Pakebona - ia mea ... ka pakebona: moʻomeheu, no

Ka pakebona, a hoomaka iho la ma Italy i loko o ka hapaha mua o ka XV kenekulia, huli i nā medieval ao nei, hoʻololi 'ia a mau loa aku. I unuhi 'ia mai ka' ōlelo Palani a me ka Italia. "Pakebona" - he "hanau hou", a ua pili i ka hou ana o ke akamai o nā kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. Pakebona - he Hopu nui o ka manaʻo kanaka, aole hiki ia i kanalua. I ia manawa, ka mea, ua hanaia ke hana mana o ka pena, kiʻi kaula a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Palapala (a paʻiʻia) nui puke. I. o kanaka ano akamai, hana e kaulana haku o ka hala, hoʻomau i makemake ai kahi lōʻihi, a aole loa e lilo kona kaʻume.

scary Middle Ages

Ua Ua noʻonoʻo i ka luawai-ike nui, e hoike ana i ka pakebona auou caiaiai ka Middle Ages, a ua, like mau, me ka pouli, o ka papa, loa, a ua wehewehe aku ma keʻano o ka haipule atrocities - ka hoʻokolokolo i lohe ai na mea a pau. Aia nā kumu i olelo pono ia, no ka mea o insidious machinations o ka Ekalesia Hui, a me ka pakebona ua ma ka hoole mai oia.

Ma kekahi hapa, i keia ike ana o na mea o ka pono, e ola ana, akā, ua nui apuepue hana maikai o ka clergy i loko o kēia kaʻina. Pono kekahi kanaka kaiāulu evolves ma ka pōʻaiapuni, no kēlā me kēia kipi, i ukali ia e ka naoh, a me ka pakebona i ka luahi o kupono keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ka nui a me na mea he nui o kona manaʻo, he mau malihini i ka mea naʻaupō, intolerant o na maʻi'ōkuʻu i ka malu o ia mau manawa. He loa paʻakikī ke hoomaopopo mai i kekahi kanaka o kona kaikunane ano, oia poe ilihune, e kaukaʻi, a me ka mea i loko o kekahi mau moku'āina o ka makau.

The Church like me ka bastion o ka noho maikai ana

Kekahi mau moʻolelo'āhewa ka Middle Ages pono i loko o ka likeʻole ma o ke karaima ku e manaʻo kanaka, aia ma kahi o kēia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio. No ka laʻana, kekahi kumu lawe i ka noho kauwa ole ana i ka olelo i loko o ka Middle Ages i hoʻomōhala i ka 'epekema. Eia naʻe, ua ikea e na mea he nui ke kālā noʻEulopa kulanui ma luna o ke kahua o ka mua hoailona (Oxford) ole ma na hana o ke clergy (Sorbonne).

ʻAʻole ia iʻike wahi ma ka hoole ana i ua aneane pau loa ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka Ekalesia kahiko (a hoomau iho la oia e noho ai no na mea he nui hou makahiki). He hoopuni wehewehe: ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa pakeneka o kula haʻahaʻaa literate kanaka i kia ma ka clergy, a ina pela - laila, i mea e hoʻonaʻauao a me ka "manao i ko lakou mau hoa", akā, i nā mōneka a me nā clerics?

Ka hooulu ana o ka noho maikai ana noke. E manaʻo kanaka kekahi manawa, ua, e lawe no i koe hoʻi, akā, i ka moʻomeheu o ka pakebona makemake loa i ia wahi i loko o ke ano i a ua ike ia, ina ia ua ole hele i ka kukū ala i loko o ka pouli o ka Middle Ages. No laila, makemake ole e hanau ai ka mea nui ka palapala, ai hana, ina aole lakou e ole ma mua ma ke kenekulia-kahiko hana o nuggets (kona hana kapa mākou i nā loina wale, no ko lakou mau inoa kona mau helehelena) lehulehu. Inā ka mea,ʻaʻohe medieval naita poetics, ia meaʻaʻole paha ia e paʻa a me "Ke Akua Comedy" Dante Aligeri, a me na sonnets o Petrarch.

