Helsinki kaʻina. Helsinki i ke kuʻikahi ma

Ma Okatoba 1964, i ka Soviet Union hoʻololi kona hooponopono. Ka hoʻohui o ka Socialist e hoʻomoana ai i wāwahiʻia, i ka pilina ma waena o ka hikina a me ke komohana i loa niniʻia no ka mea, o ka mea Cuban Kao lele lako kaua ulia. Eia hou, i ka Kelemānia pilikia koe unsolved, i ka loa, ae hoʻomaopopoʻia e pili ana i ke alakaʻi o ka USSR. Ma kēia mau ana, ka Hou Loa mōʻaukala o ka Soviet moku'āina. Hoʻoholo aponoia ma ka XXIII Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU i ka 1966, hookupaa iho la ia i ka hiʻona'āina oi assertive kuwaho. Maluhia ke kākoʻo '-ola ana, mai kēia wahi noho ia malalo iho a hiki i ka qualitatively okoa au e hooikaika i ka Socialist? Eia, e hooikaika ana i kūpaʻa ma waena o nā aupuni liberation ka hele, a me ka proletariat.

Ke ka manaʻo pohihihi o ke kulana

Hoihoi hou ia ana o ka lung o ke aupuni i loko o ka Socialist hoʻomoana i huikau e tensions me Kina a me Cuba. Pilikia lawe hanana ma Czechoslovakia. Ma June 1967 ma laila ma luna o ka 'aoʻao alakaʻi ma ke akea kākau Ahaolelo Lahui. Alaila, hoomaka iho la i ka papakaukau haumāna e pepehi iho at a me nā hōʻike. E like me ka hopena, i ka waiwai o ka mea kue Novotny Dubcek i, e haawi aku i ka aoao alakaʻi i ka 1968. ka hou papa ua hoʻoholo e paa i ka moʻo o nā mea hoʻololi. Ma kekahi, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ke ku okoa ana o ka olelo, ka HR Komiteʻae e paa nâ ke koho alakaʻi. Naʻe, i ke kahua ua kane manaopaa, i ke kaua 5 States aoao a hiki i ka Warsaw Pact. Uhi i ka pīhoihoi i i loaa koke. Kēia Hoʻokē akula ka Soviet alakaʻi, e wehe i Dubcek a me kona mau hoa, e waiho ana ma ke poo o ka aoao Husak. No laila, i kapaʻia ua hoʻokō ma luna o ke kumu hoohalike o Czechoslovakia ao Brezhnev rula o "i kaupalena 'ia kona kūʻokoʻa'". Suppression o nā mea hoʻololi e Hōʻano hou i ka aina i papani ai hoi no ka ma ka liʻiliʻi 20 makahiki. I ka 1970, i ke kahua o huikau, a ma Poland. Pilikia i ua pili me ka hoomahuahua i loko o kala, kena ae la i ka papakaukau uprising o ka poe e hana i loko o ka Baltic awa. Ma mahope makahiki, i ke kahua i ole e maikaʻi, i ka hahau hoʻomau. I ka luna o ka unrest ua he oihana hui "kūpaʻa", i alakaiia e Lech Walesa. Ke Soviet alakaʻiʻana i iʻaʻa e hoouna poʻe hao wale, a me ka "normalization" o ke kahua i waihoia mai i ka'ōewe. Jaruzelski. December 13, 1981, oia kauʻoihana kānāwai i loko o Poland.

detente

I ke kakahiaka nui 70-ies. ka pilina ma waena o ka hikina a me ke komohana i hoʻololi dramatically. hoomaka Tensions e hoʻonāwaliwali i. Ka uʻi o keia mea pono e hoʻokō koa parity ma waena o ka USSR, a me ka US, East a me Komohana. Ma ke kahua mua i hoʻokumu hoihoi alu like 'ana ma waena o ka Soviet Union a me Farani, a laila, - mai Germany. Ma ka huli ana o 60-70-ies. Soviet alakaʻi hoomaka ae la e 'Imi hoʻokō i kekahi manaʻo hou kuwaho. Kona koʻikoʻi i hoakaka ia i ua kākau i loko o ka Maluhia Program, i i aponoia ma ka XXIV Ahaolelo Lahui o ka Party. Ka mea nui wale wahi e pela e wahi ai ka mea i hoole ia aole ka West, aole hoi me ka USSR i ma lalo o kēia kulekele o na mea kaua lāhui. Ka a pau kaʻina pela kuai i ka makaainana? Aieao. ʻO nā moʻolelo o ka pili ma waena o ke komohana, a me ka hikina hoʻomaka me ka nui? Anoe? A mau o ke alu like,ʻano nui Soviet-American. Eia hou, ke hoonui ae i pili aloha ma waena o ka USSR, a me ka Federal Repubalika o Hawaii a me Farani. Hope i ka 1966 haalele mai NATO, a i ka maoliʻeleu alu like 'ana.

