Gabriel Tarde: Kawaihae a me ka Hawaii photo

Mawaena o na thinkers ka poe i haalele i ka paʻi ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka ulu ana o ke kaiāulu, he kūikawā wahi ua ku e na Palani nä känaka' epekema Gabriel Tarde, Kawaihae a me ka noiʻi hana i lilo i kumu o keia Haawina. He nui no ka manaʻo hoikeia ma ka huli ana o ka XIX a me XX kenekulia, ua i nalowale lākou pilina i kēia lā.

Mai ka Jesuit kula a hiki i ka Sorbonne

Jean Gabriel Tarde i hānau March 12, 1843 ma ka kulanakauhale o Sarlat, i ua aia ma ka hema-komohana o Farani, ma Bordeaux. Ka Hopena i na mea a pau e kuhikuhi mai i kona wā e hiki mai ke ola i loko o ka loio i ala: ke keiki ka makua kāne i mālama ai i ka lunakanawai, a hele mai la kona makuwahine, mai ka ohana o ka maikaʻi-ikeia loio, decorate lākou mau inoa loudest keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ia manawa.

Lākou hoʻonaʻauao'ōpio Gabriel hoomaka ma ke kula, nona ma ka Roma Hui Papa o ka Jesuits, i ka loa ma ka laina me ka nohona kūlana o kona mau mākua. Ma hope o ua noho mai ia i ka 1860 me ka kēkelē o Arts degere,ʻo ia manao ma ka wā e hiki mai, e haawi aku koho oaoieei-sciences, akā, na ana ia i ke kumuhana o kona kuka nei lakou i ke kānāwai. Classes hoomaka iho la ma kona aina, Gabriel Tarde pau kā lākou mau makahiki eono i loko o nā paia o ka mea kaulana Paris Sorbonne.

Noiʻi like kulanakauhale lunakanawai

Hoi mai i ka hale ka hooiaioia loio, i ke kanaka opiopio hoomauia ka ohana mooolelo. Ua hoʻomaka 'ia ma 1867 me ka Hope Lunakanawai, a steadily e neʻe i ka' oihana hulili, ia mea iʻehiku makahiki ma hope lilo i paʻa ai lunakanawai i loko o kona hānau kulanakauhale o Sarlat, ua pela, he oihana mua paʻaʻia e kona makua kāne. Ma keia naʻeʻo ia i mālama i ka iwakālua o ka makahiki Tarde.

Eia naʻe, e lawe ka lanakila o ka mea, ua i kaupalena 'wale i ka mea pili i ka jurisprudence. More Gabriel Tarde ma ke Kulanui i hoihoi i ka criminology a karaima anthropology - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina ka manaʻoʻike, a me ka physiological anthropological hiʻona o ka hou hewa.

Classes ma criminology, i lawe mai i ka nani mua

It E e kaulana ia i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIX kenekulia, criminology, ke hoʻololi i ka noiʻi i likeʻole, ao ke ano o ka hewa, e like me na rula a me na kumu a lakou i hana ai, me ka aoao a me kāu kiʻina hana o ka Kāohiʻana, akā, nui importantly, ke kanaka lawehala lakou ia lakou iho, i loaa i ka hana kūpono 'ana i loko o Farani. Ua ua ma laila iʻikeʻia ka manawa "criminology", komo aku la i loko o ka maʻamau o ke ola mau haumāna-anthropologist Paul Topinardom.

Lālau i kēia mau pilikia ma ka hohonu, kā lākou mau mea, ua ulu Tarde hoomaka ae la e hoolaha ma ka 'epekema nā puke, a me ka wā i loko o ka makahiki 1887 i hanaia i loko o Sarlat Archive o karaima anthropology, lilo iho la kona ke kākoʻo'-mea kuhikuhi. I ka wā e hiki mai, hoomaka akeakamai hana Gabrielya Tarda e e paʻiʻia ma kaʻawale a paʻi, e pili ana ia ia i kaulana loa ma o aku o na palena o Farani.

Ho'āʻo 'o ia e kuhikuhi i ka "innate karaima"

Noho he mau hou ma luna o kāna hana i loko o keia kula, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka waihona o ke karaima anthropology i hanaia pili i ke aloha a hiki i ka hiʻona e ma ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia e hoʻokolokolo 'ana i o ka Italia nä känaka' epekema a me ka criminologist Cesare Lombroso.

Ua uaʻikeʻia i loko o kona mau loina o kekahi o ka mea mua, e hoʻohana i ke ano o anthropological ana o nā iwi o nā hana hewa, imi e hooiaio ia me ka mea kūpono hoailona hiki ia i lawa degere o ka pahiki hōʻike i ka predisposition o kekahi kanaka i ka 'ino a pau. Aloha kau,ʻo ia i ho'āʻo e kuhikuhi i ka anatomicʻano o "innate hana hewa."

