Brinell hana: hiʻona a me ka o Mānoa,

E hoʻoholo i ka paakiki o ka mea loa mau hoʻohana Kuekene lunaʻenehana Brinell hana mea hou i hana muaʻole - kekahi papa hana i na kora ili ka waiwai a me nā 'ano o ka pīlali, oia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Loiloi 'o ka mea

He mahalo i keia loaʻa ua manawa oaeuiinoe ala o ka loa ka hoʻokō palapala noi o Ka lula ea Ke. 'Aʻole i lanakila maluna o paakiki ea kulana kupono no ka elasticity a me ka palupalu ia e hoʻohana i ka sealant, hoailona iho la i a me ka gasket mea. Development Brinell - he papa hana no ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka ikaika a me ka toughness o ka mea, a e mālama nui? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia - i loko o nā huila, a me ka leialii kapa, nā mea pilihao ma lalo o kaumaha e haawe, nā lāliʻi o ka wili pili' o Randy, etc.

Ka loiloi 'ana o ka ikaika, oia ka loa pololei o keia hana. Ke aiao waiwai, i ua denoted R1V, overemphasized. Ka loa mau hoʻohana no keia mea Brinell kūpono 'ana - i ke ano ma i ka elima millimeter kila poepoe ua ikaika loa o Paulo i loko o ka mea. E like me ka hohonu o ka poepoe indentation a me ia me ka nānā 'ana GOST.

moʻolelo

I ka 1900, he lunaʻenehana mai Kuekene, Yuhana Avgusta Brinell hana,ʻo ia kona makemake nui global mea 'epekema, i kaulana. 'Aʻole wale nō i ia ka inoa i loko o ka hanohano o ka inventor, akā, i lilo i ka loa hoʻomano i hoʻohana ana hōʻike.

He aha ka paakiki? Kēia mau waiwai o ka mea, mai ka mahina i ka ea deformation o ka hui 'ana o ka kūloko hopena i pinepine iho i ka manaʻo indektora (heʻoʻoleʻa kino) i loko o ka mea.

Hoihoi hou ia a me ka unrestored toughness

Brinell iaoia kōkua ana i ka hoemiia paakiki, a me ka nānā 'ana i ka lākiō o ka haawe ana i ka leo o ka printout, ke wānana āpana a me ka' ilikai wahi. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka paakiki o volumetric, a me ka wānana 'ilikai. Ka la mahope me ka nānā 'ana i ka lākiō o: ka haawe ana a hiki i ka puka kahi. Bulk paakiki ua anaia mai ka manawa ma ka haawe hiʻohiʻona i ka buke o ka mea, a me ka mea i lalo - ka haawe i ka wānana kahi, a ua haʻalele i ka paʻi.

Unreduced Brinell paakiki e like me ka hana i ho'ākāka 'ia e ka ia kiko'î, wale ke ana waiwai i walaʻauʻana kauo ikaika, o ka lākiō o ka a hiki i kaʻilikai āpana, ka leo a me ka wānana ka hōʻike' ana i loko iho i loko o ka mea indektor. Pela no pōpilikia bulk, a i lalo ili paakiki: ka lākiō o ka ia'ku poe a pau e kekahi o ka ili honua kahi o ka ale hapa indektora a me ka wahi o ka wānana, kekahi o ka buke.

Paa o ka paakiki

Ke hiki ea a me ka laholio deformation ia malalo i ka oiʻoʻoleʻa mea indektora, e ku imua o - ka wehewehena o ka paakiki, a laila, ia mea ma ka mea i hōʻike i nā puke e indentation. Hana no ka ana Brinell paakiki - ana o ka hohonu indektor komo i loko o ka mea. E ike i ka mea kiko'ī cia o ka paakiki o ka mea, e mea pono, e ana i ka hohonu o ke anal. E hana i kēia, aia no he iaoia Brinell a Rockwell, Vickers iaoia kākaʻikahi i hoʻohana.

Inā ka Rockwell hana 'ana e hoʻoholo i ka lei anal hohonu i loko o ka mea, a me ka Vickers Brinell mark ua anaia mai ka manawa ma kona' ilikai wahi. Ua huli mai i kaʻoi indektor i loko o ka mea, ua loaa i ka paʻi he nui wahi. Paakiki hiki ke ikea loa kekahi mea: nā minelala hao, i eliiaʻi, Ka lula ea Ke a me ka mea e like, akā, ua nānā 'ana i ka paakiki o kela mea keia mea o lakou i kona mau hana.

Pehea e huli i ke ala

Hana no ka hoʻoholo 'ana o Brinell paakiki ka loa maikaʻi no inhomogeneous mea, oka a pau, i mea e hikiʻole. 'Aʻole wale nō i keʻano o ka mea e hoʻoholo i ke ano o ke ana, akā, e lakou ia lakou iho i ka mea kiko'î, e hooponoponoia ia mea, e. Paakiki ua anaia mai ka manawa like me ka oka a iʻawelike o ka hope o ka mea, coexist mea me kekahi mau 'ano. No ka laʻana, hao. He mea he nui loa inhomogeneous 'ole, ma laila nō e noho ana cementite, graphite, perlite, ferrite, a no laila ana aʻelaʻo ia i ka paakiki o ka nou ana la o hao -ʻawelike o ka waiwai, i nā hua'ōlelo o ka paakiki o pau na eiiiiiaiou.

Ana no ka paakiki o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me Brinell iaoiaeii ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka nui indektora e paʻi huli ma nui hāpana wahi. Pela hoolei hao, a me ka hiki e hoomakaukauia ma lalo o kēia mau ana i ka waiwai i mea ka awelika o ka nui a me kekahi mau kūlana. Kēia papa hana ka loa maikaʻi ka wā ana paakiki oka a - hao, nonferrous ke hooheheeia, keleawe, Aluminum a me ka mea e like. Muli o kona kulana pololei, keia iaoia hōʻike i ka waiwai o ka paakiki o ka lula ea.

Rockwell vs.

He mea maikai no ka hana a me ka superhard metala, a me ka paakiki o ka kūpono waiwai ua no hoi o kaʻawelike. Indektorom mea he kila mea poepoe a me kaʻohana, akā, 'ē aʻe ma mua o kēia mau mea i hoʻohana', a me ke daimana pyramid. Ke paʻi ma luna o ka mea like ana ma ka Rockwell iaoiaeii ua i loaa nui, a me ka paakiki helu okoa kūlana o kaʻawelike.

Brinell Rockwell me ka unahiʻole, a oko ma ka rula: i loko o ka mua hopena ua hōʻike mai iā ia e like me ka puu hapa hope o ka mahele ana i ka poe e hooikaika ana i ka ili o ka puka wahi, akā, Rockwell ho omaulia i ke ka lākiō o ka anal hohonu o ka unahiʻole, i ka mokuna a hiki i ke ana hohonu. A no ke aha la Rockwell paakikiʻaneʻane dimensionless, a me HB ua maopopo ana i loko o kilograms no huinahalike millimeter.

Vickers paakiki hoʻokolohua

Inā ka hāpana mea, ua uuku a me ka mea e pono ai, e kaha kū'ē'ē 'uuku ma mua o ka waiwai indektora footprint e ana i ka paakiki o Rockwell a Brinell paakiki, ia mea pono e hoʻohana' ana i kūpono microhardness, i waena a me ka loa hanohano - Vickers. Indektorom mea he daimana pyramid, akā, ua hookolokolo aku la ia i ka paʻi a ana ma ka'ōnohi'ōnaehana, like me ka microscope. E ka meaʻike i kaʻawelike o ka waiwai, he, akā, i ka toughness he pōpilikia ma ka nui uuku wahi.

Inā i ka pālākiō o ka mea e e anaia loa uuku, ka mea hoʻohana anakahi iki Durometer, hiki ke hana i kekahi hoailona i loko o kekahi kanaka palaoa, pae, ahu iho la, a me ka indentation haawe hiki ke wae kū kaʻawale. Metallography E ho oku ui ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia mau kiʻina hana a hooholo i ka paakiki a me ka microhardness o ke hooheheeia, a mea' epekema ma ka like e hoʻoholo i ka paakiki a me ka microhardness o nonmetallic mea.

huahelu o

Aia i ekolu papa koa no ana paakiki. Ka nunui huahelu hooponopono ma ka haawe waiwai io mai ka 2 N a hiki i 30 kn. Microrange oʻokeʻa ole wale i ka haawe ma indektor, akā, i ka hohonu o ke anal. Ka mua cia Ua emi o 2 N, a me ka lua o ka - oi aku ia mamua 0.2 microns. Ke nanoscale hooponopono wale ma ka hohonu o ka anal indektora - emi o 0.2 microns. Ka hopena, oia ke nanotvordost mea.

Huahelu kiko'î hilinaʻi kuhikuhi ma ka haawe ana i ua noi i ka indektoru. Kēia kaukaʻi ua hiki loaa he kūikawā inoa - nui kanawai ma English - indentation nui kanawai. Size ai hiki ke nānā 'ano indektora. Spherical - paakiki, piʻi pū me ka hoʻoulu haawe ana, nolaila, o ka nui ia o ke ku pono ana. Vickers pyramid Berkovich a ho'ēmi i kā ka paakiki me ka mahuahua haawe (ʻaneʻi, maʻamau a pololei-dimensional hopena). I kaʻohana-poepoe, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka Rockwell me ka unahiʻole, hōʻike i ka hua ma ka haawe maoli ka paakiki mua, a laila, ua hoemiia ka hoike o ka spherical hapa.