Kelemānia pilikia

No ka 'ae' USSR manaʻo e loaʻa kōkua mai ka intermediary ma Farani. Naʻe, ka mea i i koi 'ia, e like me ka luna'aha'ōlelo lilo Social Democrat Willy Brandt. Ke ae pā o kona maalea i ka mea i ka hoʻokuʻi pū i loko o Germany hou hana me ka elue no ka paa o ka pili aloha ma waena East a me West. Uaʻula a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai au me he ki pahuhopu oʻaoʻao nui ke kūkā '. Mahalo i keia mea i kakau inoa i ke Kuikahi o Moscow August 12, 1970 E like me ia, i ka aoao Ho'āʻo e mahalo i ka pono o ka'āina a pau o Europe i kauwahi o ko lākou De facto mokuna. Germany, i loko o 'ana, ike i ke komohana palena o Poland. A me ka laina me ka GDR. An ka hoʻokahuli i ka hōʻailona o ka haule ana 1971 quadripartite aelike ma West. Pelelina. Kēia 'aelike keʻae i ka invalidity o na koi pili aupuni a me ka ia kenekoa ma luna la ia ia ma ka Pekelala Repubalika o Hawaii. Ka mea, ua ka kāpae lanakila o ka USSR, e like me ka poe a pau o nā kūlana ma i ka Soviet Union Koi ikaika mai 1945

Ka auhau o America ka wahi

He ano Aey? Acaeoey ae i ka Soviet alakaʻi, e hooikaika i ka manao i loko o ka International Arena ua he'ano'ē naeaeaa o ke koena o ka poʻe koa i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka Soviet Union. A me ka Socialist Hawaii. Position o Amerika a me ka imperialist bloc auhau ma Moscow like me ka "hoʻonāwaliwali". Ua maopopo kuu manao i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kekahi mau aʻe. Ke kī 'ole o ka ikaika me ka mau o ke aupuni liberation neʻeʻana, a me ka hoʻokō KUMUMANAʻO NUI parity me ka Amerika Huipuia i ka makahiki 1969 ma ka helu o nukelea warheads. I kulike ai me keia, ka 'auhau oʻano o nā mea kaua a me kā lākou hana hou, e like me ka ke kūpili o Soviet alakaʻi, i mālama ai me he integral hapa o ka paio no ka malu.

Salt Salt 1 a me 2

I ka pono e hiki parity i Topical nīnūnē maʻeluaʻaoʻao i na mea kaua i kaupalena ', o ka oi aku Melia ballistic Kao lele lako kaua. O ka nui i loko o kēia kaʻina hana i ka Nixon kipa i ka Kahi 'olelo i kakau inoa ma Moscow ma ke kupulau o ka makahiki 1972, ma 26 May, wā i ka restrictive ana ma ka mahalo o KUMUMANAʻO NUI mea kaua. Kēia 'aelike ua kapaia ka paakai-1. He Ua hoopaaia no 5 makahiki. Ka aelike kaupalena i ka helu o Melia ballistic Kao lele lako kaua me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a me ka Soviet Union, a hemo mai mokuluu. Maliuia pae no ka Soviet Union, uaʻoi kona kiʻekiʻe ma hope o Amerika he mau mea kaua, e hali ana i ka warhead me ka mau oihana mua. Together me keia dala o ka uku ole ia iho, ua ole stipulated i loko o ka aelike. Kēia i mea e hiki ai, me ka 'aʻe i ke kuikahi, e hoʻokō i kekahi unilateral lanakila ma keia wahi. Paʻakai-1, no laila, i i ole hooki i ka lima heihei. Ho okumu ana o ka'ōnaehana o ka ae like ana i hana mau ia ma 1974 ma ka L. Brezhnev a me George. Ford e hoʻokele i pili i nā hua'ōlelo hou o KUMUMANAʻO NUI mea kaua kaupalena. I ka hōʻailona o ka paʻakai-2 berita e e hoʻokō i ka 77 la makahiki. Naʻe, i ole e hiki mai keia, ma muli o ia ka hanaia'na o ka Amerika Huipuia "moku peʻa Kao lele lako kaua" - mea kaua hou. Amerika i categorically hoole e noonoo ma ka pili ana i kā lākou mau mokuna. I ka 1979, he aelike i aka hoi, i kakauinoaia e Brezhnev a me Carter, akā, i ka US Ahaolelo ia i ole apono a hiki i 1989

