He aha ka i ka leo o ke mele. Song Key. Major, Minor

Prior i Ka Ikepili o ka ua wahine haku mele 'ana mea hoolea mua a me ka mea mua oia e lohe i ka leo, a me nā kī huapalapala. No ka mea, e loli ai,ʻaʻole wale nō i ka pololei heluhelu ana o ke mele, akā, i ka pono o ka huahana. An hana hoihoi oiaio ka ia he nui loa i ka haku mele i ke kala lohe, a ho i kēlā me kēia leo i loko o kekahi mau waihoʻoluʻu. Ua mea i ulia i ka hana i kēia? A i 'ole ka mea he maalea pā pono?

I ka manaʻo a me ka wehewehena o ka tonality

Famous theorists B. L. Yavorsky a me IV Sposobin hōʻike 'ana i keia mea he kiʻekiʻe-ala kuakea ma kūlana. No ka laʻana, ina ka tonic "e" a me ke ala "Major", i ka leo e e "C nui".

Ma ka oi ololi (kekahi) waiwai o ka tonality i kani - ia mea i ke ano o ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai kaawale ana o ke ano laulea me ka kekahi kiekie. Wale i kēia manawa ma luna o ka muli o leokanipū triads. He typical no ke aloha o 17-19 kenekulia (panina-pilialoha). Ma keia mau hihia, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ke ola o kekahi mau tonalities o ko lākou pili nenoaiu. E like me ka hoʻohālike hapaha a me ka lima o ka hoa kanaka, kā lākou nā kī, ia laua , ia inoa, a pela aku.

Kekahi ano. Kēia hierarchical centralized nenoaiie o kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻena palapala i mea functionally differentiated (differentiated). Mai kona hoʻokuʻi pū me ka hoonaulu ladotonalnost hana.

Ke kamaʻilio ma ka 16th kenekulia

I ka leo o ke mele o ka 16th kenekulia mea i loko o ka quandary. Ka manawa hoʻolauna i ka 1821, F. A. J. Kekahuna Blazlom (ike Palaniʻimi naʻauao). He hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala, a kaʻana like 'ana i ka manaʻo o ka tonality i ka makahiki 1844, F. Zh. Fetis. I Rusia, i ka makahiki i ole hoʻohana i nā mea a pau a hiki i ka hopena o ka 19th kenekulia. Ma na hana o Rimsky-Korsakov a me Tchaikovsky ma tonal lokahi ua wahi loaʻa. Wale puke Taneyev "Counterpoint i loko o ka Kānana 'Style", he pau i ka 1906, nana e hookahe i ka malamalama ma luna o laila.

Ka manawa "leo" loaʻa paha kekahi mau manaʻo. Mua, ka mea ladotonalnaya harmonics-ooieoeiiaeuiiai kahua. Ka lua, ia mea he maopopo kamaʻilio i loko o ke mele. Ia mea, i kekahiʻano o ka modal ma ka kekahi kiekie. ʻO kēia manaʻo o ka leo e akakaʻi hoikeia ma ka hana o Karla Dalhauza. He Hawaii ia ia ma ke akea pono. Ma muli o kona manaʻo, e lilo ia i maopopo i drevnemodalnaya Gregorian keʻoli - keia mea i ka mua hāpana o ka leo. He memo mea, ma ka hou ana i ka chord-harmonic, melodic leo ma laila.

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka tonality

1. Ke alo aku o ka kekahi abutment a waena. Ua hiki e ke kani, he chord a he loa okoa kikowaena hehee ai.
2. Ke alo aku o ka kekahi hui o ke kani ana, a 'ana hiehie ia i loko o ka'ōnaehana o hierarchical subordination.
3. A hookahi abutment,-oaio?, A he holoʻokoʻa'ōnaehana no e paa ma ke ki eki e. Mai keia ka mea, penei i ke kamaʻilio ma ka puolo presupposes ke ano o ka centralization, Aia puni ka ua hehee ai.
4. Keiki (Major, Minor), i ua hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka palapala o ka chord a me ka leo o ka'ōnaehana, holo ma luna o lākou "canvas."
5. Kekahi mau ano dissonance: D a me S me Septimia me ka ono.
6. Kūloko naeaeaa lokahi.
7. Modal 'ole ma ke kumu o ka a i ka papa kuhikuhiE oihana ekolu kau: tonic, Hoʻohaku a me ka subdominant.
8. Nui pepa i ke kumu no ka modulation.

