Pelekāne hakakino biologist, a me biophysicist neuroscientist Frensis Krik: Kawaihae, e piʻi like, discoveries a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Francis Crick Harri Compton i kekahi o ka hakakino biologists elua i unraveled malu 'ole lawe o aaiaoe' ike deoxyribonucleicʻakika (DNA), pela nāna i hāpai i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia hakakino kālaimeaola. Ma hope iho o kēia kumu loaʻaʻo ia i i he nui na makana i ka hoomaopopo ana o ka aaiaoe kivila, a me ka hana ana o nā'ōewe, e like me ka neurobiology. He pili ana i ka Nobel lua i lapaau i ka 1962 me James Watson, a Maurice Wilkins no ka elucidation o ka DNA 'ole.

Frensis Krik: Kawaihae

Ke kahiko o na keikikane elua, Francis, i hānau i loko o ka ohana o Harry Crick a me Elizabeth Ann Wilkins June 8, 1916 ma Northampton, England. He hele i ka kūloko grammar kula, a mai ka i kakahiaka nui elemakule i hoihoi i ka ho okolohua, pinepine pu ma Nine Inch Naita me ia. I ke kula, loaʻaʻo ia i ka makana no kaʻohiʻohi wildflowers. Eia hou kekahi, ia ia i pulakaumaka no ia me Hana, akā,ʻaʻole nui hoihoi i loko o nā pāʻani a me nā haʻuki. I kona makahiki 14, Francis loaa i ka hoʻonaʻauao kula ma Mill Hill, akau London. ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope, ma kona makahiki 18, oia i heluʻia ma University College. I kona adulthood makua neʻe mai Northampton ma Mill Hill, a ia ia Francis, e noho ana këia i ka hale. Puka 'o ia me ka hanohano ma ke kālaikūlohea.

Ma hope o laepua, Frensis Krik alakaʻi ma ka Kosta Andrade ma University College i noiʻi (viscosity) o ka wai ma lalo o ka puʻuwai, a ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. I ka 1940, Francis loaa he kivilaʻoihana i loko o ka Admiralty, kahi āna i hana ia ma ka manao o Anati-moku mines. Mua keia makahiki, Crick mare Ruth Doreen Dodd. Kā lākou keiki Michael i hanau ia iloko o ka lewa e poipu ma London November 25, 1940. Ma ka pau ana o ke kaua, i häʻawi mai ai iä ka scientificʻimi loa i ka lewa o ka ke keʻena luna o ka Beritania Admiralty ma Whitehall, kahi āna iʻeleu ma luna o ka ulu ana o na mea kaua Francis.

Ma ka verge o ke ola a me ka nonliving

Hoʻomaopopo i ka mea e pono ai i nā aʻo i mea e māʻona kā lākou makemake e komo i loko o walaʻauʻana noiʻi, Crick hoʻoholo ihola e hana ma luna o ka holomua loa. E like me ia iā ia,ʻo ia i manawa e na mau mea elua o kālaimeaola - ka mokuna ma waena o ka poʻe ola, a me ka nonliving a me ka lolo hope. Creek koho i ka mua, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea e, uaʻike nō iki e pili ana i ke kumuhana. Ma hope o ka mua haʻawina ma University College i ka makahiki 1947,, a oki ihola i kekahi polokalamu i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ma Kamepelika ma lalo o ka lima o Artura Hyuza, e pili ana i ka hana ma ka physical waiwai o ka cytoplasm moʻomeheu o ka moa fibroblasts.

Mau makahiki ma hope, Crick hui i ka pae o ka 'Aha o Lapaʻau o Research ma ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua. Ua komo Pelekāne kula pono ai ka noho Peruts a me Dzhon Kendryu (wā e hiki mai Nobel waiwai pio Winners). Francis hoomaka ae la no ke kōkua 'ana me ia, ostensibly e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina kumuʻiʻo' ole, akā, ma ka ike maopopo i ka hana me Watson ma ka 'ole o ka DNA unraveling.

papalua helix

I ka 1947, Frensis Krik hemo Doreen, a ma ka 1949 mare Odile Speed, ka haumāna, artist, ka mea ana i halawai ia ia i mālama ai i loko o ka Moana i kona hana i loko o ka Admiralty. Ka hoao coincided me ka hoʻomaka o kona moho hana ma ka X-Ray diffractometry nā polokina. Kēia hana o këia i ke aniani 'ole o nā nā lātoma, hiki e hoakaka i ke kumu o ko lākou ekolu-dimensional' ole.