I ka hopena o ke kulekele o ke detente

Iloko o na makahiki o ka manaʻo o ka World Program o ka mea holo ma ke kākoʻo '-hana ma waena o East a me West i ua loaʻa. Ka huina o ka leo o ke kuai huli mahuahua ma ka 5 wa, a me ka Soviet-American - ma ke alu like '8. ka papa kōnane ua ia e kakau inoa me ka Western poʻe nui aelike no ke kuai ana o ka' ike loea hou a me kūkulu o ka mea kanu. Mai ka huli ana o ka 60-70-ies. ma lalo o kekahi 'aelike a me ka Italia hui "Fiat" Ua hanaia e ke ko. Akā, i kēia hanana Ua oi paha hiki e wahi ana i na 'ia ma mua o ka noho alii ana. International nā papahana no ka hapanui loa kaupalena i kūpono ''aheʻelele huakaʻi. Waiwai hoʻokomo o ka 'ike loea hou haole i lawe mai ma luna o ka hana ino-hāpai noaia. Ma ka maoli hua nui ke alu like he kūlana maikaʻiʻole aaieieno? A bureaucratic nā pilikia. E like me ka hopena, he nui aelike i ole ho'āpono 'upu'.

Helsinki kaʻina i ka 1975

Detente ma waena o East a me West, nae, ua hānau i ka hua. Ua 'ae' e mālama i ka hālāwai kūkā ma ka maluhia a me ke alu like maʻEulopa. Ke kuka mua i wahi i loko o 1972-1973 GG. 'āina i ua aponoia ka CSCE, ua Finland. Helsinki (ke kapikala o ka moku'āina) lilo i ka piko o ke kūkākūkā o ka lahui pilikia. Ma ke kuka mua i hele ia e na Kuhina haole. I ka pae mua i wahi mai ka 3 a hiki i 7 Iulai 1973. Wahi no ka mea e hiki mai ana a o Geneva i mea kamaʻilio ua. Ka lua o ke kahua i wahi, mai 18.09.1973 a hiki i 21.07.1975, oiaʻana i kekahi mau Kauai ka loihi o 3-6 mahina. Ka mea, i mālama 'ia ke kūkā',ʻelele a me ka poe akamai i koho ma ka 'oihana'āina. Ma ka lua o ka pae i ke ana a me ka mahope apono o ka ae like ana ma luna o ka mau halawai papahana mau. hoomaka hou anuu 'ekolu' ana Finland. Helsinki i papa kiʻekiʻe ke aupuni a me ka mau alakaʻi.

negotiators

Ua kūkā ke Helsinki i ke kuʻikahi ma:

• 'ōewe. Kakauolelo o ka CPSU Central Komite Leonid Brezhnev.
• Peresidena o America George. Ford.
• Federal Kaulike Helmut Schmidt.
• Palani Peresidena Valery Giscard d'Estaing.
• Pelekāne Kuhina Nui Kuhina Wilson.
• Peresidena Husak o Czechoslovakia.
• First Kakauolelo o ka Akā, Honecker.
• Zhivkov lunahoomalu o ka State Aha.
• First Kakauolelo o ke Komite Central o ka Hunakalia Socialist He hana i Kadar a me na mea e ae.

no ka maluhia a me ke alu like ma Europe i paʻa me ke komo 'ana o nā' elele o ka 35'āina, a mawaena o lakou luna ma Canada a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.

aeia lakou mau pepa

Ka Helsinki'Ōlelo Ho'ākāka i Ua 'āpono' ia e ka 'oihana'āina. E like me ia, wahi a:

• Ke inviolability o ka moku'āina mokuna.
• Ae ole-hoʻohana o ka mana i ka manao paa o onei.
• Ole-ākeʻakeʻa i loko o ka na mea o States 'aoʻao.
• Ka mahalo i ka pono kīvila a me 'ē aʻe ai.

Eia hou, nā poʻo o nāʻaha huiʻelele kakauinoa i ka Helsinki i ke kuʻikahi ma. Ua pihaʻi me kekahi 'aelike, e hoʻokō' ia e like me ka a pau. I ka papa kuhikuhiEʻaoʻao waiho iho la i loko o ka palapala, he:

1. Maluhia maʻEulopa.
2. Alu like 'ana i loko o ke kula o ka' aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, 'ike loea, kālaikaiaola,' epekema.
3. Alu like 'ana i loko o aloha kekahi i kekahi, a' ē aʻe like.
4. Hou hana hahai ana i ka CSCE.

Key nā loina

ma Europe hope Act i ka maluhia a me ke alu like nā 10 kulana, i kulike ai me ka mana o ke kūmau o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN:

1. Mō'ī like.
2. Hoʻohana 'ana o ka ikaika a me ka hoʻoweliweli' ana o kona hoʻohana.
3. Ka mahalo no ka he alii pono.
4. Ke kenekoa ano hoopono.
5. inviolability o nā mokuna.
6. Ka mahalo i ka pono kīvila a me kīvila.
7. Ole-ākeʻakeʻa i loko o ka na kālai'āina.
8. Like nā pono kīvila o kānaka, a me ko lakou pono, e kū lākou iho naue like.
9. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o nā aupuni elua.
10. Hoʻokō 'ana i ke kuleana, lahui.

