A manawa pōkole mōʻaukala o ka hooulu ana o ke kālaimeaola. Ka manaʻolana 'ia no ka Developmental kālaimeaola

Kālaimeaola - kekahi o ka mea nui 'epekema i mea pololei e pili ana i na mea he nui' ē aʻe no ka hoʻopaʻi 'a me ka mea hiki ke hōʻike e pili ana i kekahi kanaka i emi ma mua o ka moʻolelo. Ke kumuhana o ke ao e ola meaola, i nā kānāwai o ko lākou ola a me ka ulu ana o ka pili ma me ke kaiapuni a me ka ho omaka ana. Together me ke kālaikūlohea a me kemika 'epekema pili i maoli ai kauoha ia i ka hana a me ka ano. E aʻo i ka walaʻauʻana a me ke kapuai o ka hooulu ana o ka kālaimeaola, e hiki ke kiʻi i ka manaʻo o pehea kilakila ke ala hana keia ana. No hoi, oe e familiarize ia oe iho me kona hou ka manaʻolana 'ia.

Ke muli o ka makahiki

O ka holo ana, 'epekema mea kekahi o ka mea kahiko i loko o ka olelo maoli. Akā, i ka manawa i ikea ole pela lōʻihi aku nei. Pōkole moʻolelo o ka kālaimeaola hoʻomaka wale mai 1797, ka wā i Kelemānia Kumu o ka'anatomia, o Theodore Roose laila'ōlelo akula ia i ka inoa no ka 'epekema. I ka 1800, ua nanea me he Kumu o ke Kulanui o Dorpat Burd, a ma ka 1802 ka mea, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka nui hana o Lamarck a me Treviranus. Pololei e pili pū ana i na olelo o ka lawelawe ola, kālaimeaola ua ulu steadily. New ano o ka noiʻi ikea mau, laekahi 'ike ke nana okoa i kahiko kumumanaʻo, akā, makemake e kāpili me këia i ke kuʻina mua o ka hooulu ana o ka ike e pili ana i' epekema.

Ka hiapo manawa

E houluulu 'ike e pili ana ola mea kanaka hoʻomaka koke ma hope o ka mea, hoomaka ae la e ike ia iho e like me kekahi o nā kūlana loa o ke ao nei. Ke kahiko ka palapala, ai kia hoʻomanaʻo i o Aigupita, Babulona, a me India ke loaʻa i keʻano o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, ma kā lākou waiwai a me ka palapala noi i ka lāʻau a me ka mahiai. Ma ke kenekulia umikumamaha BC Mesopotamia noho hoʻohana i ka cuneiform papa, a maluna olaila i ka systematization o? Ueo o meaola. Ka hooulu ana o evolutionary manaʻo ma ka kālaimeaola ua i ia manawa nō i loko o ka mamao wā e hiki mai, akā, ua aʻo a hiki laila kanaka e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā holoholona no carnivores a me herbivores, ua hooholoia e ka mea kanu ke e lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai, a hiki hiki ke kumumea i kekahi o na kumu o hereditary similarity o na keiki a me nā mākua. Ma 'ana, ka' inikua Indian hana ka launa pū hoʻi i ka ha o ke kenekulia BC, wehewehe i nā hiʻona o ke ola ana o kekahi mau meaola a me ka hoololiia ana o ka 'ike mai kekahi hanauna aku i kekahi. Maikaʻi kēia 'ike i kekahi i loko o "Mahabharata" a me ka "Ramayana".

Ka muli o-iao? Kula

Ka mōʻaukala ulu o ka kālaimeaola mea pololei nā i ka muli o kekahi mau LIKE. ʻepekema kula ua kaua kipi i ka wā o ke kauwa'ōnaehana i loko o Helene, Alexandria a me ka Roma. Ionian School hoʻomohala i ka "maoli kānāwai" kālai'āina i ke ao nei - ua poe akeakamai hoole i ka hoʻokalakupua kumu o ke ola. A, Alcmaeon ua hiki ke nana i ka optic nā aʻalolo, embryo ulu i ka manu, a kuhikuhi i nui kūlana o ka lolo, e like me ka waenakonu o ka manaʻo. Kaulana nä känaka 'epekema Hippocrates ho'ākāka' ia ma mua o ka 'ole i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka a me ka holoholona, kuhikuhi i ka hopena o ka' āina a me nā kūpuna mai ma luna o ke kino ma ka maʻi ia lŘlŘ. He pili kēia hoʻoholo na ka manaʻolana 'ia no ka hooulu ana o ke kālaimeaola. Ke Kula o Atenai na hana o Aristotle, nana i hana eha nui hoonoho me keʻano o ka 'ike e pili ana i na holoholona. He mea mua o wai kekahi mau aupuni a pau, interconnected. I ka wā e hiki mai, i kēia'ōnaehana, e lilo i "ala o ka mea" a, e hooholo i ka Mea Maluna o ka meaola, allocates eha-legged, hulu melemele, lele a me ka iʻa.