No keia mea, a ua hanaia ma Sarlat kūikawā Archive, i 'ohi i mea mai ma ka aina, mai ka anamanaʻo o ka poe i hana karaima hewa. Lākou like a me ka systematization Tarde pū mai 1887, me ka 'aʻole kona kāna mau' ōlelo hana me ke kulanakauhale lunakanawai.

E neʻe ana i Paris, a mahope noiʻi hana

I ka 1894, make Tarde makuwahine ma hope o ia i haʻalele i kona aina, a noho iho la paʻa ma Palika. Ka haʻalele 'ana i ka hope jurisprudence, oia ua hope hiki ia i hoʻolaʻaʻia lā iā ia iho i ka' epekema, oiai e hoʻonui i ka laulā o kona noiʻi, a me ka laua i hana sociology criminology. Ka inoa maikaʻi o ka mea a nā kānaka noiʻi, a me ka mea iʻikeʻia i loko o ka 'epekema kaiāulu i' ae 'Gabriel Tarde kūlana' i ke kiʻekiʻeʻoihana i loko o ka Kuhina o Lunakanawai, poai puni i ka Pauku o ka hewa, 'ikepili helu ma laila.

Tard Gabriel ua i kekahi manawa ike ole wale me he haumana akā, i me he kumu nana i hoala i ka Wiliau Hōkū o Palani loio. Kona ao ana 'oihana, ua hoʻomaka' ia ma 1896 ma ka Free School o Kalaiaina Sciences, a laila, hoʻomau i kona lilo ana i ke Kumu o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka noiʻi konu o ka College de Ka Palani, kahi āna i hana a kona make ana i ka 1904.

I ka hakakā me Emil Durkheim

Ma ka hana hoolilo i na kumuhana o ka sociology, Gabriel Tarde i ka nānā 'anaʻano nui ma ana heluʻikepili, a hana i kekahi mau Ikepili like me ka iniiaiie iaoia o ka noiʻi. I ia, ua make pinepine ua kūkākūkāʻia me kona mau Contemporary, i loaa iaia ma ka 'epekema kaiāulu, - ka Palani sociologist Emile Durkheim.

Haʻalele nā hoapili, e hoole ana i ka mea o ke kaiāulu kanaka, e hana kēlā kanaka, Tarde, loʻohia i kaʻokoʻa wahi o ke hoomaopopo, i hāliu mai i ko i ka manaoio i ke kaiāulu iho o ka huina hoonui o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kanaka kamaaina. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka hoopaapaa ma waena o nā pundits hele aku e pili ana i ka mea iniiaiie a me ka mea kiʻekiʻe - na kanaka e hana i ka hui, a me ka ke kaiāulu, ka huina hoonui o ka i i kela kanaka keia kanaka.

I ka pono o ka poʻe i ka hopena o ka ae Mohai

I ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia, he kū hoʻokahi monograph, no ka mea kākau e Gabriel Tarde - ". Kānāwai o ka Mohai" Kona o Mānoa, maʻi hēhē ia i ka mea e, e like me ke nä känaka 'epekema, ka nohona a me ka launa pu, hana o na lala o ke kaiāulu kanaka, uaʻano nui ka nānā' ana ma luna o Mohai a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka hana ana o kekahi kanaka i ka 'ē aʻe. Kēia kaʻina komo ai i ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana repetition o ka okoa ka nohona kino i ka, hoike ana mai o ka mea hiki haʻawina, e like me ka pono me ka hoahewa ia a me ka hilinaʻi. Ua hana Mohai paani ia ma, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku. Ua a ke ka a pau poʻe 'ole.

Ia i ka manawaleʻa kanaka - ka engine o ka holomua

Ke kūpono 'ana o ke kuikahi, e like me ke kumumanaʻo o Tarde, mea ku pono i ka mea i waena o kona mau lala ma ke kamepiula hou ana i ka manawaleʻa iā personalities, hiki hoi, hikiʻana mai o ka mau kaʻina hana o ka Mohai, e olelo aku i ka hou hua'ōlelo i loko o kekahi kahua o ke kanaka hope. Ka hua o kā lākou hana hiki e nā ka Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, a me ka hana i ho'ākāka 'tangible waiwai.

hou 'ikamu i hanaʻia e ia - Tarde pili ia lakou, e like me ka "hana" - koke,ʻo hoohalike, a ho'ōla i maliuia kūmau. Kēia mea pehea, e like me kānakaʻepekema, e hui pu iho la a pau nohona kulanui - o ka hapa nui o kanaka, hikiʻole ke invent i kekahi mea, aʻu i hoomaka ae la e mamuli o innovators (innovators), a me ka hana i ka hana ia. Ua Ua pū kaulana i ole a pau HOU i aeia lakou e hui, e mamuli o, akā, wale ka poe i kupono i loko o ka mua maʻamau moʻomeheu a me ka mai e hele mai i loko o kue ana me ia.