Ka Helsinki hope Act i mālama ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻomaopopo pono a me ka inviolability o postwar mokuna. Ua ua pono ma ka mua wahi o ka USSR. Eia hou, i ka Helsinki kaʻina ua 'ae' ia formulate, a pili i nā mea a pau Nā Aupuni Lālā i ka malama o ka piha mahalo i ka pono kīvila a me kīvila.

Pōkole-ʻia loa

He aha nō na ka manaʻolana 'ia i wehe i ka Helsinki kaʻina? Kona lā ua noʻonoʻoʻia moʻolelo o ka apogee o detente i loko o ka International Arena. USSR loa hoihoi i loko o ka ninau o postwar mokuna. No ka mea Soviet alakaʻi uaʻano nui e loaʻa ai i ka hoʻomaopopo pono o ka inviolability o postwar mokuna, a ia kenekoa pono o ka'āina, i ke ano o ia ka 'āina loio i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka he pilikia i loko o HawaiianʻEulopa. A pau i kēia hiki mai ma lalo o kaʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai. Ke kahe o ka pono kīvila - i ka pilikia, ua hoihoi i loko o Western aina e, hele i ka Helsinki kaʻina. Makahiki o ka CSCE lilo i ka ho omaka no ka hooulu ana i ka dissident neʻeʻana i loko o ka Soviet Union. International loio i ka paa malama pono kīvila, e maliu mai i kōkua mai ho'āla ai i kekahi kai eʻe, e mālama iā lākou i loko o ka Soviet Union, i mea hana ma ia manawa lawe mai i ka Western Hawaii.

hana hoihoi 'mea

Ua ua olelo mai ia ma ka 1973 e paa ana ia i mea kamaʻilio hookaawale ma waena o ka poeikohoia o ka lālā'āina o ka Warsaw Pact a me NATO. Au ana no ke kahe ana o na mea kaua ka ho'ēmiʻana. Akā, ka mea, ua i hiki ke kū i ka maikaʻi, i ka pomaikai. Kēia ka ukuia a hiki i ka uaua pale mai o ka Warsaw Pact Hui Pūʻia, i ka oi NATO kaʻike mauʻano o nā mea kaua, a i ole makemake e hooki ia lakou.

Koa-KUMUMANAʻO NUI koena

Helsinki kaʻina i pau ai ma kaʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai. Ma hope iho o ka hōʻailona o ka palapala hope o ka USSR i hoomaka ai e haha aku i ka mea, a hoomaka ae la e hoʻonoho ma Czechoslovakia a East Germany SS-20 Kao lele lako kaua i meakino huahelu. I kaupalena 'o ia i ole i ka paakai ae like ana. E like me kekahi hapa o ke kai eʻe nona ma ka 'ohana ka palekana o ke kanaka pono, he upsurge i loko o ka'āina Western ma hope o ka Helsinki kaʻina ua pau, ai ka Soviet Union ka wahi ua lilo loa uaua. Alaila, o ka Amerika Huipuia, i lawe i ka helu o ka pane. Ma hope iho e hoole i aponoia i ka paʻakai-2 i ka hoʻomaka o ka 80s. America i waiho Kao lele lako kaua ( "Pershing" a me ka "moku peʻa") ma ka WesternʻEulopa. Ka mea, ke hiki i ka mokuna o ka USSR. E like me ka hopena, i ka oihana koa-KUMUMANAʻO NUI koena ma waena o nā ālai 'ia i hookupaaiaʻi.

Dalnesrochnye hopena

Nā lima lāhui ua hopena i hōʻikeʻia loa negatively ma luna o ka waiwai ana o ka aina, o kona mau koa-hanalima kohoʻia ua i hoemiia. Parity me ka US hiki mua, hoomaka ae la ka Helsinki kaʻina, hopohopo kuhikuhi Melia ballistic Kao lele lako kaua. Mai ka hopena o 70-ies. hoomaka ae la kekahi mau ulia e lawe kona uku ma ka hoomalu ana i na hana. USSR i nā hoomaka ae la e lag no kekahi mauʻano o nā mea kaua. Ua hoike mai ia ma hope o ka nānā aku o America "moku peʻa Kao lele lako kaua". Ua lilo oi ahuwale lag ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka? Ia? Aiiu? Acaeoey o "Kākou mau Pale Kaua Initiative" i loko o ka United States.