He aha ka arsenic? Helehelena, ka waiwai a me ka noi

Arsenic - Nine Inch hehee ai naikokene pae (Group 15 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina). Kēia oho mea hao alohilohi brittle waiwai (α-arsenic) me ka rhombohedral aniani puka olu oia. I ka enaena i 600 ° C E like me sublimates. Ma ka anuanu, he uahi, he hou ka hoʻololi '- Yellow arsenic. Luna 270 ° C a pau e neʻe maila i ka like i loko o kaʻeleʻele arsenic.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Ka mea i keia arsenic i ikeia loa ma mua o ka hoʻomaopopo pono o kona Nine Inch hehee wale. Ka IV c. BC. e ka. Aristotle i olelo mai ai o kekahi waiwai i kapaia "sandarak", i ua manawa manaoio e i Ua realgar, a arsenic sulfide. A i loko o ke au kenekulia BC. e ka. Pliniy Starshy a kākau moʻolelo Pedany Dioscoride ho'ākāka 'ia ma auripigment - kalameaʻai E like me ₂ S _3. Ma XI ma. n. e ka. ka oko aoʻekoluʻano likeʻole "arsenic" keʻokeʻo (E like me ₄ O _6), yellow (E like me ₂ S _3), a me ka ia ula (E like me ka ₄ S _4). Ka'ikamu ia paha i kaʻawale mua i loko o ka XIII kenekulia, Albert ka Nui, ka mea i kaulana i ke ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia-me waiwai wā Ars, iʻikeʻia me E like me ₂ S ₃ Ua enaena me ke kopa a me ka wai. Akā, e hilinai ana ma ka oiaio i ke nä känaka 'epekema maoli ua maemae arsenic,ʻaʻohe. Ka mua oiaio hoike o ka auaaeaiea o ka maemae Nine Inch hehee ai ua hana ia i ka 1649. German pharmacist Iogann Shreder hoʻomākaukau arsenic, paio hahana maoli nō ia i loko o ke alo o ke kalapona monoxide. Hope me Nikolao Lemery, Palani kauka a me chemist malama i ke kahua o keia Nine Inch hehee ai ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia i ka läÿau, o ka'okesaside, a me ka potash soaps. Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka XVIII kenekulia, arsenic i uaʻikeʻia me ke kū hoʻokahi kalaka nui-mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

prevalence

Ka honua ka pńpa a me ka mea haahaa arsenic lehulehu ua 1.5 ppm. Ua Ua loaʻa ma ka aina a me nā minelala hao a me ke komo i loko o ka lewa, i ka wai a me ka lepo ma muli o ka makani a me ka wai ka'aʻaiawāʻana. Eia kekahi, he hehee ai komo i ka lewa, mai nā kumu. E like me ka hopena o ka lua pele i loko o ka lewa ua hookuu ma kahi o 3 tausani. T arsenic no ka makahiki, microorganisms kuahene 20 tausani. T e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie metilarsina o ka makahiki, a me ka hopena o ke ahi i loko o ka ia wā mōʻalihaku ua anao? Aou 80 tausani. T.

I loko nō o ka mea i ka E like me - he make make, ia mea pono i ke keʻena o ka mana o kekahi mau holoholona, a me ka malama o hiki mai kanaka, eia nae ka mea e pono ai mahele lāʻau i oi 0,01 mg / lā.

Arsenic mea paʻakikī loa e unuhi i loko o ka wai-wailana 'ole e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie moku'āina. Ka mea i ka mea, Ua lawe lima, 'o ia hoʻi i ka nui lehulehu o ka waiwai i loko o kekahi wahi i kekahi hiki ole hōʻike. Ma ka kekahi lima, keia mea maikai, akā, ma ka 'ē aʻe - i ka nanea ana me a ia hohola, o ke kumu i ka arsenic mea hoʻohaumia ua lilo i ko Salisbury mau pilikia. Ma muli o ke kanaka hana,ʻano nui ma hoʻouku a me ka heheʻe, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO immobile Nine Inch hehee ai E neʻe i, a me ka manawa e hiki ke loaʻa ole wale i loko o nā wahi o kona maoli lehulehu.

I ka nui o ka arsenic i loko o ka pńpa mea o ka hola 5 g. No ke tona. I ka makahiki, ka mea, ua oaeuiinoe like me ka lehulehu o ka 4 nā'ātoma no miliona silikone nā'ātoma. Kēia hehee ai ua hoʻomano haawi. A uuku huina mea i loaʻa i loko o ka oiwi moku'āina. Nō kāu, i ke kahua o 90-98% maemae arsenic i hoʻomaka ai pu me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me antimony a me ke kala. Ka hapa nui o ia, nae, o kekahi hapa o ka oi ma mua o 150 'okoʻa nā minelala hao - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides a me arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS o kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole E like me-e hali ana i nā minelala hao. Other like arsenic i huiʻia - nā minelala hao realgar E like me ₄ S _4, auripigment E like me ₂ S _3, loellingite FeAs a me enargite ₂ cu ₃ hoki _4. No hoi, he pono ole arsenic'okesaside. Ka hapa nui o keia mea he he he hopena ia o ka smelting o ke keleawe, ke kēpau pōkā, cobalt, a me ke gula i eliia.