I ka 1941 ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua alai ae ia e Sir William Lawrence Bragg, ka mea i he paionia o ka X-Ray diffraction hana, hoʻokahi kanahā makahiki aku nei. I ka 1951, Crick hui ma Dzheyms Uotson, he kipa 'Amelika, ka mea i aʻo me ka Italia kauka Salvador Edward Luria, a ua he lâlâ hoʻi o ka pae o ka physicists ka poe i? Anoee mea koʻohune nā mea hoʻomaʻi, ikeia like bacteriophages.

E like me kona nā hoapili, Watson, ua hoihoi i loko o ka hōʻike 'ia' ana o ka haku mele 'ana o nā'ōewe manaʻo i ka pāʻoihana' ole o ka DNA o ka loa i olelo mua iaʻi pāʻoihana. Ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hui ma waena o Crick a me Watson hoʻomohala ma like iʻini ma waho, a like ka manaʻo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Lākou mākaukau complements kekahi i kekahi. Ma ka manawa ka mea mua i halawai Crick i ike nui e pili ana i ka X-Ray diffraction a me ka 'ole o ka kumuʻiʻo, a me Watson ua maopopo nö iä ia ka bacteriophages a me ka mea koʻohune aaiaoe?.

mau Franklin

Frensis Krik a Dzheyms Uotson poe o ka hana ana o biochemists Maurice Wilkins a me Rosalind Franklin o King ka College ma London, ka mea me ke kōkua o ka X-Ray diffraction hoʻokolokolo i ka 'ole o ka DNA. Creek, i ka nui, i kapaʻia ka London Group, e kūkulu ana hoʻohālike, e like me ka poe hana Laynus Poling ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia e ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ke kumuʻiʻo Alpha helix. Pauling, makua Nine Inch hoopaa manaʻo hōʻike i nā nā polokina i ka ekolu-dimensional 'ole a me ka mea ole wale laina'aminoʻakika kaula.

Wilkins a me Franklin, hana kū kaʻawale, he makemake ko oi manao mana hoʻokokokeʻimi naʻauao simulating iaoia Pauling, i hahai ma hope Francis. Mai ka pūʻulu ma King ka College i ole pane i kā lākou mau manaʻoi hāpai 'ia, Crick a me Watson i mea laa hapa o ka elua-makahiki au o kēia hui kūkāʻana a me nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē. I kakahiaka nui 1953, hoomaka ae la lakou e kūkulu i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike o ka DNA.

DNA 'ole

E ho ohana iʻikepili mai ka X-Ray diffraction Franklin, ma ka hailonaʻana o ka hookolokolo a me ka hewa, ka mea i hana i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike o deoxyribonucleicʻakika lātoma, i mea pahuhopu nei i ka hopena o ka London Group a me kaʻikepili biochemist Erwin Chargaff. I ka makahiki 1950 i ka la mahope hōʻike i ka pili dala o na nucleotides eha i e i DNA, penei kekahi mau rula, kekahi o ka i mea e like loa me ka nui o ka adenine (A) i ka nui o ka thymine (T) a me ka nui o ka guanine (G) i ka helu o ka cytosine (C). Oia kamaʻilio komo ai pairing o A a me T, a me ka C a me G, refuting i ka manaʻo i ka DNA - he mea ole ia oi ma mua o ka tetranucleotide, i mea he mea lātoma iloko olaila o nā kumu eha.