Naʻau i loko a me ka leo i loko o Palestrina

I ka panina kamaʻilio ka i lanakila i ka rula o ka gravitation i ka piko (tonic). Ma ka Ia modal aloha, ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea hana ole. Aia i wale kekahi subordination o ka unahiʻole, i. Ma Palestrina maopopo hōʻike 'i ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka'ōnaehana kuakea ina oe i mau papa. It pü maila (monodic) subbase a me kona mall reorganization. In palestrinskom kuakea i ka nohoaliʻi attraction i ka tonic. Aia Ua hoi ka waeʻano like ia. Ma Palestrina haawi i ka holistic hui o nā mea kani-, hoonohonoho ma kona kiekie. No cadences, niioaaonoaaiii, aole he umekaumaha e ustoyu. I Ua loa? Ieoaeunoai e pili ana i kekahi hoonaulu. No laila, Palestrina i tonality e like me ka Viennese Classics (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven).

Monodic harmonies a harmonic tonality

Major a me ka hoʻololi iki nō ma luna o ka par me nā hoonaulu: Aeolian, Ionian, Phrygian, kona ano mua, lokriyskim, Dorian, Mixolydian, a me ka unahiʻole, i pentatonic. Ma waena o ka harmonic tonality a me ka monodic hoonaulu - he nui like. Key nui a me ka nīnūnē hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko ikaika, a hana paha, a me ka manao noi moe ko. Ka mea, i kekahi wehewehe aku e mau ooieoeiiaeuiuo pili, a kali centralization. I keia mea ma kahi'ē i loko o monadic hoonaulu. Ka mea, i mai i ka ike attraction i ka tonic, kona dominance. Haʻi dynamism o ka tonal'ōnaehana mea pili loa i ka hui 'ana me ka ano o Europa noʻonoʻo au i kēia manawa. E. Lovinsky pono i kekahi mea ke modality, ma ka mea, ho ka paa nānaina o ko ke ao nei, a me ka leo o ka mea e ku pono - ka hōʻeuʻeu.

Ma ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke anuenue i ka haku mele "pena" i ka leo?

Kēlā me kēia kamaʻilio mea i loko o ka'ōnaehana, kekahi oihana e ole wale hōʻeuʻeu-harmonic pilina, akā, i ka hua'ōlelo o ke ano koho waihoʻoluʻu. Ma pili ana me keia loa hoʻomaopopo like 'ana o ke' ano a me ka waihoʻoluʻu (ke kala i loko o ka literal hoohalike).

No ka laʻana, ka ki "C nui" mea Central i ka nohona ma'ōnaehana, a ua manaoia i ka loa noonoo ole, no laila, ka mea, ua pena i loko o keʻokeʻo. He nui nā mea hoʻokani pila, me iwaena o na i ka haku mele nui, pinepine i loaʻa waihoʻoluʻu lohe. A maopopo 'elele o ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo kekahi ua noʻonoʻo Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