Na hua e haule iho ma ka momona lepo

E ku mua au ma muli o -ʻaʻole he pololei. Voltaire koi i ka moolelo - ia mea he nā kaʻao no i ae aku a pau. He mea hiki ole i ka ike i ka oiaio o keia'ōleloʻano olelo. I ka moolelo o ka pakebona, he kŰia eiiieaena a me multifaceted, hiki ole ke 'ano ua unambiguously. He nui aku wehewehe keia Kiure kekahi hanana i loko o ka moʻolelo o ke kanaka, i na mea he nui o ka mea a ka akau a hiki i nei.

Kaha, mai ke kula ka paulele aku i pakebona Artists koke ike i ka moʻomeheu kahiko a me ka pu, hoomaka ae la e mamuli o ia, e ke ike me ke kiʻikuhi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, examples o ka hana a ua e hele aku Greco-Roman nō, nui na hana o ka wa kahiko kākau unuhi 'ia i loko o medieval Europe, e hoʻomaka ana mai o ka VIII kenekulia, akā,ʻaʻohe pakebona i loohia ai i kekahi ewalu kenekulia.

O ka holo ana, i ka haule ana o ka Apana Rome (Constantinople) i ka 1453, ka wā i kekahi iā Goga a makau Muslim Artists (a ole wale) ia i hoounaia'ku ai i ke West, e lawe ana me ia i ka hale waihona puke, icons, a (ka hapanui importantly) lākou kaʻike a me ka hoao ana, ua moekolohe i ka kūlana nunui. Ma ka hopena, i ka aoao o ka Byzantine nō i loko o ka pakebona kanalua. E ka Roma Church hoomalau na icons, akā, lele i ka mahinaʻai'ē aʻe. Ikona o ka Mother o ke Akua, a me ke kaulana "Sistine Madonna" e Michelangelo a me nā mea a pau i ka oko ao - nā ma ka 'enehana, a ma ka hoopiha - mea he kiʻi o ka hookahi wahine me ka ia bebe.

Ke confluence no ano ana

Ke hou ia i hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka confluence ana o na mea he nui aʻe a me nā kumu, kekahi o i maoli o ia ka pakebona - he ano o ka pane mai o ka Hui Church, kona ole i ia manawa ua alahula mau waiwai - lehulehu, a me ka makemake no ka mana -ʻoleʻana. Keia kahua i ala a hiki i ka mana nohona keakea: ka mea kākaʻikahi nanea i ka kalakala dogma, a koi 'ia ma nā mea a pau spheres o ke ola o ka asceticism. Ke kanaka i ai i mau haha aku ma luna o ka Vishny (iʻenemi i) mana e hiki i kekahi manawa hāʻule ma luna iho ona, hoʻopaʻi ana no ko lakou mau hewa. Olelo hemolele ekalesia ku ei ke kanaka maoli ia.

Ka lua o ka ololi, o ka papa, o ka kokololio kahua o ka moku'āina. Naita ma ka mana, e ho onui ana i ka manaʻo aukahi luna kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui waiwai e alakaʻi i kona mau kanaka, mea ole eager e concede i ka lāʻau o ka uhane mana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kaʻino clashes ma waena o ka ekalesia, a me ka mana mō'ī - i uncommon ma ka mōʻaukala. Kekahi o ia mau mea, i ka pakebona aie kona make.

Ke kolu o ke kumu paha o ka mea i ka pakebona - kekahi manawa, i ka wa o ka nohona kuʻuna paha e waiho ana i ka hoailona, kahi ana i laka 'ia mai no na makahiki, a ua kālele ana ma ka hoʻomaka koke ulu a increasingly waiwai kulanakauhale. Loa dogma i hoakaka ia Artists e kākau pono ai, a i ole ia, malalo no o ka hoʻokau ', a no laila, ma luna o. D. Hoʻomakaukau No Kona Hiki ole iʻoliʻoli i loko o na kanaka oiaio loea. Ka mea, imi iho la no ka noho kauwa ole ana, ka mea loaa ia.

