Polonium 210: hapa-ola. He aha ka ka hoʻohana o polonium 210?

Polonium-210 mea he loa maopopo 'ona me ka pāhawewe. A me ia mea i loko o makehewa, no ka mea, he'āina pilikia loa.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Kona ola i wānana i ka MH 1889 ma ka Mendeleev ka wā āna i hana mai i kona kaulana papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ma ka hana pono, ua hehee ai helu 84, ua loaa mai eiwa makahiki hopeʻole Curies, aʻo ka kŰia o ka pāhawewe. Maria Sklodowska-Curie ho'āʻo e loaʻa mai i ke kumu o ka pāhawewe ikaika kinoea mai kekahi nā minelala hao, a no laila, hoʻomaka hana me kekahi mau Eia kekahi laʻana o ka pōhaku, ana ia lakou a pau i loaʻa i kona mau aoao, okioki i mahele a i kāpaeʻia hoʻokali kūpono '. E like me ka hopena, ua loaa i ka hou waiwai, a ua lilo ia i mea like o bismuth a me ka hamama kolu ma hope o ka radioactive hehee ai uranium a me ka thorium.

I loko nō o ka holomua hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, o Maria i ka wikiwiki e kamailio e pili ana i kona loaʻa. Spectral Ka Ikepili, lawelawe 'ia e kekahi colleague Curies kekahi i ole haawi kumu e olelo e pili ana i ka loaʻa mai o ka hou hehee ai. Aka, ma ka hoike ma ka halawai o ka Paris Academy o Sciences i loko o Iulai 1898 i ka hui i hai mai i ka hoʻopiʻi loaa ana o ka waiwai hoike i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a laila'ōlelo akula e kapa aku ia polonium i loko o ka hanohano o Poland - i ka'āina o Maria. Ka mea, ua ka mea mua a me ka wale manawa ma ka mōʻaukala ka wā he ua me ka nui loa Kahiāuli Ho'ā'ikamu ua kapaia ano. Pono, ka mea mua prototype ikea wale i ka 1910.

Helu a me ka Nine Inch waiwai

Polonium mea he kŘpa a pahee silvery keʻokeʻo metala. He mea no laila, radioactive i glows i loko o ka pouli a me ka mau paio hahana maoli nō. Penei kona mahele heheʻe i ka kuhikuhi iki oi aku ma mua ia o ka piuta - wale 254 kekelē Kelekia. Metal ua nui hoʻomaka koke oxidized ma ka lewa. Ma haʻahaʻa mahana, ia 'ano apau loa he monatomic mea cubic puka olu oia.

Ma kona Nine Inch waiwai o ka polonium mea kokoke loa i ka mea like - tellurium. Eia kekahi, i ke ano o kona hui mai i ka ia nui kiʻekiʻe pae o ka pāhawewe. No laila, ua reactions pili i polonium hiki e loa, hoʻokipaʻia a me ka hoihoi ', aole nae he pilikia i loko o hua'ōlelo o ke ola pomaikai.

isotopes

Huina 'epekema Ke ike 27 (e like me nā kumu - 33)' ano apau loa polonium. None o ia mea,ʻaʻole i ka pilina paʻa, a me ka mea, i nā mea a pau radioactive. Ka hapa nui o na isotopes (me'ātoma nui o ka mai 210 a hiki i 218) i loko o kekahi mea uuku nui i loaʻa i loko o ke ano maoli kaumaha, wale hiki ke loaa na mea e ae ma kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni 'ana.

Radioactive polonium-210 - ka loa lōʻihi-noho o maoli 'ano apau loa. Ua Ua hookomoia ma ka liʻiliʻi nui o ka radium ma ka uranium i eliia, a ua hanaʻia ia e kekahi naoh kaʻina e hoʻomaka ana me U-238, a mau no ma kahi o 4.5 ieeeea makahiki, ina ua kamailio e pili ana i ka hapa-ola.

? eaia

I 1 tona o ka uranium mea e hoohehee ai kekahi mau isotopes o polonium-210 i loko o ka nui o ka ma kahi o 100 micrograms. Ka mea hiki e kaulana i loko o ka aaioee o ka neoneo huahana, akā, no ka loaa i oi a emi nui nui o ka hehee ai makemake i e lawelawe i ka nui nui o ka mea. A he nui aku na mea pono a me ka aoao o ka hoʻololi kemikala ma irradiation o maoli bismuth me neutrons i loko o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma.