Ma ke ano maoli, he mea hoʻokahi wale nō i ka pilina paʻa nā kālaiōewe o arsenic - ⁷⁵ E like me. Iwaena oʻimi hoʻopunipuni radioactive isotopes hoʻokuʻu ⁷⁶ E like me l hapa-ola o 26,4 hola. Arsenic-72, -74 a -76 e hoʻohana i ka 'inikua lapaʻau' ana.

Hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana '

Metal arsenic arsenopyrite hoomakaukau e hahana maoli nō kēia i 650-700 ° C me ka hookipaia o ka lewa. Inā arsenopyrite a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia i eliia enaena me ka o oxygen, ka like hoopuni reacts me ia ma ka hui palapala ma ka haiia sublimes E like me ₄ O _6, iʻikeʻia me "keʻokeʻo arsenic". Ua ohi'okesaside ohu, a Punk, a me a laila hou-hoomaemaeia ma ka sublimation. Loa E like me ka mea ua hua mai ma muli o carbon ka ho'ēmiʻana o keʻokeʻo arsenic pela loaa.

World hokii, o ka mea hao arsenic, kŘpa a uuku - wale he mau haneri tona no ka makahiki. Nui o ka mea ua lukuʻia, ke hele mai, mai Kuekene. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o metallurgy no ka mea, o kona metalloid waiwai. About 1% o ka arsenic ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o kēpau pana, e like me ka mea hoonui ae i ka roundness o ka hoʻoheheʻeʻia droplets. Nā waiwai o ka hanau ana oka a nānā 'ana i kēpau e hoʻoponopono hou' elua i loko o ka thermal, a me mechanical ano o ia ka mea, aia no iloko olaila ma kahi o 3% o ka arsenic. Ke alo aku o ke dala liilii, o keia Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ke alakaʻi i oka a tempers ia no ka hoʻohana i ka iuo aaoa? A me ka uwea kapa kila. Small impurities i arsenic mahuahua ka popopo ia'ku a me thermal waiwai o ke keleawe a me ke keleawe. Ka maemae elemental Nine Inch E like me ke keleawe ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka ana ka paleʻana, a ma ka pyrotechnics. Lahui arsenic loaa palapala noi i ka mea uholo uila enehana, kahi e ua hoʻohana me ka silikone a me ka germanium, e like me ia ma ka palapala o ka gallium arsenide (GaAs) i loko o ka diodes, kukuna a me transistors.

E like me ka hui

Mai arsenic valence o 3 a me ka 5, a me ka mea, he mau'okesaside Hawaii mai -3 i +5, ka hehee ai e lilo acee? Iuo oeiia o ka hui. Ka mea nui wale kalepa manaʻo nui kona oxides, walaʻauʻana ano o a nō ka E like me ₄ O ₆ a me E like me ₂ O _5. Arsenous'okesaside, mau ike me keʻokeʻo arsenic, - he he hopena ia pūlehu lākou i eliia o ke keleawe, ke kēpau, a kekahi'ē aʻe ke hooheheeia, e like me sulfide i eliia, a arsenopyrite. He mea ka hoʻomaka mea no ka hapanui o ka mea'ē aʻe i huiʻia. Eia hou, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o pesticides, decolorizing hope paha ma ka hana o ke aniani, a preservative no ka ili i hoʻohana. arsenic pentoxide ua hanaʻia ka wā olohelohe ia lakou i ka oxidant (e laʻa me, nitricʻakika) i keʻokeʻo arsenic. He ka papa 'Oponopono o insecticides, herbicides a me ka lina no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Arsine (lehu _3),ʻawahia colorless kinoea oia hoi o ka hydrogen a me ka arsenic, - o kekahi i ike ia ka waiwai. I ka waiwai nui, i kapaʻia arsenical hydrogen e hoomakaukau e hydrolysis o ka metala arsenides, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia loaa mai arsenic i huiʻia me kaʻakika pāʻoihana. He Ua loaʻa palapala noi me ka dopant ma semiconductors, a me kou make kinoea. I ka mahiʻai, nui arsenicʻakika (H ₃ AsO _4), alakai arsenate (PbHAsO ₄₎ a me ka kalipuna arsenate [Ca ₃ (AsO _{4) 2],} a e hoʻohana i ka sterilize i ka aina a me ka pest e hooponopono.

