna o ka'āinapuniʻole.

Ke unevenness o ka hōʻike 'ia nei

Ua hiki ke hai aku i ka mau o ka manawa, nā pūʻulu. Ma ka hihia mua, ka Mea Maluna ua ma muli o ka laha kahi o ka pahu. Ma kekahi, kaʻawale:

• Laulā wahi. Ma keia hihia, ke naoh ua lawe mai ma waena o ke kanaka, a me ka? Aieeeua anthroponoses.
• ʻO kēia māhele 'āina kaianoho koholā - he maoli mea nui zoonoses.

Irregularity o ka manawa:

• Cyclicity.
• Seasonality.
• Irregularity UPS maʻiʻaʻai.

Ole-uniformity o ka heluna kanaka pūʻulu hoʻolaha ma ka epidemiologically nui a me ka olelo hiʻona. Ka hope nā ka pūʻulu.

• Makahiki.
• 'Oihana.
• Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka noho (hoʻokiwikā ole kua'āina).
• Kuʻina, a hoʻonohonoho.

Hoi o ka makana i kulike ai me epidemiologically nui hiʻona ua lawe mai ma luna o ka muli o Logical kuhi hoʻomalu. Ua hiki ke komo i loko o keʻano o nā kumumea, e like me pakuiia.

Kaiapili-? Aneeo manaʻo

Ua Ua nānā ma luna o nā kūlana o ka'ōnaehana hoʻokokoke. Ma keʻano o kēia mea paahana manaʻo hōʻike i ke kaʻina hana o ka hierarchical 'ole. Ua kekahi hōʻike i ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o nāʻike manaʻo auaneʻiʻoukou i kēlā me kēia kiʻekiʻe. I kulike ai me ka manaʻo o ke ahulau kaʻina ua hōʻike i loko o ka palapala o ka luna 'nunui-ke kahua kahua. Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ke ola ana, nā'ōlelo a me ka hāʻawi 'ana o parasitic microorganisms kuahene i waena o nā kānaka. Level 2 Ua ua anao? Aou i loko o ka 'ole: eco- a me ka sotsekosistemny.

parasitic kahua

Ua i kekahi xi. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, ua haku o kekahi kanaka i loko o ka poʻe koa heluna. Ma ka meaola progresses infectious kaʻina, hoikeia ma ka palapala o ke kaa a me ka oolea o ke lapaʻau pathology. A hiki i ka manaʻo o ka EYI ala, a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka pathogen i loko o ka susceptible meaola hoopahaohao interpopulation. Ma pili ana me keia parasitic'ōnaehana he he luna kiʻekiʻe o na mea he nui infectious keʻano o ka hanaʻana. I ka manaʻo o ke ahulau kaʻina i Hōʻuluʻulu, me ka hoʻomaopopo i ke ano o ka EYIʻano papa hana.

hierarchical 'ole

Ua ua hookoaiaʻe e ka nunui-ʻilikai ano a me ka loaʻa o kekahi mau subordinate papa:

• Organismic. Olelo ana i keia hihia mea pololei ma ka infectious kaʻina. It interacting nenoai e hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ka palapala o ka organismic subpopulation o ka pathogen, a me ka hoʻolālā o ka liluwelo koena o ka microorganism.
• Cell. Ma kēia 'ilikai aia no he ano iloko olaila o ka hookahi kanaka o ka parasite a me na keena o ka pale meaola.
• 'aʻaʻa-hui,. Ma kēia 'ilikai, he kūloko subset o ka parasite hana me ka kekahi hui o kekahi nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o ke kaua.
• Subcellular (hakakino). Eia ka mea i hoʻomākaukauʻia aaiaoe pāʻani aku me ka liluwelo nā lātoma o ka parasite a me ka puali.

Higher i loko o ka 'ole sotsekosistemny noʻonoʻo'ōkuʻu kaʻina pae, ma i ka ke kaiaola ua komo pū me kekahi o ka na subcategories. Ka lua ua poe ma ke ano o ka lawelawe hui. E like me kumu o ka hooulu ana a me ka hou'ōkuʻu kaʻina hanaʻia kaʻoi loa o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o na subsystems elua. Ma ka Ia kŰia ma ka ekostrukture hooponopono e lawelawe mau papa.

Eia kekahi laʻana

Ma February, 2014 ma Guinea (West Africa), he outbreak o Ebola. Ua mau a hiki i kēia lā. Ma keia hihia, no ka Ebola ahulau ua hoʻoneʻe ma kela aoao o ka moku'āina, a hohola aʻela i nā'āina. Ka hoʻohuli ai i nā 'āpana kikowaena, ma ka nui, Sierra Leone, Liberia, ka United States, Senegal, Mali, Spain, Nigeria. Kēia hihia He kū hoʻokahi no ka mea, o ka maʻi i ke ahulau no ka manawa mua i loko o West Africa. Kauka i loko o ka'āina, kahi a ka hohola pathology, mai i ka hoao ana i ka Hana ana me ia. Ke kahua Ua exacerbated ka likelihood o panic i waena o ka heluna kanaka i ka hopena o ka misinformation. E kōkua i ka Guinean aupuni i hoʻouna i iauaeoia a me nā limahana ma kela lahui a me ka aina a papa hana. I kekahi, i hoʻolako 'ia e kōkua: ka United States Center no Epidemiology, Rusia, Rospotrebnadzor, ke Europa Hoona Kuleana. Kōkua hoouna mai, a me ka Economic Community o States o Western Eulopa. Ma Guinea hana Epidemiology keʻena hoʻokolohua. Hoʻomalu ohi a kālailai 'ike e pili ana i ka maʻi. Epidemiology Center nae kākoʻo ana i ka heluna kanaka, kaʻawale mai ola iho mailoko o kanaka. E like me hoʻomaopopo ma ka MEA mea kuhikuhi mau Keiji Fukuda, i mai ai outbreak lilo ka ikaika loa o nā mea a pau i loko o nä hana kilokilo.