ʻO wai ka mea nona ka wehewehena o "kanaka - he pili aupuni holoholona"?

Makamua Greece - ka cradle o ke akeakamai, kālai'āina, sociology, a me nā sciences, me ka i ia mea paakiki e noonoo ai i na mākou honua. Ke ano aniau o Hellas hanau loa hou manaʻo a me ka manaʻo o ka moku'āina, kanaka hui ... a no ka nui loa like, ke i ke aloha aku nei au i kēia i ke kaulana poe akeakamai Aristotle, kona inoa, a me Plato, a Socrates i kama'āina i kela mea keia mea o mākou. Kona piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o maoli 'epekema, ke kūpili, rhetoric, kālaiʻike, nā mea pono ke kamaʻilio endlessly. Ua i ka mea nana i olelo mai ia i ke kanaka, - i ka holoholona kālai'āina. E maopopo ka mea i manaoia e Aristotle, mea he uukuʻoi i loko o kona mau kānāwai ke kumukuai.

Aristotle: He pōkole Kawaihae

"Man - He holoholona kālai'āina ..." Aristotle, i ke kumu o keia olelo, ua ola ia, a hana i ka wa o ka nui loa pomaikai o Helene, i ka 384-322. BC. e ka. He Ua hanau ia ma Stagira, he uuku Greek panalaau ia kokoke i ka Makedonia palena. Ka hapa nui o kona ola i loko o Atenai, kahi i hiki lawe i kaʻeleu loa i loko o ke ola kālai'āina. Ua ua i ike no i ke kumu Aleksandra Makedonskogo, no ka mea laila, i ka wa a ke kipi wawahi mai ma Atenai e kū'ē i ka Makedonia aupuni i hoahewaiaʻi oe. He He haumāna o Plato, a me ka mea e pili ana i hana ole e like me mākou makemake elua, akā, nui ma ia hope. kakau iho la Aristotle oi ma mua o 150 hoonoho, a? iie hana, a me "Metaphysics", "kālai'āina", "Rhetoric". Aristotle ka manaʻo i ka manawa e noho ana i ka loa a me ka holomua kū hoʻokahi. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i nalowale lākou pilina i kēia lā.

ka aoao o Plato

Aristotle aʻo ma ka Academy o Plato, a ua maoli launa pu me ke kumu, a me ke koe o ka manao lokahi hoopaapaa o loli iki ano. Plato, Aristotle nema aku i ka nani kaila o nā kapa, i kona aloha no ka Jewelry a me ka malama, e noonoo pono i ka mea unacceptable no ka poe akeakamai. Aristotle, i mua he Platonist, koke hoomaka ae la e ninau aku i kekahi o na aʻo o Plato. I kaʻokoʻa o ko lākou mau theoriesʻeleu i ka manaÿo o "maikaʻi" moku'āina, o ka Moku'āina 'o ka molekumu o, ke kūlana o ke aupuni, ano o ke kaiāulu, a me ka mana kanaka i loko o laila. I Aristotle ua aie ia me ka'īʻana, "Plato -, koʻu hoa, akā,ʻoiaʻiʻo Ua oi pipiʻi" Wale i ka metaphysical theories e pili ana i ke kumu o ka uhane a me ka mea, o ka haumana i loa ma luna o ke kumu. Penei, ka mea hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka kaua a me ka hiki? Aiaiiuie manaʻoe hōʻeha ma waena o Plato a Aristotle like me ka maikaʻi kulana, no ka mea, ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka poe akeakamai mea ia e ka naauao "e hoʻohuoiʻia" i mea, e noi ana ninau, ka naauao a me ka rethinking o nei theories ma ka huli 'ana o ka oiaio. I Plato kōkua i kona pono haumāna, e kūkulu i ka loa okoa kükohu o ka moku'āina a me kanaka.

ʻO wai ka mea i ke kanaka i loko o Aristotle?

E maopopo mea like ke kanaka hōʻike 'like me ka holoholona pili aupuni, Aristotle i loko o kona hoonoho ma "kālai'āina", e hooholo Aristotle ka mea nui noʻonoʻo i ke kanaka, a me ka poe mea ole. Ma ke kahiko kulanakauhale-Hawaii, a me Athens, ¾ ke kaiāulu kanaka, he poe kauwa, ka poe i ole Kivila pono. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i kekahi o na Helene poe akeakamai i i hoole i ke kupono o ka hoʻoluhi, me ka manaoio aku kauā kanaka "ma ke ano maoli i manao ia no ka subordination." Kaawale mai kēia mau mea, o ka makaainana i ole manaoia haole a me ka poe paahana. Nolaila, Aristotle, i ka i ana i ke kanaka - ia mea he holoholona pili aupuni, ke ano wale no lala o ka jure a me ka aina uku. A uuku memo i: na wahine no hoi e ole i ka piha ana o kivila pono, akā, i ka mea ia manawa mea nui he hapa o ke kaiāulu.

