Ka nohona evolution o ke kanaka: nā kumumea a me ka piʻi like

He paʻakikī i ka olelo, i ka wa aʻu i hoala mua i ka ninau o ka muli a me ka ho okumu ana o ke kanaka. Hoihoi i loko o kēia pukana like me ka thinkers o kahiko maikai ana, a me kā mākou wā. Like kaiāulu? Acaeoey oo? Ua mea hiki ke kahińuli i kekahi mau 'Oihana a me nā kuʻina o ke kaʻina?

Society me he hookahi kahua

O na mea e ola ana i ma luna o ka Honua ma ka mea he kuokoa kino, a ua wehewehe aku ma kekahi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey, e laʻa me ka hanau ana, ka ulu a me ka make. Eia naʻe, kekahi hakuʻole ma ka hoʻokaʻawale. Nui na meaola kamaʻilioʻana, e lilo nā pūʻulu, ma a ka mea, me ka launa pū, a he aha ka mea i kekahi i kekahi.

Man - mea i koe. Hui ma ke kumu o na ano, pomaikai a me ka hana, kanaka hana o ka lehulehu. Loko ka mea hana i kekahi mau loina, nā lula, kumu. Pinepine, i nā kumu a pau o ke kaiāulu i interrelated a me ka interdependent. Penei, ka mea e hoʻomōhala ana i like me ka a pau.

Social evolution hoʻohuʻu he ua lele akula nō, ka hoʻololi o ke kaiāulu i kekahi hou kiʻekiʻe. Loli ma ka hana a me nā loina o ke kanaka, ho'īli, a laila 'o ia i ke koena o ka a pau ke kaiāulu i loko o ka palapala o ka hooponopono ana. No laila, kanaka i D. neʻe mai ke kahua a hiki i ka Hui Pūʻia, mai ka hoiliili i ka iiaie oaoieei holomua, a no laila, ma luna o.

Social evolution: ka mua kumumanaʻo

Ke ano a me nā lauana o ka lawelawe evolution ua mau hoohalike ana i loko o kekahi aoao. ʻO loko o ka XIV kenekulia poe akeakamai Ibn Khaldun ua o ka manao i ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua ulu e like me he kanaka. Ma mua, ua hanau ia, i ukali ia e hōʻeuʻeu ulu, flowering. A laila hele mai ka emi a me ka make.

Ma ka au o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i kekahi o na kumu nui theories ua i ka rula o ka "stadial nā moʻolelo" o ke kaiāulu. Hawaiian thinkers kāheaʻia i ka nānā i ka mea i hoalaia mai ke kaiāulu kanaka, i ka eha kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka holomua.

• akoakoa a me ka holoholona,
• pastoralism a me ka nomadism,
• mahi a me ka mahiʻai,
• kuai.

Ma ka XIX kenekulia ma Europe he mea mua i ka manaʻo o ka evolution. ka manawa mea Roma no ka "kuhikuhi i ka hana". He He pähola 'o ka holo ana o ka luna' a e lauwili ano o ke ola ana o ka unicellular meaola ma aaiaoe mutations i loko o kona poe mamo.

I ka manaʻo o ka ho okumu ana o ka luna 'mai o ka simplest lalau sociologists a me ka poe akeakamai, e noonoo pono i kēia manaʻo i ka lā, a no ka hooulu ana o ke kaiāulu. No ka laʻana, ka mea anthropologist Lewis Morgan ike okoa ia kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ekolu o kahiko kanaka: savagery, barbarism a me ka noho.

Social evolution Ua ike like me ka hoomau ana i ke kahua o liluwelo? Ueo. He ka mea e hiki mai ana ke kahua ma hope o ka helehelena o ka Homo sapiens. No laila, Lester Ward i ia ia i ka aoao maoliʻanuʻu i loko o ka ulu ana o ko mākou honua ma hope o cosmogenesis a me ka biogenesis.

Man like me ka huina hoonui o ka liluwelo a me ka nohona evolution

Evolution ua alakai ai i ka muli o nā mea a pau? Ueo a me populations o ola mea ma luna o ka Honua. Akā, no ke aha kanaka ua hoʻoneʻe oi loa aku ia i ka mea e ae? Ka mea i loko o laua me ka physiological loli hana a me ka nohona aʻe o ka evolution.

Ka mea mua a me ke kapuai i ka socialization i ole i kanaka a me ka ape, lalau aku i na mea paahana. Ua holomua ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mākau, a me ua mau miliona makahiki aku nei, aia no he mākaukau ke kanaka, ka mea i 'Imi ka hoʻohana' ana i ka hana i loko o kou ola.

