Polovtsian steppe: ka mo'olelo, ka mo'olelo, ka heluna a me nā mea hoihoi

'O ka hua'ōlelo "Polovtsian steppe" i ho'ohana'ia i ka Middle Ages e nānā i ka'ao'ao nui o Eurasian, ma nā'ano nui o nā Polovtsians. I ka manawa i ho'onohonoho'ia kēia inoa ma Peresia, a laila ua lilo i laha'ia ma nā'āina'ē a'e,'o Russia ho'i. Ua ho'ohana pū nā'Arabia i ka hua'ōlelo "Kypchak steppe",'oiai ua'ike'ia nā Polovtsians iā lākou e like me Kypchaks. 'O kēia mau'ohana i noho ai ma kēia māhele i nā kenekulia XI-XIII. 'O ka hopena o ko lākou noho ali'i'ana,'o ka hō'ea mai o ka Mongol.

No ka huli'ana i kahi home hou

'O Geographically, ua uhi nui'ia ka papahele Polovtsian. Ua ho'omaka'ia ma ka'ao'ao hema o ka Danube, ma ka moku'āina'o Romania hou. Ua noho nā'āina o ka'āina i nā'āina o Moldova, Ukraine, Russia a me Kazakhstan. Ke easternmost wahi hiki ke kapaia Lake Balkhash. Ma ke kūkulu hema,'o ka palena o nā steppes ke Kai Malu, ka Mountains Caucasus, ke Kai Caspian a me nā semi-deserts o Central Asia. Ma ke kūkulu'ākau mai e moe ana i ka aoao maoli palena ma ke ano o ka nahele i loko o ka luna ino i o ka Dnieper, i ka aina o ka akau-hikina Rusia, Volga Pulakalia, ke Kama River, a me ka Irtysh. Eia kekahi, ua māhele'ia ka steppe a Polovtsian i ke komohana (mai Danube a Caspian) a me ka hikina (mai Caspian a hiki i'Atai).

A hiki i ka'umikumamākahi haneli mau makahiki, noho nā Kypchaks ma nā kapa o ka Irtysh. Akā, ma kahi o 1030, ne'e lākou i ke komohana, i'Eulopa Hema. 'A'ole i maluhia ka ho'one'e'ana. I ka hele'ana i ke komohana, ua kipaku'ia ka Polovtsi mai kahi Pechenegs a Hungarie. 'O ia ka hopu'ia'ana o nā mahina'ai hou. 'A'ole'ike maopopo nā po'e i ka mea e hālāwai ai lākou ma nā'āina mamao loa. Akā'o ka mea'oia'i'o,'a'ole hiki i ka ne'e'ana o ka'ohana o ka'Ekepeka Komohana i ko lākou hopena.

'O Polovtsy nā hoaāulu

I ka hoʻomaka o ka XI kenekulia Polovtsian hehi loaa hou ona, ka mea i noho ma luna o ka hoʻohalahala rula o koa aupuni a ka lehulehu. 'O nā ho'ouka kaua (a me ke'ano o ka ho'ohuihui'ana o ka lāhui holo'oko'a) i alaka'i'ia e nā kaukauali'i po'okela, a ua'imi i ka hō'oia ma ka kahua kaua. No ka po'e koho, he mea nui kēlā'ano mana. 'O ka hapa nui o nā malihini i ho'okipa'ole'ia e makemake i ka'āina ma ka'ākau o kahi i ho'omaka ai'o Rusia. Ua uhi'ia ka papa'āina'o Polovtsian Steppe i ka'āina momona,'o ia ho'i ka mea kūpono i ka hānai'ana i nā bipi a me nā lio, me ka'ike'ole'ia e ko lākou mau ola. 'O ia ka Azov a me ka Lower Donets. Eia nō ho'i i kēia helu'o ia ka'āina Donetsk o kēia manawa'o Ukraine (i kēia lā, he papa papa'āina "Polovtsian steppe").

Ma mua o kēia mau wahi i ola ai'o Pechenegs a me Bulgarians. Ua hiki'ole ke hiki i ka pilina o nā'āpana o Northern Donets a hiki i kahi kuli kahi i pa'akikī ai ke komo'ana i ka lio holo lio. Ua koe'o Alans - ke koena o nā mea mua o kēia mau ululā'au. ¶ A i loko o ka haahaa ino i o ka Volga mea ola ma mua o ka Khazar Khanate, luku Slavic koa Svyatoslav o Kiev. 'O ka nui o ka po'e o kēia mau'āina i hui pū'ia me nā Polovtsians a ma ke'ano o ka helikaliki i ho'ololi iki i ko lākou helehelena.

