Cholinergic synapses: 'ole, kuleana pili i

Cholinergic synapses i wahi i loko i loaʻa ka hui 'ana ma waena o nā neurons a neuronal keena a me effector loaa neaiaea. Ke synapse Ua haku o nā membranes - presynaptic a me ka postsynaptic, e like me, mai ka synaptic mauae. EYI o nā aʻalolo impulses ua lawe mai ma ka mea o ka mea uwao, a laila he lēkio leo waiwai. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka mea loaʻa a me ka neurotransmitter ma postsynapticʻili lahilahi. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhi hana o cholinergic synapses.

Ka uwao a me receptors

O NA parasympathetic neurotransmitter mea acetylcholine receptors - na mauʻano o cholinergic receptors: H (nicotine i) a me ka M (muscarine). M-cholinomimetics me ka pololei hanaʻano e hoʻoulu receptors i loko o kaʻili lahilahi postsynaptic type.

Hoʻololi kemikala o acetylcholine ua lawe ia ma ke cytoplasm o cholinergic neuronal a hāʻule pahū wale. Ua Ua hana mai choline a me ka atsetilkoenzima-A, a i ka mitochondrial kumu. Hoʻololi kemikala ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka hana o ka cytoplasmic'ūhū choline. Ke synaptic vesicles ia lŘlŘ palapala moʻopane o acetylcholine. Ma kēlā me kēia no kēia mau Oe i e mai i kekahi mau tausani nā lātoma o acetylcholine. Ke aʻalolo impulse stimulates ke kala o ka acetylcholine i loko o ka mauae synaptic nā lātoma. Mahope, e komo i loko o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka acetylcholine receptors. Ka 'ole o ka cholinergic synapse hanana.

'ole

E like me nā ikepili, i loaʻa no biochemists, acetylcholine mea loaʻa neuromuscular synapse e komo i loko o elima kumuʻiʻo subunits i puni i ka ion Kanal, a ana ma ka holoʻokoʻa mānoanoa o kaʻili lahilahi oia hoi o ka lipid. Paʻa o ka acetylcholine nā lātoma pāʻani aku me ka paʻa o ka α-subunits. Ua hiki aku i ka mea e wehe ai ka ion Kanal, a me ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi ua depolarized.

Kind o cholinergic synapses

Cholinergic receptors i IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ma naʻano likeʻole, a me ka ia i loko o na mea he nui aoao ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka hopena o pharmacological konohiki. I kulike ai me keia e pono ai:

• Maskarinochuvstvitelnye cholinergic receptors - no laila, i kapaʻia-M-cholinergic receptors. Mea he alkaloid muscarine hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka helu niho Fish, Amanita no ka laʻana.
• Nikotinochuvstvitelnye holinoretseptora - ka ai-i kapaia o H-cholinergic receptors. Nicotine i mea he alkaloid i loaʻa i loko o ka paka lau.

kā lākou wahi

Ka mua aia i loko o ka postsynaptic aeeaʻili lahilahi haku o ka effector nā loko. Ka mea, i aia ma na a hāʻule pahū wale o postganglionic parasympathetic olona. Eia hou, ka mea hoi i loko o neural keena, autonomic ganglia, a ma ka cerebral cortex. Ua Ua loaʻa i ka M-cholinergic receptors o kekahi IIeEeAIEUAA e heterogeneous, i hiki aku ai i kaʻokoʻa pā lonoaʻili i ka waiwai o ka cholinergic synapses pharmacological ano.

Ano ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi

Biochemists i kekahi mauʻano o M-cholinergic receptors:

• Ke aupuni 'o autonomic ganglia, a me ka Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. A hiʻona o ka mua o ia ka mea, i ke aupuni 'ma waho o synapses - M1-cholinergic receptors.
• Aia i loko o ka naʻau. kōkua kekahi o ia emi ke kala o ka acetylcholine - m2-cholinergic receptors.
• Aia ma ka malimali Muscle, a ma ka hapanui o ka endocrine glands - ka M3-cholinergic receptors.
• Aia i loko o ka naʻau, i loko o nā paia o ka pulmonary alveoli, ma ka CNS - M4-cholinergic receptors.
• Ua hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka CNS, i loko o nā iris o ka maka, salivary glands, ma mononuclear koko keena - M5-cholinergic receptors.

Ka hopena ma luna o ka cholinergic receptors

Ka hapa nui o na waiwai i hoakaka ia ma ka ike pharmacological waiwai ka heluna o ka M-cholinergic receptors, aie i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kēia mau waiwai, a postsynaptic m2 a me M3 cholinergic receptors.

E noonoo i ka Mea Maluna o ka dala e hoʻoulu cholinergic synapses lalo.

H-cholinergic receptors aia i loko o kaʻili lahilahi o ka postsynaptic neurons ma ganglia a hāʻule pahū wale o kela a me keia preganglionic olona, (ma ka parasympathetic a kōkua aloha o ganglia), i loko o ka wahi o ka carotid sinus, ma ka adrenal medulla, ma ka neurohypophysis, ma Renshaw keena ma skeletal Muscle. Ke pā lonoaʻili o kaʻokoʻa H-cholinergic receptors loli aʻe no ka 'ona. No ka laʻana, H-cholinergic receptors ma ka autonomic ganglia hale a ('ākilikai type receptors) i nui oko mai o ka H-cholinergic receptors ma skeletal Muscle (Muscle-type receptors). He kēia hiʻona e leie aku ia i selectively aeie ganglia kūikawā waiwai. No ka laʻana, kurarepodnye waiwai hiki o ka paleʻana neuromuscular EYI.

Presynaptic cholinergic receptors a me adrenoceptors i komo i loko o ka rula kaʻina hana o ka acetylcholine kala ma ka synapse neuroeffector ano. Stimulation o kēia mau receptors e inhibit i ke kala o ka acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine reacts me ka H-acetylcholine receptors, a hoololi i ko lakou conformation, maoli i ka nui o ka permeability o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi. Acetylcholine i ka noho haumāna kahi kanawai ma ka paʻakai Ion, a laila, komo i loko o ka halepaahao, a me keia hiki aku ai i ka mea i ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi ua depolarized. Initially ka mea, he kūloko synaptic Loaʻaʻia i hiki i kekahi waiwai, a hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka hanaʻia hoʻomakaʻia. Ma hope o ia, i ka kūloko pīhoihoi, a ua kaupalena 'ia synaptic wahi hoʻomaka e hohola iho la ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Inā he mea stimulation o ka M-choline mea loaʻa, ke kūlana nui pâʻani 'o ia ma ka lua o nāʻelele, a G-nā polokina i loko o ka hōʻailona EYI.

Acetylcholine hana i loko o ka manawa pōkole wale nō. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka mea, ua hoʻomaka koke hydrolyzed ma ka'ūhū acetylcholinesterase. Choline, a ua hana i ka hydrolysis o acetylcholine i loko o ka hapalua o buke o presynaptic maʻi ua pio, a kaʻi aku i ka cytoplasm no mahope biosynthesis o acetylcholine.

Waiwai e hana ana ma ka cholinergic synapses

Pharmacological a me keʻano o Nine Inch ke ho ololi i ka helu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka pili me ka synaptic EYI:

• Kaʻina acetylcholine hoʻololi kemikala.
• Kaʻina uwao kala. No ka laʻana, carbacholine hiki ke 'ō acetylcholine kalaʻana aku kaʻina hana, he botulinum toxin e inhibit neurotransmitter kala kaʻina.
• Ke kaʻina hana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o acetylcholine a me ka choline mea loaʻa.
• Hydrolysis o acetylcholine enzymatic ano.
• I ka hopu ana o choline, i hanaʻia ma ka hydrolysis o acetylcholine presynaptic maʻi. No ka laʻana, hiki inhibit gemiholiny o neuron ka hopu a me ka amo ana o choline i loko o ka halepaahao cytoplasm.

Mea Maluna

O ia hoʻi, noho haumāna kahi o ka cholinergic synapses, hiki i ole wale i ka hookoia, akā, i ka anticholinergic (e kaumaha ana) kanawai. E like me ke kumu no ka Mea Maluna o ia mau waiwai biochemists hoʻohana i ka olelo o ka hana ana i kēia mau i huiʻia ma luna o kekahi cholinergic receptors. Inā hoopili ia ia i ka rula, o ka waiwai ka heluna o ka cholinergic receptors hiki ke hoʻolaha like penei:

• Waiwai a i ka hopena ma luna o M-cholinergic receptors a me N-cholinergic receptors: he holinomimetikami i acetylcholine a me ka carbacholine, a me holinoblokatoram - tsiklodol.
• anticholinesterase ano 'o ia hoʻi. O nā ka salicylate, physostigmine, Neostigmine, galantamine hydrobromide, Armin.
• Waiwai i aloha ia ka cholinergic synapses. Ma cholinomimetics nā pilocarpine hydrochloride a me ka aceclidine e holinoblokatoram - atropine sulufahate, matatsin, tartrate platifillina, ipratropium bromide, hydrobromide skopalamina.

• Waiwai me vlinyanie H-cholinergic receptors. By holinomimetikami i tsititon a me ka lobeline hydrochloride. H blockers nicotinic acetylcholine mea loaʻa hiki ke maheleia i mau pūʻulu. Ka mua - He 'o ia hoʻi ganglioblokiruyuschimi külana. O nā benzogeksony, gigrony, pentamin, arfonad, pyrylium. Ka lua o ka pūʻulu vkulyuchaet he Curariform waiwai. Mau nā Muscle relaxants, ka hoʻolako 'ʻike ākea hana e like me tubocurarine koloriside, pancuronium bromide, bromide pipekuroniya.

Mākou hookolokolo aku la ia i loko o au mamuli o ka mea o ka hoohuoi ana cholinergic synapses.