Naʻe, uaʻaʻole i kākoʻo 'ia e ke kālā no' epekema i ka kumumanaʻo o ka hana i kekahi mau manamana nui like. Kēia ololi i hana i loko o ka huipūʻana me na mea e ae, e like me ka manaʻo, ka olelo, 'ē aʻe o ka bipi, a laila, i loko o ke kaiaulu. Ua makahiki he miliona eia kahi mea akaka Homo erectus - ka hoʻokomo o ka Homo sapiens. He ole wale hoʻohana akā, i produces na mea paahana, anapu ke ahi, kuke i ka ai me ka hoʻohana 'primitive olelo.

Ke kūlana o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me ka moʻomeheu i loko o ka evolution o

Kekahi miliona makahiki aku nei, liluwelo a me ka nohona evolution o kekahi e kaili ia wahi i loko o laua. Eia naʻe, 40 tausani makahiki aku nei, i ka liluwelo loli 'ūlōlohi kou uuku ae. Cro-Magnons mai i oko mai o mākou ma kā lākou mau helehelena. No kā lākou me Kinohi pāʻani i nui kūlana nohona aʻe o kanaka evolution.

Hoʻokahi kumumanaʻo ua maheleia i ekolu papa kuhikuhi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka nohona kanaka. Ka mua ua wehewehe aku ma keʻano o ke nō i loko o ka palapala o ka pōhaku, i pena. I kekahiʻanuʻu o ka domestication a me ka? Aneii o nā holoholona, e like me ka pono me ka hana ma ka mahiai a me ka apiculture. Ke kolu o ke kahua o ka wā o oaoieei-a me kaʻepekema holomua. Ua hoʻomaka me ka XV kenekulia a me ka mea nō ka hoʻomauʻana.

Me kēlā hou kanaka maoli i ka wā o kona hooponopono ana a me ka ole ma ke kaiapuni. Kumu me nā loina o Darwinian evolution, ma ka huli, e sidelined. No ka laʻana, ma kona ano maoli koho, a Radio nui i kūlana ma ka "sifting" nawaliwali kanaka, mea ole pela influential. Mahalo i ka 'inikua E hana' ia a me nā nawaliwali kanaka hiki ke hoʻomau i ka noho i loko o ke kēia kaiāulu.

Ka panina pähola 'o ka ulu

Ka poʻe me ka hana o Lamarck a me Darwin ma ke kumu o ke ola i Konakele. Evolutionism kumumanaʻo. Hooeueuia lakou e ka manaʻo o ke ana hou a me ka holomua o ke ola-ano, Europa thinkers manaoio nei makou aia no he hookahi haʻilula e ia lŘlŘ nohona evolution o ke kanaka.

Kekahi o ka mea mua, e kau aku i ko lakou mau hypotheses Ogyust Kont. He e hōʻike ana i ka theological (primitive, kula haʻahaʻaa), metaphysical a me ka 'oluʻolu (? Iie, kiʻekiʻe loa) kahua o? Acaeoey o ka naau a me ka pili ana.

Proponents o ka panina kumumanaʻo, ua hoi Spencer, Durkheim, Ward, Morgan a me Hana. Ko lakou mau manao OAOOUIEeE, akā, aia nō kekahi mau ai, i hana i ke kumu o ke kumumanaʻo.

• Manaʻo kanaka akaka i hookahi i kaʻahahui, a me kona loli i maoli a me ka pono;
• nohona evolution o ke kaiāulu ia lŘlŘ wale mai ka primitive a hiki i ka nui e hoʻomōhala ai, a me ka mea i hai kona mau kapuwaʻi;
• a pau moʻomeheu i ulu i ke ao laina, a kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka ia no nā mea a pau;
• Primitive kanaka e ma ka aʻe kahua o ka evolution, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'e noiʻi i ka primitive lehulehu.

Hōʻole ana i ka panina theories

Romantic & okua ia e pili ana i napoo hana o ke kaiāulu e hele ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia. World crises a me na kaua, hoʻoikaika ihola kānakaʻepekema, e lawe i kekahi nānā i mea e hanaia. I ka manaʻo o ka hou holomua ua ike me ka skepticism. I ka moolelo o na kanaka i Konakele. E hou laina, akā, cyclical.

Nā manaʻo o Oswald Spengler, Arnolda Toynbi ma laila Keia ke akeakamai o Ibn Khaldun o hai kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ka ola o ka maikai ana. Nō kāu, e hōʻike eha:

• hanau
• ala,
• waiwai nui
• ka make.