E like me ka hopena, a ma hope o kekahi o nā kaʻina hana i loaa mai ma ka polonium-210. Isotopes 208 a me 209 hiki ke loaa i ka wā bismuth a me ke kēpau pōkā ua irradiated me ka hōʻeleu i kaola o ka, alpha (particles), protons paha deuterons.

radioactivity

Polonium-210, e like me nā isotopes, mea he Alpha-emitters. Group kaumaha pū kī ana gamma kukuna. I loko nō o ka mea i ka kālaiōewe 210 o ka wale kumu o ka, alpha (particles), ia mea he pilikia, he mea hiki ole ke lawe i kou mau lima, a hiki kokoke i ka pili kaawale, mai e lalana ana mai, e hele aku i loko o aerosol. Loa pilikia i noho i loko o ka polonium hanu a me ka ai. I mea no ke aha la e hana ana i keia waiwai ua paʻa i loko o kūikawā hōʻailonaʻia pahu. He 'ike i kēia hehee ai mea e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka kenekulia aku nei, ua loaʻa i loko o ka paka lau. au o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o polonium-210 ma e like me nā isotopes Ua nui lawa, akā, no ka mea, ke loaa i ka mea kanu, a laila, hiki hou ino i ka puhi paka ka ola. Eia naʻe, i kekahi hoao e wehe i ka waiwai a pau, mai ka paka i lanakila.

weliweli

No ka mea, polonium-210 kī ana wale nō, alpha (particles), nānā kekahi kaiapuni e e makau ana i ka hana ana me ka mea e ole e. Ka lōʻihi o ke ala mai o kēia mau nalu Ua kākaʻikahi oi ma mua o ke kakini kenimika, a keu aku, ka mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hiki ole komo iloko i ka ili.

Eia naʻe, i kekahi manawa, i loko o ke kino, ka mea, i aku la ia ia nui ia ia ka poino. I ka injected i loko o ke koko ia koke hohola ai i nā mea a pau nā'aʻaʻa - ma hope o kekahi mau minuke o kona alo hiki ke ike ma nā mea a pau nā loko. Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea i noho i loko o nā puʻupaʻa, a akepaa, akā, nui ka mea, ua haawi 'ano kōā kaulike, a me keia hiki e wahi i kona kiʻekiʻe huina lethality.

Polonium kaʻawahia mea nui i hiki uuku nā māhele i maʻi pāhawewe maʻi, a me ka make ma 6-11 mahina. I ka papa kuhikuhiE aoao o ka hoʻopau mai ke kino - ma nā puʻupaʻa, a gastrointestinal'āpana. Aia ka he kaukaʻi ma ke ano o ka leo. Ka hapa-ola o ka 30 a hiki i 50 lā.

Accidental kaʻapu kōheoheo ma polonium mea loa ole. E loaa pono i ka lawa nui o ka waiwai komo i ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma, a apo ai i nā kālaiōewe intentionally kaumaha. ua ike i ka manaʻo pohihihi o kaʻike, i wale kekahi mau hihia ma ka mōʻaukala. Ka luahi mua ua manaoia e ia i ke kaikamahine o nā discoverers o polonium - Irene Joliot-Curie, ka mea i loko o ka papa o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i wawahi i ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku me ka waiwai i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, a make iho la he 10 makahiki ma hope. Kekahi mau hihia ana i loko o XXI kenekulia. I ka mua o ia mau mea - ka sensational hihia Litvinenko, ka mea i make i ka 2006, a me ka lua - o ka make ana o Yasser Arafat, ma i na mea ko läkou 'o ka kālaiōewe i loaʻa. Eia naʻe, he definitiveʻike, i ole, ua hookupaa iho la ia.

disintegration

Kekahi o ka loa lōʻihi-olaʻana isotopes, a me ka 208 a me 209, ka polonium-210. Ka hapa-ola (a laila i ka manawa manawa a ka helu o radioactive (particles) ua halved) o ka mua elua o niioaaonoaaiii 2,9 a me 102 makahiki, a ma ka hope 138 lā a me ka hola 9. Like no ka mea'ē aʻe isotopes, i ko lakou wa e ola ana he pōpilikia kuhikuhi minuke a me nā hola.

Ke me ka hui pu ana o na waiwai likeʻole o ka polonium-210, e hoolilo ana ia i ka loa pono o ka moʻo no ka hana i loko o kekahi mau spheres o ke ola. I loko o ka kūikawā metala iwi, ka mea hiki ole pilikia i kou ola, akā, ua hiki no ke haawi aku i ko lakou ikehu i ka pomaikai o ke kanaka. No laila mea hoʻohana polonium-210 i keia la?

kēia palapala noi

E like me ia i kekahi mau koho, ma kahi o 95% o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o polonium ua kia ma Rusia, a ua synthesized i loko o ka makahiki ma kahi o 100 nā huna o ka waiwai, a kokoke e pau no ka mea, ua hoʻolilo i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.

Aia i kekahi mau wahi ma a ka polonium-210 ua hoʻohana 'ia. Ma luna o nā mea a pau, i kēia spacecraft. Me kona olelo hoopomaikai nui ia mea paʻa mau me ke kahi maikai o ka ikaika a me ka wela. I loko nō o ka mea i ka hola kela 5 mahina, ua hoemiia kona laulā ma ka hapalua, ke kaumaha isotopes ua ikaika nui ae pipiʻi i ka paka.

Eia hou kekahi, polonium ihola ia i loko o irreplaceable nukelea ke kālaikūlohea. Ua Ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'e noiʻi i ka aoao o ke Alpha pāhawewe i nā waiwai.

Eia hoi, he hou kahua o ka noi o ka hana o ka mea, e hoʻopau kūpaʻa uila no ka hana, a no ka hale hana. It ke kupaianaha pehea ia i kekahi mea pepehi weliweli hehee ai ke lilo kokoke kitchenware, ua puni iho la ia ma ka paa wahī.