Kālai'āina: ka wehewehena o Aristotle

Alaila hookolokolo aku i ka manaʻo o "ke kanaka", e hiki ke hoomau aku i ka wehewehena o ka hua'ōlelo "kālai'āina", "kālai'āina". Greek etymology o ka olelo, a me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma mua statecraft. Policy hele mai ana, mai ka hua'ōlelo "kulekele", i mea, i ke kūlanakauhale i loko o kahiko Greece me circumlocution mahiʻai wahi, kona mau koa, a me ka kalaiaina pili. Alaila, i ka noho ana o ke kulanakauhale, hālāwai, ke koho ana, na kuleana, oa a pau o ka lehulehu - keia mea kālai'āina. Family a me ka paulele i ka hoʻomana pāʻoihana ma keia waeʻano i komo. Aristotle ike okoa ekolu "pono" 'ano o ke aupuni: aupuni mō'ī, aristocracy a me ka polity (hapanui rula). Polity ua no ia i ka mea maikaʻi pāʻoihana, no ka mea, hiehie i ka waiwai o ka oligarchy, ka aristocracy o ka pono a me ka kuokoa o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu. Ke kumu o keia "maikaʻi" o ka aina e ia i ka poe koa (Kupero a me Sparta poe no Aristotle ka kumumanaʻo pono examples). I mea "pili" i loko o ka hoopahele ae la i hopuna'ōlelo "kanaka - he pili aupuni holoholona" - ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi "lehulehu, pono, mau, kivila."

No ke aha la i kekahi kanaka, - i ka holoholona pili aupuni?

Kēia hopuna'ōlelo lilo hanohano iloko o ka mālamalama, i ka wa a ka mea i loko o ka palapala ua'ōlelo Sharl Monteske - ke kaulana Palani akeakamai a me ka pili aupuni theorist. I kekahi manawa oe e lohe i ka maoli Helene hōʻike: zoon politikon. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ka hopuna'ōlelo "kanaka - he holoholona pili aupuni" E e hoʻomaopopo like penei: wale na kanaka i loko o ka ulu hui, kanaka ke hana e like me kekahi kanaka. E lawe mai i waena o kanaka - i ka aoao maoli e pono ai no ke kanaka. I ka wa e kaawale aku o ke kaiāulu i kekahi kanaka hiki ole aʻo i ke kumu o ka hana pono e pono ai no ka pono functioning o ka moku'āina. A maikaʻi moku'āina Aristotle i loa kiʻekiʻe i loko o kā lākou mau luna kiʻekiʻe o nā loina.

I ko makou manawa, e kapa i kekahi kanaka, he holoholona -ʻaʻole loa maikaʻi, akā, me he maikaʻi loa naturalist Aristotle hoʻomaopopo i kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka liluwelo rula, a me ia ka maikai. A hahai kanaka na rula o ke ano, e noho ana ma ka "ohana bipi", me losing i ke ano o ke kanaka (!) Ka hanohano a me ke ola i ke naau.

moku'āina manaʻo

Olelo ana mai o ka moku'āina, mākou e haawiia keia i ka Helene polis a Aristotle (e like me, nō, a me Plato) wahi,ʻaʻole wale nō ke kuleana pili i aiiay. Ka poe akeakamai i manaoio aku i ka manao o ke aupuni mea e hōʻoia i ka hauʻoli (maikaʻi, kaulike financially) ola no na kamaaina. Ke ola ana o ke kānāwai a me kā lākou kaʻaeʻana i ke ennobling o ke kanaka, a me ka moku'āina iho he mea'ē, akā, i ka launa pu ana o ka 'ohana, genera a me nā kauhale.

hana hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo

• Aristotle i ka wahine Pythias - biologist a me ka embryologist (pohihihi keia hana no ka na wahine i kahiko Greece). kana wahine i ka make ma hope, hoomaka ae la ka poe akeakamai e noho me kana kauwa, a me ka mea, i ke keiki.
• Aristotle, ma hope o ka make ana o kona kumu nui wehe i kona kula - Lyceum.
• Aleksandr Makedonsky me ke aloha aku la oe no ka ike hoouna Aristotle hana no oe mai ka panalāʻau e noho ma lalo o ka malu o lākou.
• Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka poe akeakamai i ka mua ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao. I waena o nā mea a pau, o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka meteorology a me kaʻike manaʻo.
• No ka mea, e hoike aku i Europa ka noho i kēia lā i komo ai i ka hana o Aristotle, e aloha aku i ka Arabia, ka poe i mahalo i ka poe akeakamai o ka manao a me ka ikaika mānewanewa i kana hana.

Mea hoʻomaoe no ka Like

Kekahi mea e pili ana i ka wehewehena o ke kanaka me ka holoholona pili aupuni, i no ka hooulu ana o ka manao pili aupuni ma mua o nā mea a pau i ka poe akeakamai a me nā kānakaʻepekema o ka kēia mau kenekulia. I Aristotle ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i ke kanaka, i ka wahi i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me kona kūlana, ua kālaiʻia oihana o ka moku'āina, a i OAXA i ka loa ke kālā no nā'āina, a me nāʻaoʻao e? Ieoaeunoai i ka Mea Maluna o ke aupuni - a me keia mea a pau pono ma ka pili aupuni 'epekema! "Kālai'āina" Aristotle nō këia i nä haumäna ma ke kulanui, mea, ke hana Leka doctoral dissertations, a ua hooeueuia kona manaÿo ma ka manaʻo i ka nui o ka hala, e like Thomas Aquinas, Marsilius o Padua, a Dante Alighieri. Aristotle hiki e ua'ōlelo me ka noho, a me ka ua e ike i ka mea a pau iā ia, i ka i ana: ", ke kanaka - i ka holoholona pili aupuni" Kākau o ka hoonoho lehulehu a me ka mahaloia akeakamai hana hewaʻiʻo e e kapaia kekahi o ka wisest kānaka i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka.