Hapa-naoh iaoia: algorithm

He nui Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana ho'āʻo me ka loli degere o'okesaside o na nā'ātoma i hana i ka mea kū'ē i huiʻia. Kākau nā helu kaulike reactions redox type ua pinepine pu ma ka pilikia i ana i ka coefficients mua kēlā me kēia haʻilula waiwai. No keia mea, ano ua ua ulu e pili ana i ka lolouila a lolouila-ionic kauoha o ka makana koena. I ka 'atikala ho'ākāka i ka lua o ka hele ana i na nā helu kaulike.

hapa-naoh iaoia, i ka i loko o

He kapa i huina'ine-ion koena hoi o ka makana kaʻi lau waiwai multipliers. Ma muli o hana o āina negatively i hoopiiia (particles) ma waena o anions paha cations ma ka noho male 'ana meakino me kekahi pH waiwai.

Ma ka reactions o oxidative a me reductive electrolytes 'ano' ole me ka io Ion a maikaʻi malama. Nā helu kaulike hakakino ion? Ueony, ma muli hapalua naoh iaoiaeii komo, maopopo ÷ ike i ka pā like o kekahi kaʻina.

E hana i ke koena o nā electrolytes ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi kūikawā notation ikaika loulou like ionic (particles) a me ka moe kolohe i pili ai, a me ke kinoea hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka palapala o undissociated nā lātoma. Ka haku mele 'ana Pono e hōʻike i puhi ai (particles) a hoʻololi i kā lākou degere o ka'okesaside. E hoʻoholo i ka noho male 'ana meakino i loko o kaulike Kû keʻakika (H ^+), mekala' åkilikai (OH ^-) a'ākilikai (H ₂ O) ana.

No ka mea ana?

Ka WRA papa hana ua kuhikuhi i ka hapa-naoh nā helu kaulike kākau ionic kaawale no ka'okesaside a me ka ho'ēmiʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ka hope loa koena e ia i ko lakou huina.

manaʻo kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao

Ke kākau 'ana i kona mau peculiarities hapalua naoh hana. Ke algorithm maupaʻa ke kēia mau kapuwai.

- Ke anu u mua o ke kākauʻana i lalo nā papakuhikuhi no a pau reactants. No kekahi laʻana:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- A laila, e pono e hoʻouka i ka hiʻona mai ka Nine Inch wahi o ka hoomaopopo, kēlā me kēia ke keʻena o ke kaʻina. Ma keia naoh, KMnO ₄ hana like oxidizer, H ₂ S o ka hoemi hope, a HCl Ho'ākāka 'kaʻakika' ia.

- ke kolu o ka anu u E e palapala ma luna o ka hou laina haʻilula ionic hui reacting i ka ikaika electrolyte Loaʻaʻia i loko o nā nā'ātoma o ka a he mea he loli o ke degere o ka'okesaside me. Ma keia naoh MnO ₄ ^-ʻoihana'ē aʻe e like me ka oxidizing Agena, H ₂ S o ka hoemi mea kemikala a me H ⁺ oxonium cation a H ₃ O ⁺ Ho'ākāka 'kaʻakika' ia. Ke gaseous, paa paha nawaliwali electrolytic hui hōʻike kōna hakakino nā papakuhikuhi.

Ike i ka hoʻomaka eiiiiiaiou, e ho'āʻo e hooholo i ke ano o ka oxidizing a me ka hoemi hope e e hoemi a oxidized palapala, niioaaonoaaiii. I kekahi manawa hope 'ona i mua ua i hoakaka ia ma na kumu, a kōkua ai i nā ka hana. ʻO kēia nā helu kaulike hoike hoʻololi H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide) i S (luaipele), a me ka anion MnO ₄ ^- ma HI ²⁺ cation.

No ka mea koena o ka'ātoma (particles) ma ka hema a me ka pono, i kauwahi maʻakika 'ia ua hou hydrogen cation H ⁺ ka wai hakakino paha. Ke kona'ākilikai pāʻoihana i hoʻohuiʻia hydroxide Ion OH ^- a H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → HI ²⁺

Ma kekahi pāʻoihana o ka oxygen ma'Ātoma pu me manganatnyh Ion H ⁺ palapala wai nā lātoma. E equalize Ua palapala i ka helu ana o hehee wale, e like me ka helu kaulike: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + HI ^2+.

A laila, balancing ua lawe uila. E hana i kēia, noonoo i ka huina dala o ka uku ole i koe i loko o ka wahi, e huli ehiku, a laila, ma kaʻaoʻao'ākau, elua Haʻalele i ka. E koe i ka kaʻina ua hou a hiki i ka wahi ho pono elima io (particles): 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + HI ^2+. Ua huli mai hapalua-naoh ola.

Ano, equalize i ka helu o nā'ātoma e e'okesaside kaʻina. No keia ua hou ma ka'ākauʻaoʻao hydrogen cations: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

Ma hope o equalizing kauoha ua hana: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. It ua ike ia ka ho hui ia e hoopau ana mau io (particles). Ua huli mai hapalua naoh o ka'okesaside kaʻina.

E palapala i ka mau nā helu kaulike i loko o ke kia ao, a ke aho i ka nou ana la o, a maliu 'āhewa' ana. E like me ka rula o ka manao paa o ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi mau ua koho no kela a me keia hapalua-naoh i kou multiplier. Ua ua hoonuiia ka oxidative a me ka reductive helu kaulike.

Ano ia mea hiki, e lawe mai i ka summation o na a lahilahi elua, pelupelu hema a me ka pololeiʻaoʻao pu a me ka hoemi i ka helu o ka uila? Ueo.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + HI ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + Aloha} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5S

Ke kūpono helu kaulike ke emi ka helu o H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S.

Mākou e nānā i ka pono o ka ion koena ma ka helu i ka helu o ka o oxygen nā'ātoma i na pua, a ma hope ka mea, i mea like me 8. Ua mea i pono, e hōʻoia i ka hope loa 'āhewa' ana, a me ka loiloi mua hapa o ke kaulike. (+6) + (-2) = +4. Inā pau 'ākau, ka mea, ua palapala pololei.

hapa-naoh iaoia welau a me ka hoʻololi, mai ka hakakino ion i hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma ka helu kaulike. No kēlā me kēia huna i ka anion a me ka cation hapa o ka haʻalele koena ma luna o ka mea e ku pono kauoha i koho ion. A laila, ka mea, i laila 'o ia ma kaʻaoʻao'ākau, ma ka hookahi dala. Ano, o ka Ion hiki e pili ana i ka mea a pau lātoma.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S

^{6Cl - + 2k + → 6Cl -} + 2k +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5S + 2KCl.

Pili i ke ano o ka hapa-reactions, ka algorithm i mea e kākau i ka hakakino helu kaulike, ka mea e hiki a me ke 'ano palapala uila mea kaupaona.

Hoʻoholo 'ana o oxidizing konohiki

he kūlana Oia ua pâʻani 'o ia ma ka ionic,'ātoma paha hakakino nāʻoihana i loaa negatively kauoha electrons. Oxidising waiwai undergo hoihoi hou ia ana i loko o ka reactions. Ka mea, i lolouila drawback, i hiki ke hoopuni piha. Ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana nā redox hapalua naoh.

'Aʻole nā waiwai i ka hiki i ka paʻa electrons. Ma ka ikaika oxidizing reagents loaʻa:

• halogen 'elele;
• ʻakika e like me nitric, sulfuric a me ka selenium;
• potasiuma permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• tetravalent manganese a me ke kēpau oxides;
• i ke kālā a me ke gula ion;
• hui gaseous ka oxygen;
• divalent keleawe oxides a me monovalent kala;
• chlorine-i loaʻa ka paakai eiiiiiaiou;
• vodka alii;
• hydrogen peroxide.

