Expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo: ka ho'ākāka 'ana, walaʻauʻana hiʻona, kākau moʻolelo Expressionists

Halawai avant-garde kuhikuhi, expressionism, originated ma ka hapalua like-90s o ka 19th kenekulia. Ke kupuna o ka manawa ua manaoia e ia i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka Magazine "ino," - H. Walden.

Noiʻi expressionism manaʻo i ka mea, ua loa maopopo hoikeia i loko o ka moʻokalaleo. 'Oiai, aole emi lei expressionism hoike aku i kiʻi kaula, unuhi a me ka pena.

Ke hou mika a me ka hou honua mea

Me ka hoʻololi i loko o ka lehulehu a me ka nohona o ka papa o ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, ua he hou olelo i loko o ke akamai, a me ka hana keaka mele ola. ʻAʻole au i kakali a expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo. Wā kēia kuhikuhi i 'Aʻole e holopono ana. Akā, ka palapala, ai expressionism wehewehe pehea nui i kū'ē i ka divergent kumu a me nā mea kū i ka ulu 'ana ma o ka? Aieao o ka modernist nā mea kū ma Europe o ka hope kenekulia.

Olelo ana o ka expressionism, aneane mau i manaoia no ka mea Kelemānia. Ke kiekie loa o keia papa ua kapaia ka hua o kaʻike hoʻokumu o ka "Palaka kula" (Kelemānia-olelo ana). Ua oia o K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka a me kekahi poe e ae. Me ka nui likeʻole i loko o ka makakū palapala koho o kēia kākau ua hoʻopili i ko lākou kuleana i loko o ke kulana absurd, idiotically claustrophobia, mystical, pohihihi hallucinogenic nā moeʻuhane. Ma Rusia, keia au? Ac? E L. Andreev a me E. Zamyatin

He nui nā moʻolelo hooeueuia romanticism paha baroque. Akā, oi loa walaau ole ole o ka symbolism Kelemānia a me ka 'ōlelo Palani (oi loa aku hoi C. Baudelaire a me Rimbaud) haha aku i ka expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o na hana e kekahi mea kākau follower hōʻike i ka noonoo ana i na realities o ke ola i wahi ma ka hoʻomaka o ka philosophical ola. Ike slogan adherents expressionism - " 'Aʻole i ka pohaku haule, a me ke kānāwai o ka umekaumaha."

Wānana pathos hoʻomaopop 'ana i Georg Heym, lilo iho la ia i ka recognizable hiʻona o ka typical hoʻomaka o Expressionism like me ka neʻeʻana. Kona poʻe heluhelu i ke kumu holoholomoku "Nani nui make ana ..." a me ka "War" keʻike ma ka wānana i ka olelo wanana o ka pōʻino e hiki mai ka hewa i loko oʻEulopa.

'Aukekulia exponent o expressionist Georg Trakl me muli o kona kulana he uuku poetic hooilina i i ka, alahula mau hopena ma luna o Kelemānia-'ōlelo poetry a pau. Ma Trakl poem ua symbolically huikau nā kiʻi, i ka pōʻino ma ka pili ana me ka'opi o ka honua mea, a me ka hohonu mea naʻau richness.

Expressionism Dawn hele mai i loko o ka 1914-1924 makahiki. Ka mea, ua Manuela Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn a me kekahi poe e ae, ka poe i nunui ka pōʻino ma ka fronts i paa hoomaopopoia pacifist hilinaʻi. Ua kū i ke au loa maopopo hoikeia mai ma na hana o Kurt Hiller. Poetic expressionism ma moʻokalaleo, ke kumu nui hiʻona o i hoopio i ka hana keaka a me ka Aina, koke, kūpono ma ka anthology kaulana o "ka hiamoe ana o ke kanaka", iʻikeʻia i loko o ka pā hale o ka mea heluhelu i ka 1919.