Ka like ana o kanaka'anatomia

hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hoopoina koke ana kūpono' ana o ke kālaimeaola i loko o ke kauwa au,ʻaʻole wale nō me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i nā Mea Maluna, akā, i like me ka manawa o ka hanaʻano nui ma'anatomia. Ke nä känaka 'epekema hoʻohālike au i ka manaʻo Gerofil holoholona a me nā kānaka, e hoike ana i ke koena unuhi o ke aa koko a me arteries. Erasistratus hiki ke wehewehe i au mamuli o ka hemispheres o ka lolo, e hōʻike ana i ke alo o ka gyri a me ka cerebellar. Systematize mauʻikepili, nä känaka 'epekema mai Rome, e like me Pliniy Starshy, ka mea i lilo i ka mea kākau o ka "Natural History". I loko o kēia wā, developmental kālaimeaola dodarvinsky alakai loea, ua hoʻomaopopoʻo Kīwala'ō o ke kanaka a me ka ape. Eia kekahi laʻana, aku la o Kelaudio Galen pau keia la e komo ai, a mammals i ka mau anatomical wehewehena o kanaka a me primates. Mau hana i seriously loli i ka hooulu ana o ka physiology a me ka'anatomia, no laila, i ka manawa pōkole mōʻaukala o ka kālaimeaola e e kāpili ole ia.

Ka medieval manawa

mea e pili ana i ka Middle Ages me ka domination o ka hoʻomana. A manawa pōkole mōʻaukala o ka hooulu ana o ka kālaimeaola 'aʻole helu' aneane kekahi hou Aey? Acaeoey e pili ana i ia wā. Knowledge me ka nānā 'ana ma o ka hana o Aristotle, Galen, a me Pliny. Ka pokole i ka nānaina haipule a me philosophical manao. Luna Nui nä känaka 'epekema a me ka poe akeakamai Abu Ali Ibn Sina, i ike like Avicenna, i hoʻoili ai i loko o ke ao o ka causal regularities ma ke ano maoli, a philosophized e pili ana i ke ao pauʻole. ʻepekema Ua Hopu mai i hiki mai, a ma o ka ae mōʻaukala wā, kālaimeaola ua komo i loko o kona kahiko ano.

Pakebona ole hou

Ma hope o makahiki lōʻihi o ka dictatorship theologians i hele mai i ka'opi o na kumu kahiko a me kūmau o feudal lehulehu. Kahiamoe A pōkole mōʻaukala o ka hooulu ana o ka kālaimeaola i kēia wā e like me ka nui kēlā lele aku i loko o ka ulu ana o ka 'epekema, laila, i kapa' epekema. Poʻokelaʻepekema o ka pakebona i ka Leonardo ka Vinci. He hōʻike i nā mea kanu a me nā manu lele 'ana i kūpono, a nānā aku i ka ha awina o ka naau, a me ka loina o ka pilina o ka iwi a me ka ami, ua hana ia ma ka pelaha hana ana o na maka a me homologous nā loko, oia' aloʻahia aʻo Kīwala'ō o kanaka ka manaʻo, a me kekahi mau holoholona. Nui hana i kekahi i ka hana o Manuela Vesalius, ka ai-kapaia "ʻehiku nā puke e pili ana i ka 'ole o ke kanaka kino." Harvey Ua ike koko holo, a me Borelli aʻo i ka neʻeʻana maomeka. Mua kanaka wehe i ka pau hou kuanaʻike o ka developmental kālaimeaola i mea ole i loaʻa ma ka haipule rula.

nui Hopu

Ua haawi mai ke hou ka noiʻi hou kūpono. Ka hopena ua i kēia i loko o 'epekema ike, i alakai aku ai i kā lākou differentiation. hiki hoailona pōkole mōʻaukala o ka kālaimeaola i kēia wā e like me ka manawa o ke kaawale ana i loko o ka poe mai ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana. No ka laʻana, hoomaka ae la botany e hoʻomohala, a me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka microscope alakaʻi i ka holomua ma ka'anatomia a me ka physiology. Carl Linnaeus i ka mea nāna i hana o ka piha Mea Maluna o ka holoholona e komo aku ai i ka mahele i loko o nā papa, kauoha, genera a? Ueo. Ka mea, o ka mea, kaukahi, no na mammals, manu, amphibians, ka iʻa, nā mea kolo a me na ilo. He i kanaka primates. Kekahi koʻikoʻi huahelu ua ka Leibniz i hoʻomohala i ke ao ana o ka "hulili o ka mea" kumumanaʻo, i hilinaiʻelemakule i hala ikepili, akā, ka mea, ua hala loa kū hoʻokahi.