Penei, i ke kumu o ka kumumanaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka lawelawe evolution o ke kaiāulu o ka hopena o ka makakū haʻawina o kekahi o kona lokomaikai aole lala, aʻaʻole he maoli mōʻaukala kaʻina hana like ia kū'ē'ē 'ana Emil Dyurkgeym.

Noʻonoʻo loi o ka pähola 'ana o ka ike paka i like

I kēia lā, nā hualoaʻa a kaulana puke, i i kākau i loko o ka makahiki hope o kona ola Gabriel Tarde - ", manao, a me ka poe nui" Ma ia la oiaʻia maila kona mau pilikia e pili ana i ka lanakila i loko o kona mau makahiki, a ua ola a hiki i ka lā keia manaʻo o hoɃoponopono i ike paka, supposedly aku nei ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka kanaka naau a me ka mea kuokoa. Building ma luna o ka manaʻo i olelo ia ma luna, ka mea kākau wahi a hiki i ka iniiaiie kūlana o ka ike paka i o kela a me keia hookahi kanaka, a, nolaila, ma kona kuleana no ka hana 'ia e ka lehulehu.

It E e hoʻomanaʻo me kekahi hou paha, i ka mea ana i hoolilo i kona mau hana Tard Gabriel - ". I ka kŰia o ka ahakanaka" Ma keia manao, oia hoʻopaʻapaʻa me ka Palani psychologist Gustave Le Bon, ka poe i ua kūkākūkāʻia ana ka XIX kenekulia o ka "makahiki o ka ahakanaka." A hoopii aku no ia Tarde ua kūkākūkāʻia ia he mea hiki ole ke hui pu mau loa okoa manaÿo - o ka aha, a me ka hoolohe.

Inā o ka palapala o ke kanaka pono pili ka hoʻopā aku ma waena o nā eiiiiiaiou o kona kanaka, me ka hoolohe pepa i ka pono ole o ka manao, a me ka intellect. Ma keia hihia, ka mea, i ia kanaka, ka poe i geographically aia ma ka nui kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi. No nui i kona assertion i loko o kā mākou mau lā, ka wā e hiki ke artificially hana, he pono ole lehulehu, e kauoha ana i kona manao ma ke ala e hiki aku akau ia ia i ka Media,.

Other lālā o ka 'epekema e pili Tarde

Aia i kekahi wahi o ka 'epekema e epa me Gabriel Tarde - sociology ua i ke kula wale o kona hope. Ma waho aʻeo ia ka luna-i oleloia criminology, nä känaka 'epekema uku nui noonoo a me ka' epekema kaiapili kumuhana apau loa e like me pili aupuni 'epekema,' aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai a me ke akamai mōʻaukala. Ka la mahope E ole e kahaha ko oukou naau, no ka mea, iaia, alaila, puka 'o ia mai ke kula Jesuit me ka nui i loko o ke olona kilokilo. Ma nā mea a pau o kēia mau kula o ka ike Gabriel Tarde waiwai 'epekema koena ma hope o ia hana.

Nā manaʻo o ka Palani nä känaka 'epekema loaʻa ke akea pane i loko o Rusia. He nui o kana mau hana i ua unuhi i loko o Lūkini, a lilo ae la i ka waiwai o ka lehulehu, a hiki mua o ka kipi. No ka laʻana, i ka 1892 ma St. Petersburg i paʻi puke (Gabriel Tarde "kānāwai o ka Mohai"), i ka haʻina mai i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ma luna. Eia hou kekahi, ka mea i ike ai i ka malamalama o ka monograph "ka hewa o ka ahakanaka", "Ke ae pā o ke akamai" a me kekahi mau mea e ae.

Tarde manaʻo i loko o ka mālamalama o ka lā keia

I ka hakakā i weheia ma o ka XIX kenekulia ma waena o Tarde a me Durkheim e pili ana i ka mea iniiaiie: ke kanaka a me ke kaiāulu, loaʻa kona hoomau i keia la. Ua haawi mai Modernity hou impetus i ka hoopaapaa ana ma waena o nā kākoʻo o ke ano o ke kaiāulu me he kuokoa meaola a me kā lākou mau hoa ike ia me ka ohi ana i kuokoa kanaka.

I loko nō o ka likeʻole i loko o nā koho o kona 'epekema hooilina, laekahiʻepekema haawi aie Tarde hana maikai e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka helu o Popular kēia manawa ka sociology pauku. I waena o lākou nō i ka loa nui Ka Ikepili o ka lehulehu manao, a me ka kumumanaʻo o ka nuipa a moʻomeheu. Naʻe, ka mea e e kaulana ia i loko o ka XX kenekulia i ka lanakila no hoi ia kumumanaʻo o Durkheim mea no ia ke kaiāulu kanaka, ololi ke kahua o ke kanaka, aʻaʻole hope versa. Ma keia manao, mau Tarde lilo kona hiʻona.