A hou kālaiʻike

Ua laweʻia ka papa kuhikuhiE philosophical a aesthetic manaʻo ukali expressionists mai ka "maikaʻi o Mānoa," - i ka kumumanaʻo o ka ike o Husserl, a ma ka hoʻomaopopo pono o ke kilo "piko o ka honua" Bergson ma kona'ōnaehana ka "ola" Ua Hopu. Ua Ua manaoio ia keia nenoaiu mea hiki ke lanakila i ka obduracy philosophical mea i loko o ka unstoppable kahawai o evolution.

I mea no ke aha la Expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo akaka like Nonfictional pokole o ka ike maopopo i ka "Pahuhopu nānaina".

Ka 'aoʻao o "Pahuhopuʻike pono" hele mai ana, mai ka panina hana o Kelemānia kālaiʻike a me ke ano o ka pokole o ka ike maopopo a me cartographic pololei. No laila, ma ka mea e hele mai i e "maikaʻi ē aʻei kūpono" i loko o ke ao nei, ia mea e pono ai kekahi manawa hou, e kū'ē i ka uhane mea.

Kēia manaʻo ka mea i like loa me ka ideological manaʻo Symbolists, oiai expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo e kālele ana ma luna o Bergson ka intuitionism, a no ia mea, e imi ana no ka pono o ka i loko o ke ola a me ka irrational. Life Ua Hopu a me ka hohonu pono intuitively hai overriding mea i loko o ka rapprochement me ka uhane cosmic aku o ka lanakila. Ma kēia hihia, na expressionists koi i ka mea ao nei ( 'o ia hoʻi ka mea mawaho ao nei) ke kino i loko o kona kino akaku, a incredibly kokoke i ka lilo i ka pāʻoihana o ke kenekulia-kahiko "pohihihi" o ke ola.

Expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo o ka 20th kenekulia pono okoa mai na paialewa o Surrealism a me Cubism i? Ac? Aneane ma ka laua. Pathos, a, kaiapili-noho pilikia, e pono i ka likeʻole ma waena o nā hana o expressionists. ua piha o keakea e kue i ka mahele o ke kaiāulu i loko o lawelawe papa a me na kaua e ku ei ka Harry kanaka i lehulehu kulanui a me ka pilina lakou. I kekahi manawa, expressionist kākau kuleʻa kokoke mai i ke kiʻi o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni meʻe, ae hōʻike ana i ka loa kipi naʻau i loko, hōʻike mystical eerie weliweli o ka huikau o ke i irresistible.

honua mea ulia like i hoikeia ma na hana o ka Expressionists lakou iho e like me ka papa kuhikuhi hehee ai o ka apocalypse, a ua hele i ka weliweli ka māmā holo, a me ka olelo hoopomaikai e ale iho i kanaka a pau a me ka ano.

ideological muli

Expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo e hōʻike ana i ka noi 'ana i ke ao ano o ka wanana. He mea pono ka hoʻokaʻawale o ke kaila: ia mea e pono ke ao aku, a me ka hooikaika aku, e hai aku. Wale ma keia aoao, ma ka noho hoomaemae aku o pragmatic pono a me stereotypes, e hoohalike ana o ka expressionism ho'āʻo e noa ai kēlā kanaka kēia kanaka haunaele o ka manaʻo, pā lonoaʻili e deepen a hoʻoikaika i ka attraction a hiki i ka pau huna.

Malia paha i ka ke kumu Expressionism i kona kumu, mai ka hui pae o Artists.

Kakaolelo o ka moʻomeheu manaoio i ka makahiki o ke kumu o ka expressionism - 1905 la. Ia makahiki i ka hui ana o ka me-manao kanaka i loko o ka German Dresden, he hui i kapa ia lakou iho "Ka Bridge". Ma lalo o kona converged kuhikuhipuʻuone haumāna: Otto Müller, Erich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, etc. Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 1911, wahi iho, i ke kaʻao bana "Blue mea nāna e holo" .. Ua oia no influential Artists o ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia: Manuela Marc , August Macke, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky a me kekahi poe e ae Group paʻi i ka eponymous Alemanaka a hiki i March 1912, a e kālele ana ma luna o ka mea hope ana 'Eia kekahi laʻana o ka hou kula, ua kālaiʻia pahu hopu a me ka' aʻa aku i ko lakou ao ao.

Na Lunamakaainana o ka expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo Magazine paa hou mai la ma ka muli o "Aktion" ( "hana"). Ka pukana mua i paʻiʻia ma Pelelina i kakahiaka 1911. Ua Ua hele ia e haku mele, aʻaʻole i pono-ikeia playwrights, akā, ao alohilohi i kipi keia olelo: E. Toller, Frank L., J. Bekera a me na mea e ae.

Hiʻona hou lei expressionism ponoʻikeʻia i loko o Kelemānia moʻokalaleo,'Aukekulia a me ka Lūkini. Palani Expressionists hooku iho la ia i ka haku mele Perom Garne.

Expressionist haku mele

Haku mele o kēia au i loaa ke kuleana pili i "Orpheus." Oia hoi, ia pono ia i ke kilo, ka mea, 'īnea nei me ka ole iwi mea hele mai a hiki i ka loko o ke pā like oiaio o ka mea e hanaia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea no ka haku mele - ka pā o ka i ikea mua, aʻaʻole he maoli kŰia iho.

Pela - keia mea i ka lani kiekie loa caste, luna papa. Ka mea e ole komo 'ana i loko o ka "noho ana o ka lehulehu." A me ka pragmatism a me unprincipled e loa e hala ia. I mea no ke aha, e like me na Mamua o ka expressionism i manaʻo ai ia mea maʻalahi e hoʻokō ao ka hopuʻana kamakawiwo ole "maikaʻi ē aʻei".

Wale nō cult hahai deified hana o kaʻike hoʻokumu expressionism kapa i ka oiaio ala wale e hoʻololi i ka mea ao a me ka lanakila iā ia.

Mai keia ka mea, penei i ka oiaio mea ma luna prettiness. Huna, huna ike expressionist huaheluʻaʻahuʻia i loko o kekahi mea pahū expansiveness i ua hana intellect me he mea ona paha hallucinations.

makakū akaku

E hana no ke aliʻi i loko o keia ala - mea e ho okumu masterpieces i loko o ka moku'āina o, pili subjectivity, a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka moku'āina o ke akaku, improvisation a me lolilua naʻau i loko o ka haku mele.

Expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo - ka mea, ua i ua hoʻonānā, Ua tireless a me ka restless manaʻo, ka mea, ua i ka mea o ka contemplation a me ecstatic hihiʻo kiʻi.

German Expressionist, kona theorist a me kekahi o nā alakaʻi Casimir Edshmid manaoio ana i ka oiaio haku mele depicts a aole i noonoo aku o ka lanakila. Nolaila, e like me ia i kaʻilihune, ka palapala, ai hana i loko o ke kaila o expressionism nō i ka hopena o ka cardiac impulse, a me ka mea no aestheticʻoliʻoli i ka uhane. Expressionists ole ukana ia lakou iho me ka malama ana o ke ano hoohanohano a hōʻike palapala.

Ideological waiwai o ka noʻeauʻana o ka'ōlelo i loko o expressionist ei, a pinepine grotesque, a akaka e like me ka hopena o hihiu hyperbolism a me ka ikaika kaua o lakou me ka pale aku ia mea. Oia ka ei ole wale distorts ka mawaho hiʻona o ko ke ao nei. Ua haawi hoʻolele hauli, a ma ko grotesque hana kiʻi.

A eia ka mea i ike i ke kumu nui Pahuhopu o expressionism - ka? Aeiino? O ke kanaka ke kaiāulu a me ke loaʻa ai ke kuʻikahi, a me ke ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

"Expressionist makahiki" i loko o Kelemānia-ōlelo moʻokalaleo ka

Ma Germany, e like me ka aina Europa'ē aʻe, expressionism i waho ma hope o ka hao wale mai upheaval i loko o ka spheres lehulehu a me ka nohona, ua make koke i ke aupuni i loko o kaʻumi makahiki mua o ke kenekulia hope. Ma ka German moʻomeheu a me ka moʻokalaleo expressionism ua i ka luku ana kŰia o ka 10 a hiki i '20 o ka iwakalua kenekulia.

Expressionism ma Kelemānia moʻokalaleo ua i ka pane ana i na pilikia o ka intelligentsia, ka poe i unuhi i ka First World War, ka Nowemapa hoʻokahuli aupuni Honua ma Germany, a me ka hookahuli ana i ka Tsarist? Eia i loko o Rusia ma October. Ka honua kahiko i ka lukuia, a ma luna o kona wahi e pili ana hōʻike hou. Kākau moʻolelo, a i wahi ma ke alo o keia loli, ke hākilo loa i manao ai i ka holo pono o nei mea, a ma ka mea hookahi poino a me ka unenforceability o kekahi hou holomua ma o ka hou lehulehu.

German expressionism Ua aahu he wahi lilelile paha, kipi, protivoburzhuazny külana. Akā, i ka mea ia manawa, ahuwale i ka hewa o ka capitalist'ōnaehana, expressionist hai mōhai kahi, ia mea he vague, Hōʻuluʻulu, a absurd nohona a me ka pili aupuni polokalamu e hiki hoʻomaha i kaʻuhane o ka manaʻo kanaka.

Mai ike oleʻokoʻa ma ka ideology o ka proletariat, ka Expressionists manaoio aku i loko o ka hiki ana mai hope mai o ke ao nei kauoha. Ka make ana o kanaka, a me ka pōʻino e hiki mai keia pilikia - ka Central Halaman o expressionist wā o ka First World War. No brightly ka mea, hiki ke 'ike i loko o nā Lyrics o G. Trakl, Heym G. a me F. Werfel. J. van Goddis ia i nā hanana ma ka aina a me ke ao nei, o ka pauku, "ka hopena o ke ao nei." A hiki satirical hōʻike i ka hana keaka pilikia (Karl Kraus, "ka Hope Lā o ke kanaka").

Aesthetic ideals o expressionism ohi ia ma lalo o ka'ēheu o ka loa okoa kaila o ke akamai, ho'āʻo iho au, a mau loina o nā kākau: mai F. Wolf a me J. Bekera, ua aponoia ka ideology o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hou 'ana o ke kaiāulu, no Mr. Jost, ma hope lilo i ka haku mele i loko o ka pā hale o ka Apana Reich.

Manuela Kafka - he hua'ōlelo'ālike expressionism

Frantsa Kafku ua pono kapaia synonymous expressionism. Kona manao paa aole i ke kanaka e ola ana i loko o ka honua i kaʻenemi iā ia loa, kanaka ano hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopio kue kona mau kulanui, a pela loaʻa ai ka pomaikai mea,ʻaʻole e hiki, o ka papa kuhikuhiE Expressionist manaʻo i loko o ka palapala, ai koʻikoʻi a hanohano.

Ka mea kākau moʻolelo manaoio ia he mea kumu no optimism i loko o ke kanaka, a e no laila,ʻaʻohe ola kuanaʻike. Naʻe, i loko o nā hana o Kafka ia i ho'āʻo i kekahi mea luli ole oia i ka loaʻa, "mālamalama" a me "indestructible".

Kākau o ka "kaʻina" kaulana ua no ia mea, i kapaʻia chaos. I ka honua a puni ia, ua eerily scary. makau o na koa o ke ano maoli, a ua ano waiwai manaʻo kanaka Manuela Kafka ua. Kona hilahila a me ka makaʻu, he mama e maopopo: na kanaka, subjugating ano, hiki ole e hana i ka pilina ma waena o lākou. Eia hou kekahi, kaua ae la lakou, a pepehi kekahi i kekahi mai, i luku ai i na kulanakauhale a me ka aina, a i ole ae kekahi i kekahi, e e hauʻoli.

Mai ke au o nā kaʻao o ka kumu o ka mea kākau o ka iwakalua kenekulia kaʻao a o ke ao nei, hookaawale ma ka aneane 35 kenekulia o ka noho maikai ana. piha kaʻao a Kafka me ka weliweli, o ka manao a me ka hopelessness. Ke naue like ana o ke kanaka ua i ua waiwai ia e ke kanaka iā ia iho, akā, ma kekahi otherworldly ikaika, a me ka mea, ua hikiwawe kaawale mai o ke kanaka ia ia iho.

Ke kanaka i manaoio i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, - i ka hanaia'na o ka lawelawe (i ole ia ka mea e hiki ole), akā, ka mea, ua i hoʻokino lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe lehulehu loa distorts kanaka ano.

Expressionism ma ka moʻokalaleo o ka 20th kenekulia i loko o ka maka o Kafka ka hoomaopopo a me ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ka hoʻonawaiwali, a me ka nawaliwali o ke kanaka i hanaʻia e ia, a hou hoi malalo o ka lawelawe a me ka pilina kulanui. Ke maopopo ua maopopo: he kanaka hikiwawe hina ma lalo o kaʻilihune (e e hoomalu pono ole i pono!), A i 'ole ka mea, koke lilo hoihoi i loko o kanaka "malihini", me ka i kuhikuhi i ka hoʻohoka a me ka ike ole o ka pouli koa. A ke kanaka ma lalo o ka aoao o ka nohona a me ka nohona hui, he mama lawa ke haha aku i kona powerlessness, a laila, i ke koena o ka memo o ke ola ana fruitless ho'āʻo i ka 'ae e noho, a ia i loko o kēia pono honua.

Kafka kahaha ma kona makana o ka naʻauao. No maopopo i hoike ia ma (paʻi postmortem) "Hihia". Ma ka mea, o ka mea kākau foresees ka hou ka uhauha, o ka iwakalua kenekulia, ia wä, i loko o kona luku ikaika. Kekahi o ia mau mea - i ka pilikia o ka bureaucracy, ua ho onui ana ka ikaika like me ka makani ino, ao, spanning i ka lani a pau, oiai ke kanaka i kūlana inconspicuous insect. Aku o ka lanakila pila hāpa e pākīkēʻenemi, loa pepehi i loko o ke kanaka kanaka, a, no laila, i ke ao nei, ua hoolilo mai.

I ka uhane o ka expressionism ma Russian

Maui Europe moʻomeheu, a hoʻomohala i loko o ka hapaha mua o ka iwakalua kenekulia, hiki ole akā, pili i ka Lūkini moʻokalaleo. Nā kākau, ka mea i paʻiʻia hana, mai 1850 a hiki i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1920, ia ia a hiki i ka bourgeois hewa a me ka nohona ulia o kēia au, a kū aʻela ia i ka hopena o ka First World War, a me ka mahope reactionary coups.

He aha ka Expressionism ma moʻokalaleo? Iki - he kipi. Huhu ku ae la iluna e ku e ia i ke dehumanization o ke kaiāulu. Ua, a me ka hou hoike o existential aiee o kanaka uhane, ua congenial, loina a me nā loina o ke kahiko Lūkini moʻokalaleo. No kona kūlana me ka Mesia ma ke kaiāulu hoikeia ma ka make ole hana NV Gogol a me FM Dostoevsky, ma nani loa i pena MA Vrubel a NN GE, waiwai ma ke ao nei a pau V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu a HE Scriabin.

Ua hiki ke Hahai I loa maopopo i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kokoke i ka manawa nui no ka hanau ana o Lūkini expressionism i loko o "Ka Dream o ka Ridiculous Man" ma Fyodor Dostoevsky, "poem o akaku" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Lūkini Expressionists imi ao ano hoopono, ma kana mau hana imi e lawe "hou ke kanaka" i ka hou ike paka i mua o kōkua ke kuʻikahi, i ka moʻomeheu a me ka noʻeau kaiāulu o Rusia a puni.

Ka palapala, ai manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni kuhikuhi mai i ole expressionism i shape me he kuokoa, kaawale papa. He wale hoike aku ma ka hoʻokaʻawale o poetics a me kapaia wale, i loko o ka nascent meakino i mua hoʻokumu likeʻole ka neʻe 'ana ma mua o i kā lākou mau mokuna hou aniani moakaka, a iʻike mau.

Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, expressionism, hanau i loko o ka realism, kūpono ma ka hanaiia'na mai Leonida Andreeva, Andrei hōʻole lākou pakele mai symbolist kuhikuhi acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut kuu mai i ka ohi ana o poem me ka huali ekspressionistkoy theme, a me Vladimir Mayakovsky, i he futurist, i kākau ai i loko o Expressionist kela ano keia ano.

Expressionism kaila ma Lūkini lepo

I Russian no ka manawa mua i ka hua'ōlelo "expressionism", "puhi" i loko o Chekhov ka moʻolelo "Ka uhini". ua hewa ke heroine, ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi "expressionist" kahi o "Impressionists." Noiʻi Russian expressionism manaʻo i ka mea, ua pili loa noniakahi me, a me kela ano keia ano o ka expressionism o ka wa kahiko 'Eulopa, i ka hana ma ke kumu o ka'Aukekulia, akā, ka hapanui o Kelemānia expressionism.

Chronologically, hele nui mamua kēia au i loko o Rusia, a hele mai i mea ole nui hope "makahiki Expressionism" i loko o Kelemānia-ōlelo moʻokalaleo ka. hoomaka Expressionism Russian moʻokalaleo me ka lehulehu ākea o ka moʻolelo Leonida Andreeva "Ka Wall" i ka 1901, a ua hoopauia hoi me ka hana ana "Moscow Parnassus" a me ka pūʻulu emotsionalistov i loko o ka makahiki 1925.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - he kipi Lūkini expressionism

New kuhikuhi loa koke, e lawe ma luna o Europa,ʻaʻole i waiho i na sidelines a me Lūkini ka palapala, ai pā kula. Ka makua kāne hoʻokumuʻo o Expressionism ma Rusia ua manaoia i Leonid Andreev.

I kana hana mua, o ka mea kākau ke halawai kālailai ka hana keaka aku o ka lanakila a puni ia. Loa maopopo keia ua ike ia ma ka hana kakahiaka: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "City". Kela manawa, 'aneʻi kekahi ke kumumea i ka papa kuhikuhiE, akä, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo.

"Life Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" a me ka moʻolelo "Ka Wall" huki i au mamuli o ka mea kākau i ka skepticism i loko o ke kanaka naau a me ka lōʻihi skepticism. I loko nō o kona mau hana hoʻonanea ka manaoio a me ka spiritualism Andreev kākau ihola i ke kaulana "Iuda Isekariota."

I ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻe o ka mea kākau seriously kōkua aloha i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻe, a me kaʻilihune loaʻa nā moʻolelo "Ivan Ivanovich," "Kiaaina" a me ka hula "I ka Stars".

Ma hope o ka kŘpa a pōkole kōā o ka manawa,ʻike hoʻokumu Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevichaʻo ia i ka ho'āʻo 'ana e. Ua ua pili i ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i ka 1907. Mea kākau noonoo i kona mau manao a me ka hoomaopopo i ka nuipa a uhauha, koe wale nui ehaeha a me ka nuipa a casualties, hele mai la i ka mea alakai. i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kēia mau hanana ma "Ka Ehiku i kaaweia".

Ka moʻolelo "Ka Red Laugh" mau, e hoike aku i ka mea kākau o ka manao ma luna o nā hanana likeʻole e hiki i loko o ka moku'āina. Ke hana ho'ākāka i ka weliweli o ke kaua ma luna o ka muli o nā hanana o 1905 Russian-Japanese kaua. Olioli a me ka hookupaa honua mea koa i makaukau e hoike ia ia anarchic kipi, akā, e like me hoopuni i pa, a e OE.

More nā hana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo imbued me ka manaʻo o ka lanakila o ka mana koa a me ka nui kaumaha.

Post scriptum

Formally, ka Kelemānia expressionism like me ka ka palapala, ai nā mea kū mae aku ma ka hapalua like 20-ies o ka hope kenekulia. Eia naʻe, ia mea i kekahi'ē aʻe, ua loaʻa iā ia he nui hopena ma luna o ka palapala, ai 'mooolelo o ka kela hanauna.