Paa o ka hoemi

Ia kūlana no e ionic,'ātoma paha hakakino (particles), a haawi aku i ka io kauoha. Ma ka reactions hoemi waiwai undergo oxidative hoopilikia mai i cleavage o electrons.

Ua hoemi waiwai :

• Ka Poeikohoia o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia;
• tetravalent luaipele i huiʻia me ka hydrogen sulfide;
• halogen nāʻakika;
• me ka hao, chromium, a me ka manganese sulufahate;
• stannous koloriside;
• naikokene-na konohiki e like me ʻakika nitrous, stannous'okesaside, hydrazine a me ka ammonia;
• maoli i carbon a me ka divalent'okesaside;
• hydrogen lātoma;
• phosphorousʻakika.

Pono o ke ano o ka huina'ine-ion

E kākau i kekahi redox naoh, hapa-naoh iaoiaeii ua hoʻohana 'oi pinepine ma mua o ka lolouila type koena.

O ke kumu ho i ka pono e huina'ine-ion iaoia :

1. I ka manawa o ke kākau i ka helu kaulike e noonoo pono i ka mea maoli Ion a me nā hui e ola like hapa o ka pāʻoihana.
2. Oe hiki ole initially i 'ike e pili ana i ka loaa ana i ka hui, ka mea, e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka hope loa kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.
3. He kuponoʻikepili ma ke degere o ka'okesaside manawa ole.
4. Aie i ka hana ia mea hiki ke ike i ka helu ana o electrons komo i loko o ka hapa-naoh like hoʻololi i ka pH waiwai o ka pāʻoihana.
5. Ma ka hoemi nā helu kaulike ionic? Ueo? Anoee hiʻona o keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka 'ole o ka mea kūpono i huiʻia.

Hapa-naoh iʻakika pāʻoihana

Lawe mai i ka helu i oi hydrogen Ion nonoi aku nei i ke kumu o algorithm. Ano O hapa-naoh iʻakika meakino me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ia e hoʻomaka' ana o kekahi kaʻina. A laila, ua kāheaʻia lākou i loko o keʻano o nā nā helu kaulike o ka ion? Ueo i loko o kaʻaeʻana me ke koena o ka'ātoma a me ka uila kauoha. Kaawale kākau keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka oxidative a me reductive ano.

E align ka 'ātoma i oxygen e kēiaʻaoʻao reactions me ka i koe e lawe mai kona hydrogen cations. Na dala o H ⁺ E e lawa e loaa i ka hakakino wai. Ae o oxygen deficiency wahi H ₂ O.

A laila, lawe mai i ke koena o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma a me electrons.

E ka summation o nā helu kaulike ma mua, a ma hope o ka pua a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na coefficients.

Hana i ka ia ka ho'ēmiʻana o nā Ion a me nā lātoma. Ma mua kākau reagents i loko o ka huina hou o ka nalowale helu kaulike hana anionic a me cationic? Ueo. Lākou helu mua, a ma hope o ka pua pono Aʻohe.

Helu kaulike OVR (hapa-naoh iaoia) ua noʻonoʻo ka wā kākau i ka hoʻopau 'ana i olelo o ka hakakino? Ueo e e hookoia. Next i kēlā me kēia ke keʻena pono ia i kekahi ololi.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kaʻakika ana

Ke naoh o ka paʻakai nitrite me ka chloricʻakika hiki aku ai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka paʻakai nitrate a me hydrochloricʻakika. No ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na coefficients ka hoʻohana i ke ano o ka hapa-reactions, examples o ke kakau ana nā helu kaulike pili me ka PAaIEN o kaʻakika kaiapuni.

NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → NaNO ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ O + Cl ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ O + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ O + Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Ma kēia kaʻina hana, he nitrite o ka paʻakai nitrate ua loaa, a mai ka chloricʻakika i hana i ka paakai. 'okesaside ka papahelu loli me ka naikokene 3 i ka 5, a me ka chlorine kauoha 5 lilo -1. Nā huahana mai e hana i ka precipitate.