Ka ipu i'a

Ma hope o ka noho'ana i nā wahi hou, ua lilo'o Kypchaks i mau hoalauna no nā po'e Guz a me Pecheneg. Ua hana nui kēia mau pali i ka hana'ana i kahi kaiaulu Polovtsian hou. Ua pili ka mana o Guz a me Pechenegs i nā hana kanu o nā haku papa hou. E noho ana ma nā kapa o Irtysh, ua ninini nā Polovtsians i nā pu'u pōhaku. 'O ke kino o ka mea i make,'o ia ke po'o i ka hikina. Ma kahi kokoke i waiho'ia ke kupapa'u o ka lio, kahi i wāwahi'ia ai nā wāwae. Ma ka manawa ho'okahi, he'ano like'ole nā Polovtsians no ka po'e hele. Ua like lākou me ka hanohano ho'okahi i kanu i nā kāne a me nā wāhine.

Ma kahi e noho hou ai, ua ho'omaka kēia mau hana e pale i ka'ao'ao o nā ku'una o nā po'e o ka'āina. Ma kahi o nā pu'u pōhaku i hele mai me ka lepo. Ma kahi o kahi lio, ua kanu'ia kona pū'ā. Aia ke kino ma ke komohana. Ho'ololi nā ho'ololi i ka ho'omana ho'olewa i nā ho'ololi kūlohelohe mau i'ike'ia e Polovtsian steppe. 'O ka heluna kanaka o kēia māhele he mau manawa like'ole ia. 'A'ole i nui loa ka Polovtsy ma ka helu, ke ho'ohālikelike'ia me ko lākou mau hoalauna. Akā,'o lākou ka po'e i ho'okani i ka violin mua ma ka'āina no'elua mau kenekulia,'oiai, aia ma waena o lākou nā alaka'i'oi aku o nā'oihana ikaika a me ka ikaika.

Loa'a i ka homeland

Hiki i nā koakā'au o nā manawa hou ke ho'olālā i ka āpana a nā Polovtsians i noho ai i ka wā o ka makahiki, no ke'ano o nā ki'i pōhaku. 'O nā mea mua i kū ma ka'ākau'ākau o ke Kai Azov a ma nā'ao'ao ha'aha'a o ka Seversky Donets. 'O kēia mau ki'i pā'ani a me ke'ano o nā pōhaku e hō'ike ana i nā maka a me kekahi mau kiko'ī o ke kanaka (lima, pahu). 'O nā ki'i i kahakaha'ia, ai'ole i hana'ia ma ke'ano o ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a.

'O ka ho'okūkū'ia'ana o nā Mongols i loko o ka Polope Polovtsian steppe'a'ole'o ia i ho'opau i kēia mau pilina o ke au. 'O nā ki'i i hō'ike'ia i nā kāne a me nā wāhine, a he mau'ano pono o nā wahi ho'āno o ka po'e Genetile, ka mea i ho'ohui'ia i ka manawa'elua o ka inoa. Ma hope o ka hana mua (i ka hopena maoli a me ka ho'okaho hou'ana) ua malo'o ka Polovtsian. 'O nā alanui e hele wāwae. Ua loa'a iā lākou ka ho'oilo mau loa a me ka pā kau wela. Ke ho'oki'eki'e nei i nā ki'i ho'omana, ua ho'okūpa'a nā kānaka i ka'ōlelo: noho lākou ma ko lākou hale hou no ka manawa lō'ihi.

Polovtsy a me Rus

'O ka hō'ike mua o nā haole e pili ana i nā Kumans e pili ana i ka 1030, i ka wā i ho'omaka ai lākou e ho'onohonoho i nā papahana mua e pili ana i nā hoalauna no ka mea e pōwā ai. 'A'ole i mana'o nui nā po'e noho o nā'āina Karistiano i nā mea e hana nei i ka papahele'āhiu a me kahi mamao. No laila, no ka manawa mua i kama'ilio ai lākou no nā Polovtsians i ka manawa i hō'ea ai lākou i ko lākou home.