Ka muli o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo

Pokole hooulu ana o ka kālaimeaola, he mea hiki, e nana i ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia like me ka manawa o ka helehelena o evolutionary embryology hoonoho a me nā kumu. Epekema Schleiden a Schwann ua kālaiʻia i ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo, mahalo i ka hana o Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch a me Lister? Ac? Bacteriology. Ka papa kuhikuhiE hanana i ka hoonoho "ke kumu o ka laha '", hoʻoholo ma mua i ka hou' ana o ka 'epekema. Na makana i ole wale Darwin, akā, Mendel hōʻike no ke ola ana o nā'ōewe a me na kanawai o ko lākou hopena ma luna o nā kūpuna mai. I ka Ia manawa, hoomaka ae la ka manao e hele mai ma luna o ka palapala noi o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka kemika e noiʻi i nāʻike manaʻo o ke ola.

iwakalua kenekulia

Ka hope kenekulia Ua pio ka polokalamu ka loa, pili manawa o ka hou 'ike, a i pololei ua hoano e Science kālaimeaola, Grade 9 kekahi laekahi kula ua manawa këia i ka' ikepili iʻaʻole i loaʻa i kahi momona a manaʻo o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia. I ka forties i ike i ke kūlana o ka DNA i ka 1953, ua hiki ke hoʻoholo kona kanu'ōiwi nā kānakaʻepekema, a me ka 1961 - e decipher ia. Maomeka o kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ae e hōʻike hakakino aaiaoe? Ke hoʻohana me nukelea nāʻakika. A pau keia i ka nui mua, hiki i kekahi kanaka ke hele i hou kekahi ano o këia i kaʻike manaʻo o ke ola. I Aperila, 1961 i ka mua ua kanaka lā i loaʻa iā ia iho i loko o ka lewa. Kēia lā hiki ke kapaia he wahi o kipa i ka makahiki hana 'epekema. Ma dodarvinsky wā o developmental kālaimeaola ka mea, ua i ole e hoi i noonoo ai. Ua i loko o nā seventies, hoomakaʻepekema e hana ma aaiaoe 'enekinia, mea i' ae 'lapaau, e ike i ka pau hou kuanaʻike.

Hoikehonua, manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai o ka 'epekema

He iwakalua-mua kenekulia Made he mea hiki ole i ka ike ole ai i ua kanaka la. Hoʻomano? Anoee kālaimeaola, Grade 9 kula kiʻekiʻe e leie aku na keiki e aʻo e pili ana i zoology, botany a me ka'anatomia oi ma mua loa hiki ke makaikai i ke kenekulia, a me ka ka manaʻolana 'ia o ka' epekema e huhūʻoukou iā ia maoli maikaʻi loa. Hoomau ana kaawale ana o na wahi kanaka i loko o ka hou no ka hoʻopaʻi '- hoʻomōhala helminthology, arachnoentomology, ornithology, mycology, bryology, immunology, bacteriology a me na mea he nui' ē aʻe sciences. Kēia differentiation apono '' Oihana e kālele ana ma luna o kēlā mau 'pilikia, accelerating' ike e pili ana i kēia mau 'ole' ē aʻeʻike manaʻo. Eia naʻe, he mea i ka hoʻohui 'o ka' epekema, no ke aha la malaila biochemistry, cytogenetics a me kēia kulekele.

Eia naʻe, kēia ano o ka hana 'ana e pili ana i ka moʻolelo. Nā kānakaʻepekema i hoʻohana 'ia no ia kiʻina hana me he mau kenekulia aku nei, akā, e hoopahaohao oukou ma kaʻikepili ka mea, kōkua' ike loea hou. Unique lako a pan E ho oku ui i ka pau loa ia kekahi mau alanui i hana ia mea ia i mua wale na mea ho okolohua, a me ka hiki e alakai i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i nā hualoaʻa. Hou kuanaʻike paipai he kilakilaʻepekema, aʻanoʻenehana holomua, a e ae aho hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nā aaiaoe?, Physiology, a he nui nā lālā o ka kālaimeaola, aʻo ka mea e hiki no hoi i ka manaolana i ka mea i kā mākou kūpono 'ana o ke lapaau i hiki ke hoʻololi o ka lōʻihi like' ole a me na kumu o ke kanaka ola.