Arsenic - Nine Inch hehee ai ho okumu i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ke aloha i huiʻia. Kakodin (Ch _{3) 2} E like me-E like me _{(CH3) 2,} no kekahi laʻana, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka makaukau ana o ka hoʻomano hoʻohana desiccant (ka maloʻoʻana Agena) - cacodylicʻakika. Complex ke aloha i huiia o ka hehee ai ia i loko o ka iapaau ana o kekahi mau maʻi e like me amoebic ka hī koko, kena ae la ia e microorganisms.

physical waiwai

He aha ka arsenic i hua'ōlelo o kona physical waiwai? Ma kona loa ka pilina paʻa ana, ia mea he brittle paa kila oho ano me ka haʻahaʻa thermal a me ka uila conductivity. Oiai kekahi ano o E like me ka mea metala-me, kona paha i 'ole-ke hooheheeia - he oi pololei characterization o arsenic. Aia nō 'ē aʻe ke ano o ka arsenic, akā,' aʻole loa maikaʻi? Anoee ka mea, o ka oi aku yellow metastable palapala, oia o nā lātoma E like me _4, e like keʻokeʻo phosphorus P _4. Arsenic sublimes ma ka wela o ka 613 ° C, a me ka mahu ka mea i koe me nā lātoma E like me _4, a e ole dissociate i ka wela o ka ma kahi o 800 ° C. Piha dissociation o nā lātoma ma luna o ka E like me ₂ i wahi ma ka 1700 ° C.

'ātoma 'ole a me ka hana i ka lilo o na mea paa

Electronic arsenic haʻilula - 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ² 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p ^{3 -} e like naikokene a me phosphorus i loaʻa elima electrons i loko o ka pā iwi, akā, ka mea, i kekahi mai o ia i loko o ke alo o ka 18 electrons i loko o ka penultimate iwi kahi o elua a ʻewalu. Hou o 10 maikaʻi 'āhewa' ana i loko o ka 'ōlelo i hoopiha mai ana i elima 3d-orbitals pinepine ke kumu nui i emi ai ka huina'ine ao a me ka ulu electronegativity hehee wale. Arsenic i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaaina hiki ke hoohalikeia me nā pūʻulu, i maopopo ÷ ike i kēia kumu. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua nui maliuia mai ia kiniki Ua oi electronegative ma mua o makanekiuma a me ka gallium - ma mua o Aluminum. Naʻe, i loko o ka kēia pae, ua like emi, a me na mea he nui mai i 'aelike me ka mea i Germany electronegativity o silikone, hoʻowahāwahā i ka nui loa o Nine Inch hoike. Ua hoʻololi mai 8- i 18-aeeaʻili lahilahi mai phosphorus e arsenic ke hoʻonui i ka electronegativity, akā, e noho controversial.

Similarity E like me ka mea ma waho iwi a me ka P Hōʻike i ka mea hiki ke hana ekolu covalent paa ana no'Ātoma i loko o ke alo o nā MAKAHIKI MDCCCXVI NU huina'ine paʻa. Ke'okesaside nolaila, pono e +3 a -3, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka manao lokahi pili electronegativity. Ka 'ole o ka arsenic kekahi paipai i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻohana' ana i ka mawaho, d-orbitals no ke anoe o ka octet e leie aku ka hehee ai, e hana i ka 5 ano laulea. Ua Ua hoʻomaopopo wale i loko o ka naoh me ka fluorine. Ke alo aku o ka noa huina'ine paʻa no ke kahua o ka luna 'i huiʻia (Via huina'ine donation) E like me ka'Ātoma i Konakele. Nui uuku ma mua o ka phosphorus a me ka naikokene.

Arsenic mea i ka pilina paʻa i loko o kahi ea akā, i loko o nā hua uhi me ka eleele'okesaside. Kona ohu i combusted hoopuni kuahene E like me ₂ O _3. He aha ka arsenic i loko o ka noa moku'āina? Ua Ua kokoke i paku ole ia i ka wai, alkalis a me ka 'ole-oxidizing nāʻakika, akā, ua oxidized me nitricʻakika i ka moku'āina +5. Mai arsenic pane koke halogens, ka luaipele, a me na mea hiki ke hooheheeia kuahene arsenides.

mākau kemika

Ka waiwai hiki ke 'akomi i qualitatively arsenic like me ka melemele orpiment precipitates ma lalo o ka hana o ka 25% hydrochloricʻakika pāʻoihana. Ko läkou 'o E like me, ana manao ana o kona huli ana i ka arsine, i hiki ke' akomi i ma ka March hoao. Arsine ua thermally decomposed e hana i kaʻeleʻele aniani o arsenic i loko o ka pilikia Tube. Ma ka hana Gutzeitʻimi impregnated me ka Hereme koloriside ma lalo o ka hana o ka arsine poeleele ma muli o ke kimu o Hereme.