No ka laʻana, ke ki "E nui" pili ia me he mau: he kukui omaomao kala like 'ole o ke kupulau birches a me pastoral malu. "E i lalo Major" no ia ia - ka mea, 'o ka hapanui pouli a me ka gloomy leo, i aku la ia pena i loko o kona paʻakikī i loko o ka poʻohina-bluish leo, ano o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā hale aliʻi. Ludwig van Beethoven, ua "B nīnūnē"ʻeleʻele. Kēia ka waihoʻoluʻu mea e kahaha ko oukou naau, no ka mea, o ka hana i kākau i loko o kēia ki mau kani inoino a tragically. E like me 'oe ke ike, i ke kala mai i hoʻomaka ai ma ka iho, ka mea, e oo pahuhopu nei me ka expressive ano o ke mele. Inā e hoʻololi i ke ki, a laila ka mea, e lilo ia i waihoʻoluʻu loa okoa. A Kimia kumu, hoʻonohonoho Motets Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Ave verum kino, K.-V. 618) Ferenc kuina. Mai ka "D Major," oia transposed ia i loko o ka "C Major", ma ka pili me i hoʻololi i ke kaila o ke mele, he mau hiʻona o Romanticism.

He aha ka mea a Mānoa a me ka mea i ka wahi i loko o ka leo o ka puolo?

E hoʻomaka ana mai o ka 17th kenekulia, heʻano o ka tonality chord, o ka oi aku me ka luna 'hale, ua lilo ka nui wahine a me ka expressive mea. I kekahi manawa, hana keaka leo o ka Competition theme, ke kahua a me ka kikokikona. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky manaoio i ka pā o ka wahine manaʻo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke aloha a me ka modulation, ma mua ma luna o ka melodic kumu. Ma ka hana o ka wahine pepa mea C. Brewer nunui kūlana kī. He oi loa oiaio o ka nui 'ano apau loa. I ka sonata, cyclic, keaka mele, Rondo a me na mea e ae. Mawaena o na mea e haawi aku i ka bulge, a kokua ia, o ka loa poʻokela mea: he gradual a koke hoʻololi mai kekahi kī i kekahi, hoʻomaka koke hoʻololi modulation, juxtaposition o contrasting Episode. A pau keia ua hanaia e ku e ia i ke backdrop o ka mea hānai noho ana i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE leo.

kinship tonalities

Related tonality nō ka mea mua, ka lua a me ke kolu o degere. Ka hui helu kekahi e hopohopo nei a pau na chords o ka diatonic'ōnaehana koho a hoʻoholo ma mua kēpau. E huli i ia loa maʻalahi. Kēia pono mai ka tonic chord huli subdominant a me ka Hoʻohaku. 'O kēia ka ha a me ka lima o kana kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Lakou no hoi i ko lakou mau nā chords, i mea'ālike iā ia i loko o ke kani haku mele 'ana. I ka lua o ka degere o ka relatedness - he tonic leo me ka like akā,ʻano hoonaulu (e like me ka mea ia inoa). No ka laʻana, "C nui" a me ka "C nīnūnē liʻiliʻi". Hoailona nanahe, niioaaonoaaiii, e e okoa. Ka "C Major" ka mea, e ole nei, a ma ka ia nīnūnē ekolu palahalaha.

Nā chords o ke kolu o ka pūʻulu i ka hoʻomaopopo like kapa (3). Ke kolu-ka papahelu hoahanau i kekahi mau chords i mea'ālike ma ka 'ole, a ku i ka mamao o ka ekolu nanahe. No ka laʻana, ka mea, o "C nui" a me ka "F-ʻoi nui." loa pono keia mau mea a pau o kēiaʻike, e ia inā 'oe makemake e hoʻololi i ka leo o ka mele ma ka modulation paha deflection.

ka hopena

Ke'ī mai, o ka leo 'ia paha i ka papa kuhikuhi ano e hooholo kona o Mānoa. Theorists ke ano okoa. Nō hoʻi,ʻepekema i kū'ē'ē ai e pili ana i kona hou a me ka palaho. Inā ua loaʻa ia noiʻi a me nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka Europa, aina Western kakahiaka nui (i kakahiaka nui me ka 14th kenekulia), i loko o Rusia ka mea, hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana nui hope. I mea no ke aha la ka leo o ke mele o ka Viennese Classics a me romantics me ka nui loaʻokoʻa mai ia i ua me Palestrina, a e Shostakovich, Hindemith, Shchedrin a me nā i ka haku mele o 20-21 kenekulia.