Penei, Spengler manaoio i ka mea lawe ma kahi o 1000 makahiki mai ka hanau ana i ka moʻomeheu ka palaho. Lev Gumilyov hāʻawi ia 1.200 makahiki. Western noho maikai ana ua manaoia e e kokoke ana i ka kūlohelohe hoole mai oia. Adherents o nā kula "pessimistic" ua hoi Manuela Boas, Margaret Mead, Pitirim Sorokin, Vilfredo Pareto , a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Neoevolutionism

Man like me ka huina hoonui o ka lawelawe evolution hookahi houʻia i loko o ka akeakamai o ka lua o ka hapalua o XX kenekulia. Kahikoia me ka 'epekema hōʻike, a me ka hoike ana o anthropology, mōʻaukala, ethnography, Lesli Uayt a me Dzhulian Styuard hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o Neo-evolutionism.

Ke hou manaʻo mea he hoʻololi kemikala o ka panina laina, versatile a me ka nunui-laina kŘkohu. ʻepekema hoomalau mai i ka manawa "holomua" i loko o kona manaʻo. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka moʻomeheu, aole ia e lele i loko o? Acaeoey, akā, i kekahi mau mea wale huikau like ai i ka mea mua shape loli kaʻina ia lŘlŘ oi smoothly.

Mea i hoʻokumu i Lesli Uayt kumumanaʻo he nui kūlana ma ka lawelawe evolution e lawe aku oe moʻomeheu, ka hōʻike kona papa kuhikuhiE koʻi no kanaka ka hoʻololiʻana i ke kaiapuni. He lawe mai ka ikehu manaʻo, e like me a me ka nui o ka ikaika ua hoʻomohala me ka hooulu ana o ka moʻomeheu. Penei,ʻo ia nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ekolu o? Acaeoey o ka hui: ka mahiai, a me ka wahie kuʻi nukeliu.

Postidustrialnaya a me ka 'ike kumumanaʻo

A me ka mea'ē aʻe manaÿo i loko o ke kakahiaka nui XX kenekulia, he mea i ka manaʻo o nā kia-hanalima lehulehu. Ke kumu nui i hoakaka ia no ka kumumanaʻo hiki ke ike i loko o nā hana o Bell, Toffler a me Brzezinski. Daniel Bell allocates ekolu ulu ho okumu ka anu u, a hoʻopili like me ka kekahi kiʻekiʻe o? Acaeoey a? Iecaianoaaiiie (e nānā. Table).

Postindustrial pae pili i nā mea a pau XIX kenekulia, a me ka lua o ka hapalua o XX. E like me ia Bell, kona papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona mea, e hoʻoikaika i ka pono o ke ola, ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka heluna ka ulu a me ka fertility. Ke kūlana o ka 'ike a me ka' epekema, piʻi pū. Ka pōʻaiawaiwai Ua hoʻomōhala i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā lawelawe a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ke kanaka a me ke kanaka.

E like me ka palena manawa o keia kumumanaʻo, he mea i ka manaʻo o ka hui 'ike, i ka hapa o ka kia-hanalima'āina. "Infosphere" pinepine kū mai me he okoa aneiai kaiaulu, pau ka i ka hana kaiaulu.

No ka mea ke kaiāulu kanaka, ike ua wehewehe aku ma ka mahuahua infospetsialistov,ʻeleu hoʻohana 'ana o ka Radio, kīwī a me nā Media,. Ke hiki hopena o ka noho kaʻawale? Acaeoey o ka 'ike, he pono ole ka lewa, i ka muli o ka e-aupuni a ka lehulehu, ke aupuni a me ka moku'āina, me ka piha nalowale o kaʻilihune a me ka nele i.

ka hopena

Social evolution o ke kaʻina hana o ka loli a me ka? Aeiino? O ke kaiāulu i loko i ka mea hoʻololi qualitatively, a oko a mai ka mua palapala. Aia i ka mau haʻilula no keia kaʻina. Like i loko o nā mea a pau ia mau hihia a pau, me ka manao o ka thinkers a me nā kānakaʻepekema i kū'ē'ē ai.

Kēlā me kēia kumumanaʻo i kona mau peculiarities a me ka oko ao, akā, ua hiki ke ike i ka mea, a pau i ka papa kuhikuhiE vectors ekolu:

• mōʻaukala o kanaka moʻomeheu mea cyclical, hele aku la lakou ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, mai ka hanau ana a hiki i ka make;
• Manaʻo kanaka ua loli Hawaiʻi mai na mea ano e nui, hemolele loa, mau ka hoʻomaikaʻi;
• kūpono 'ana o ke kuikahi o ka hopena o ka ka hoʻololiʻana i ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo' ia, e loli aʻe aie i ka loli i ka waiwai, a kohoʻia oi a pau i ka mua ano.