Nā Pono Hana a me kāu kiʻina hana o ke ana

Most ka hana i keia la, mai na pono - mau kalapona wale nō: lonsdalite hapalua daimana mea i oi ma ka paakiki, e like me fullerenes i surpasses daimana i nā manawaʻelua. E pili ana no kēia mau mea i wale pono hoʻomaka, a oiai o ka loa e like me ka mea i ka hardest daimana. A me kona kōkua, ka mea e kuhikuhi i ka paakiki o ko nā mea a pau ke hooheheeia.

Ki ina hana like no ka hoʻoholo 'ana o (loa mahaloia) i, ua helu' ia ma luna, akā, i ka ike i ko lakou ano a me ka ike i ka pono, e noonoo i kekahi, i hiki ke maheleia i hōʻeuʻeu, oa hawewe a me kūpaʻa, a i mua, ua noʻonoʻo. huahelu hana ua i kapaʻia ka pālākiō. It E e hoʻomanaʻo aʻela ia i ka loa hanohano mea no ka Brinell me ka unahiʻole, i ka paakiki o ka i ana ma ke anawaena o ka indentation, i na lau ke kila poepoe ua ikaika loa o Paulo i loko o ka ili o ka mea.

Paa o ka paakiki

Brinell hana (GOST 9012-59) e leie aku e hoʻopaʻa i ka paakiki helu ole huahelu, denoting kona HB, kahi H - paakiki (paakiki), a me ka B - nae Brinell. puka āpana ua anaia mai ka manawa i kekahi hapa o ka poepoe ma mua hoʻi o ka hoʻopoepoe ele ele, e like me ka hana ana i ka laulā o Meyer no ka laʻana. Rockwell unahiʻole, i mea okoa ma ka mea ua loaa dimensionless ka hohonu o ka ho'ākāka 'ana ua paʻaʻia ma ka mea poepoe aʻohana mea paakiki o ke daimana. Ua Ua hoʻohikiʻia HRA, HRC, HRB, a me HR. Haʻilula no ka helu ana i ka paakiki o like penei: HR = 100 (130) - kd. Eia D o ka hohonu o ka embedment, a me K - ololi.

Vickers paakiki hiki ke nānā 'ia ma ke ano o ke paʻi i koe ma ka tetrahedral pyramid ua ikaika loa o Paulo i loko o kaʻilikai i nā puke ma ka pili ana i ka haawe i i noi ai i ka pyramid. Print wahi - i ke daimana, a me kekahi hapa o ka huinahalike pyramid. Vickers Ana E e noʻonoʻo me kgs no mm o ^2, denoted pa alima HV. Aia mea no hoi kekahi ano o ana i ka Shore (indentation), IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hoʻohana no ka polymers, a heʻumikumamālua ana unahi. Shore Asker kūpono me ka unahiʻole (ka Japanese mana noʻaeʻae a me ka laholio mea) mau mea i like loa me ka mea mua iaoia, wale na mea kiko'î o ke ana manaʻoʻokoʻa, a hoʻohanaʻokoʻa indektory. Kekahi hana Shore - Lele aku kėlä - i kiʻekiʻe-modulus i mea loa paakiki mea. Ua hiki e manao ia na kiʻina hana a pau o ana i ka paakiki o ka mea, māheleʻia i loko o nā waeʻano - hōʻeuʻeu a me ka kūpaʻa.

Kani a me nā mea hana

Maalea no ka hoʻoholo 'ana i paakiki kapa tvordomerami, keia huahelu kila. Hoao i kaʻokoʻa ololi ma ka mea, no laila i nā kiʻina hana hiki e luku, a ia ua i luku. Ma waena o nā mea a pau o kēia mau unahi mai ole i ke ala pilina, mai kekahi o nā kiʻina hana, aole ia e noonoo i ka kumu waiwai o ka mea i loko o kona olelo e lilo.

Aka hoi, kūkulu ihola lawa ka He kokekau wale i ka papaʻaina, ma ka mea e paa ai ka unahiʻole, a me kekahi mau ano no ka waeʻano o nā mea a me kā lākou mau kanaka pūʻulu. E pili ana i kēia mau papa i i hiki ma hope o ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua me ka ho'āʻo ma. Eia naʻe, theories a makemake ae i kekahi o computational ki ina hana like, e OIeEOEIeAeEIIe, i kekahi 'ano, mai a hiki i kekahi hakuʻole. Ke mau hana ana a ka paakiki me ka nānā 'ua ana wae ma muli o ka loaʻa ipu, ana hana ana o ka ia, a me ka papa, i ka waiwai o ka mea wale.