arsenic toxicological ano

aeea kaʻawahia a me kona nā mea loaʻa i kaiāulu loli aʻe i loko o ke ākea huahelu, mai loaʻawahia arsine a me kona aloha nā mea loaʻa i wale E like me, i mea kŘpa a inert. I mea arsenic, i mai la hoʻohana o kona aloha i huiʻia me Nine Inch kaua konohiki (Lewisite) a me ka defoliant blister Agena ( "Agena uliuli" me ka nānā 'ana ma ka koʻana koko läÿau, he 5% o cacodylicʻakika, 26% paʻakai paakai a pau).

I mau, nā mea loaʻa o keia Nine Inch hehee ai nāuki mai i kaʻili, a i dermatitis. I haawiia hoomalu mai inhalation o arsenic-i loaʻa ka lepo, akā loa kaʻapu kōheoheo ia lŘlŘ ka wā kino. I kā mākou ana lehulehu o like i loko o ka lepo noʻewalu-hora lā o 0.5 mg / ka m ^3. No ka arsine mahele lāʻau ua hoemi ia 0,05 o ka miliona. Ma waho o ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka hui ana o ka Nine Inch hehee ai me herbicides a me pesticides, arsenic palapala noi i pharmacology alaila kuu aku la salvarsan - mua holomua lāʻau ma luna o syphilis.

Hopena i ola

Arsenic o kekahi o ka loaʻawahia hehee wale. 'okanikaʻole i huiʻia o ka Nine Inch loaʻa maoli ai ma ka liʻiliʻi dala. Mea hoʻohana i e waiho kokoke ana i arsenic ma ka ai, ka wai a me ka makani. I ka waiū hiki no hoi i hoʻomaka ai ma luna o ka leo o ka ili me ka ua hoʻohaumiaʻia ka lepo wai paha.

ka arsenic maʻiʻo mea nō haʻahaʻa i kaʻai. Eia naʻe, kona pae i ka iʻa a me ka pūpū hiki e loa kiʻekiʻe, no ka mea, omoʻia Nine Inchʻeleu hehee ai o ka wai i loko o a lakou i noho ai. A nui ka nui o'okanikaʻole arsenic i loko o ka iʻa e ia i ka p ÷ ino i kanaka ola.

Nā waiwai o nā waiwai 'ē aʻe paha i na kanaka e hana me ia, e noho ma ka hale i kūkulu o ka laau lapaau ana me ia, a ma ka mahiʻai aina, i loko o ka hala i hoʻohana pesticides.

'okanikaʻole arsenic hiki i likeʻole ola 'ole e like me ae hookaawale ana i ka opu a me ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻemi? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kaʻulaʻula, a keʻokeʻo koko keena, ili loli, a me ka akemāmā ae hookaawale. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ke omo o ka nui nui o keia waiwai e hoomahuahua i ka manawa o ka ulu maʻi 'aʻai, o ka oi aku ili maʻi' aʻai, akemāmā, ake a me ka lymphatic kahua.

Loa kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like o'okanikaʻole arsenic i ke kumu o ka infertility a me ka miscarriage i ka wahine, dermatitis, hookuu iho ia'ku i nā mea palahēhē, naʻau pilikia a me ka lolo ka pōʻino. Eia kekahi, ua Nine Inch hehee ai ka hiki ana ā 'inoʻino kekahi DNA.

Lethal mahele lāʻau keʻokeʻo arsenic mea 100 mg.

O ke aloha i huiʻia o ka hehee ai a maʻi 'aʻai, a hoʻopilikia maoli i ka aaiaoe kivila e ole i, akā, kiʻekiʻe nā māhele hiki i ka hewa ana i kanaka ola, e like me ia i ko mākou hopohopo kāna hana a me kaʻeha i loko o ka abdomen.

E like me ka waiwai

XIX. Nine Inch a physical waiwai o arsenic kēia:

• 'ātoma helu - 33.
• 'ātoma kaumaha - 74,9216.
• Heheʻe wahi oho punahelu - 814 ° C ma ka puʻe o ka 36 me ka lewa.
• Nuʻa oho punahelu - 5,73 g. / Knm ³ ma 14 ° C.
• I ka pa apŘ o ka yellow palapala - 2,03 g. / Knm ³ ma 18 ° C.
• Electronic arsenic haʻilula - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p _^3.
• 'okesaside moku'āina - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency o arsenic - 3, 5.