Ma ke kupulau a me ke kauwela o 1953, palapala iho la, Watson a me Crick eha 'atikala e pili ana i ka' ole o ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika a mua hiʻona, i ka mua o ka iʻikeʻia i loko o ka puke pai Nature ma 25 April. Publications ukali ma na hana o Wilkins, Franklin, a me kā lākou nā hoapili i hōʻike mai iā ia mana hoike no ka kükohu. Watson lanakila i ka i alealeia a me ka waiho i ka i kapaia mua, pela mau loa e kuhikuhi ana apau o 'epekema e piʻi like me ka paʻa o Watson-Crick.

aaiaoe kivila

Over ka mea e hiki mai ana mau makahiki, Frensis Krik i këia i ka pilina ma waena o ka DNA, a me ka aaiaoe kivila. Kona laulima me Vernon Ingram i alakai i ka hōʻike i ka makahiki 1956, i ka haku mele 'ana o na oko ma hemoglobin o ka pahikakiwi-aeea anaemia mai maʻamau i loko o kekahi'aminoʻakika. Ke like nae hoike i aaiaoe maʻi i ke pili me ka DNA-kumuʻiʻo hiʻohiʻona.

A puni ka mea ia manawa, e Crick i ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua hui i ka aaiaoe? A hakakino kālaimeaola o ka SouthʻApelika Waena Sydney Brenner. Ka mea, hoomaka ae la e hana me "ka pilikia o ka helu kuʻina" - ka wehewehena o ke kaʻina o ka DNA kumu ano he kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ke hana i mua hooku iho la ia ia ma 1957 ma lalo o ka inoa "Ma ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo." It Crick ua kālaiʻia i ke kumu o postulate o hakakino kālaimeaola, e like me a, i ka ike i hiki ia e ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻi hou. Ua Ua wānana i ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala hana ma ka pū i hiki 'ike mai ka DNA i RNA, a mai ka RNA i ka kumuʻiʻo.

Salk Institute

I ka 1976, ma ka hoomaha Crick i kaumaha aku i ka paʻaʻoihana ma ka Institute o liluwelo Research Salk i loko o La Jolla, Kaleponi. Heʻae a me ke koena o kona olaʻana, ua hana ma ka Salk Institute, a me ka luna hoʻokele. Aia Creek hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i ka functioning o ka lolo, i ka hoihoi i loko o ia, mai ka hoʻoili i ka 'epekema' oihana. Ua Uaʻano nui hana ma ka ike a me ka ho'āʻo e hoouka aku i ka pilikia ma ke ao o ka hihio. Creek Ua paʻiʻia kekahi mau palapala ma ka speculative maomeka o nā moe a me ka hoolohe, akā, e like me ia i kākau ai i loko o kona moʻolelo pono'ī nova iho, oia no ia, e hanau ana i kekahi kumumanaʻo, a makemake i ka mea ia manawa ua i ka hou, a wehewehe convincingly nui mana kūʻiʻo.

"Kauoha panspermia" An hana hoihoi Episode o ka ha awina ma ka Salk Institute i ka ulu ana o kona mau manaʻo. A me ka Leslie Orgel, oia paʻi i ka puke ma ka mea āna i'ōlelo i microbes i soared ma ka makahiki, e ho'ōla hiki i ka honua, a kanu ia, a i ka mea i hanaia me ka hopena o ia hana, "kekahi." No laila, Frensis Krik hōʻoleʻia kāna i ka kumumanaʻo o ka creationism, hōʻike pehea e mea hiki ke hoʻolauna speculative nā manaʻo.

Awards nä känaka 'epekema

I loko o kona 'oihana hana mikiʻala theorist o kēia kālaimeaola Frensis Krik houluulu, synthesized a hou i ka mana hana ana o' ē aʻe, a lawe mai i kā lākou mau hana, ua ulu no ka hoʻoponopono 'i ke kumu pilikia o ka' epekema. His kekahi hooikaika ana, ma ka hou ana i ka Nobel makana, eo ia lehulehu Ka hoʻolilo 'ia. O nā ka Lasker Achievement, i ka lua o ka Palani Academy o Sciences o ka Charles Mayer a me mekala o ka Royal Society Copley. I ka makahiki 1991ʻo ia i hoolohe mai me he lâlâ o ka Papa Naita o ke kānaka apau i mākaukau.

Crick make iho la o July 28, 2004 ma San Diego ma ka makahiki o ka 88 makahiki. I ka 2016, ua kūkuluʻia Francis Crick Institute ma ka akau Lādana. Ka 'ole o ka lilo ana o 660 miliona paona i ka nui waena no biomedical noiʻi maʻEulopa.