'O ka hoa kokoke loa o nā inoa hou (e like me ka hihia me Pechenegs)'o Rus. No ka manawa mua i ho'ā'o ai'o Polovtsy e hao i nā'āina East Slavic waiwai nui i 1060. A laila hele maila ka pū'ali koa o Chernigov Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich e hālāwai me nā malihini i hō'olu'olu'ole'ia. He'ehā mau manawa i'oi aku ka li'ili'i ma mua o ka pale o nā po'e steppe, akā,'a'ole kēia i ho'omaha i ka pae Lūkini e lanakila i ka'enemi. I kēlā makahiki, ua pepehi'ia he nui o nā nomads a make i loko o nā wai o ka muliwai'o Snovi. Eia na'e,'o kēia hālāwai wale nō i mua o nā pilikia, i mākaukau e hā'ule ma luna o Rusia.

He hālāwai lō'ihi

A hiki i ka 1060 ma nā'āina o ka Eastern Slav,'a'ole i'ike kekahi i ka mea a Polovtsian steppe. Me ka'ike'ana o nā pāpuni'āhiu a me nā ferocious ma ka palena, i'oi aku ka weliweli ma mua o ka Pechenegs, pono nā kānaka o Rūsia e ho'ohana i kahi hou maika'i'ole. No ka aneane kokoke i'elua mau kenekulia'elua, ua ho'okau pinepine ka Polovtsians i ko lākou mau'āina.

No Russia, ua'oi aku ka pilikia a me ka pa'akikī kēia kū'ē'ana, no ka mea, i ka'umikumamākahi haneli, ma mua o ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o kekahi moku'āina i kahi māhele o ka māhele politika. Ma mua, hiki ke ho'okani'o ke aupuni'o Kiev ma ke kūlike like'ole me nā mea e ho'oweliweli'ia ana mai ka Polopeki Polovtsian. 'O nā peculiarities o ka māhele o Rus alaka'i'ia i ka'oia'i'o ua'ike'ia kekahi mau aupuni kū'oko'a ma kona'āina. 'O ka manawa pinepine'ole lākou e hui pū me kā lākou mau hana i ka hakakā'ana i nā po'e steppe, akā, ua hakakā pū kekahi i kekahi.

'O ke kaua hou

Ua ho'ohana pinepine'o Polovtsy i ka hakakā kūloko o ka hakakā e hiki ai ke hao wale a hō'ino'ole i ka lehulehu noho maluhia o nā wahi kūkulu hemahema'ole me ka ho'opa'i'ole. Eia kekahi, ua ho'omaka'ia nā hana e kekahi mau ali'i i ka wā i hakakā ai lākou me ko lākou mau'ohana mai nā wahi e pili ana. No laila ua komo hohonu ka po'e Cumans i Rusia a ua koko i laila.

Ua nalowale ka Polovtsian ma nā steppes o Eastern Europe ma hope o ka ne'e'ana a'e o kekahi nalu o nā po'e mai Asia mai. 'O lākou nā Mongols. Ua'oi aku ka lehulehu a me ka huhū. No nā kenekulia'elua ma waho o'Eulopa.'O ka Polovtsians ma kekahi'ano, ua ho'okokoke loa i ka pilina. Ua'oi aku ka ikaika a me ka ikaika o ka pono o nā Mongols.

'O ka nalowale'ana o nā Polovtsians

No ka manawa mua i hō'ea mai ai he horde hou i nā'āina o ka Polovtsi i ka makahiki 1220. Ka hope hui me ka Lūkini aliʻi, akā, waiho wale aku no i kaomi pio i loko o ka kaua o ka Kalka muliwai. 'A'ohe mea i mana'olana i kahi weliweli weliweli,'o ia ho'i nā Mongols. Ma Polovtsy steppes, ke holo nei nā mea a pau i nā loli nui. Ma hope o ka ho'oili mua'ana, ua huli koke aku'o Mongols. Akā, i ka 1236, ho'i lākou. I loko o kekahi mau makahiki i hala, ua lanakila lākou i ka Pololopite Polovtsian a hiki i nā palena me Hungary. Eia kekahi, hā'awi lākou i ka ho'okupu iā Rusia.

'A'ole i nalowale ka Polovtsi mai ke alo o ka honua, akā ho'omaka lākou e noho ma kahi kūlana. 'O ka ha'aha'a, ua hui pū kēia po'e me nā pū'ulu Mongolian. Mai kēia manawa i noho ai Tatars, Bashkirs, a pēlā aku. I ka XIII o ka makahiki, ua lilo ka hua'ōlelo "Polovtsian steppe" i mea'oihana.