Hapa-naoh i ka'ākilikai 'ia

E mālama nei ho ka wā oi hydroxide Ion hoʻopili like me ka helu no kaʻakika pāʻoihana. Ano O hapalua naoh i loko o kona'ākilikai meakino i hoʻomaka i ka hoike eiiiiiaiou o ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka palapala o ionic nā helu kaulike. Oko ao malama i ka pono o'ātoma ka oxygen. Penei, ae mai kona naoh me ka loa hakakino lawe mai i ka wai, a hiki i kaʻaoʻao e ku pono ana appends hydroxide anions.

Ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka lātoma o H ₂ O Hōʻike i ka likeʻole i loko o ka nui o ka o oxygen ma mua, a ma hope o ka pua, a no ka Ion OH ^- ia papalua. Ma'okesaside hope paha e hana e like me ka hoemi hope i O nā'ātoma ma hydroxyl anions.

Ano O hapalua naoh nā kūlanaʻelua lawelawe i nāʻanuʻu i koe o ka algorithm, a coincide me ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana a i ka oi o kaʻakika. Ka hope? Acoeueoao o ka helu kaulike o ka hakakino? Ueo.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike no ka'ākilikai meakino

I ka hoʻohuihui iodine me ka paʻakai hydroxide hana paʻakai iodide a me iodate, o ka wai nā lātoma. No ka koena kaʻina hoʻohana 'ana i ka hapalua o naoh hana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mekala 'åkilikai pāʻoihana i kā lākou i Kekahi Mau' pili i ka equalization o'ātoma ka oxygen.

NaOH + I ₂ → NaI + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

Au + E ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + I - 5e - →} I - + 3H ₂ O + IO ₃ ^- | 1

Au + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ O + 5I ^- + IO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

Ka hopena o ka naoh i ka nalowaleʻana o ka lila coloration o hakakino iodine. Aia He He loli'okesaside moku'āina o ka hehee ai mai ka 0 a hiki i 1 a me ka 5, e hana iodide a me ka paʻakai iodate.

Naoh i loko o ka'ākilikai nā kaiapuni

Nō kāu e pili ana i keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka hydrolysis e lilo nawaliwaliʻakika paʻakai (me ka pH waiwai ma waena o 6 a me 7) ole iki walaʻauʻana (i ka pH 7 me 8) pāʻoihana.

hapalua naoh hana i loko o ka'ākilikai nā meakino ua kākau i loko o kekahi mau wale nō.

Ma ka hana mua, aole e lawe i loko o ka nui o ka paakai hydrolysis. Ka meakino Ua ia me ka'ākilikai, a ma ka hema o ka pua kaila hakakino ka wai. Ma kēiaʻano, he hapa-reactions lawe no kaʻakika, a me kekahi - no kona'ākilikai.

Ka lua o ka papa hana mea pono no keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o i ia mea hiki ke hookupaa aku i ka He kokekau wale pH waiwai. A laila, i ka naoh no ke ano o ka ion-huina'ine manaʻo i loko o ka'ākilikai pahaʻakika pāʻoihana.

Eia kekahi laʻana'ākilikai nā meakino

I ka hydrogen sulfide hui me ka paʻakai dichromate i loko o ka wai ua loaa precipitate luaipele, paʻakai, a trivalent chromium hydroxide. He He typical pane no ka'ākilikai nā pāʻoihana.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + 3s + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Hydrogen cations a hydroxide anions ka wā hui, hana he 6 nā lātoma o ka wai. Ka mea, hiki ke wehe 'ia ma ka akau a me ka lima hema, e waiho ana i ka oi ana i ka pua.

H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^2- → 3s + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ O → 2NaOH + 3s + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

I ka pau ana o ka naoh i precipitate o chromium hydroxide'ōniʻoniʻo uliuli a me ka melemele luaipele i loko o ka'ākilikai pāʻoihana me ka paʻakai hydroxide. Ke oxidative mana o ka hehee ai S lilo -2 i 0, a ua hoopiiia me ka chromium +6 huli i 3.