Ha, nui i ano no ka hanau ana o ka pakebona, i ke kala me cynical me ka mea i puhi. He ole coincidence me ia mea waiwai i loko o ia mau lā Italy mahalo mamo aie i ka mea i loaʻa i kēia kaila nui. Pakebona i hanau ole i kaʻilihune. Ke dogma i ka artist pono e pololi, Ua untenable. All pakebona - maopopo. Mea nana i hana pono no hoi i - a no ia mea, ua nele oia i na kauoha, ma ka Media, a me ka wa no ka ikaika i kona mau tālena.

pōmaikaʻi Florence

A pau keia ua loaʻa i loko o Florence, a me ke aloha hope akā,ʻaʻole ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka luna o ke kūlanakauhale - Lorenzo ka nani. Ka iwilei Ua blistatelen aliʻi. Ka loa loea pena, sculptors a me nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone i loaʻa i loko o Lorenzo ike loea haipule. I ke kūlanakauhale i kūkulu na hale aliʻi, na ekalesia, Chapel a me nā kuhikuhipuʻuone hana. Pena loaa kauoha lehulehu.

E like me ka mau rula, ka mea, ua maheleia i ekolu manawa o ka pakebona, akā, kekahi noiʻi pū kekahi - ka ai-kapaia Protorenessans noho pili loa me ka Middle Ages, akā, ka mea lawe i ka mea hou, ua piha oia me ka malamalama hiʻona. Kekahi o nā hanana loa pepeiaohao nui o ka manawa,ʻo ia ka hana o ka Florence Hale Pule Nui (XIII kenekulia) - iauaeoia nui me interiors kupanaha.

i kakahiaka nui pakebona

Ma hope o ka "mālama '-lapaʻau" ma ke kahua ma mua pakebona: i ka makahiki o ka hoʻomaka a me ka hope o ka manawa kakaolelo kapa nani lōkahi - mai ka 1420 a hiki i 1500. kanawalu makahiki ka mea, i ka pakele ana o ka ikaika o canons dictated ma ka ekalesia, a me ka hoʻoilina o ka nani kūpuna. I loko o kēia wā, i ka Mohai o kahiko ana hoʻohālike i nunui. Images o ka poe kapa ole kanaka kino me ke aloha manaʻo o ka mea uuku nāʻiʻo a me aa koko wehewehe aku ma ka hou, i ike ole i ka HuiʻEulopa kaila. Pakebona lilo i maoli Himeni i ka nani o ka honua, a ua i kekahi manawa mele i loko o ia overt 'ano apau loa, i makemake ka mānaʻonaʻo i ka hoolohe ana i ka mea a kekahi hoʻokahi ia haneri makahiki a me kanalima makahiki aku nei.

Mākou hiki ole ke olelo ia i loaʻa kēia mau mea kū i ka naʻauao i waena o nā wā, ua ardent ikaika me ka pakebona, a ma kona hana ma ka mahinaʻai o ka obscurantism i dubious mau loa nani. A Kuhina Nui kumu hoʻohālike o ke poo o ka hoailona Florentine Dominican - Savonarola. He ua he perennial manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni o humanist "kūpono hana" a i ole kānalua, e puhi i ka huina hoonui, pela no ka mea, pīhoihoi. Mawaena o ka irretrievable pōʻino - kekahi mau pena o kaulana haku o ke au, ke komo pu Sandro Botticelli. Kona mau lima no i na mea kaulana i pena o ka pakebona, e like me ka "Birth o Venusa", "Hao", "hooleiia o Kristo me na kakalaioa." Au pono aku nei au i ka aneane a pau i koena i pena o ka mea kākau hoolilo i ka Mea Paipala Halaman, a me ke kālā no ke kanaka mea paakiki i ka maopopo i ka mea, ke hoʻopilikia i ka Dominican loa.

Naʻe, ke kaʻina i ka hoʻomaka ', a me ka mea, ua humanly hiki ana ke hooki ia. Savonarola make i ka 1498, a me ka hou hoʻomau i ka hele i loko o ke aupuni, naʻi hou kūlanakauhale - Roma, Venice, Milan, Napela.

Mawaena o ka loa a me ka pepeiaohao nui ano poeikohoia o ka kakahiaka nui pakebona sculptor Donatello i kapaia, pena Giotto a me Masaccio. Iloko o keia manawa, ma ka pena i mua pili i nā kānāwai o ke kuanaʻike, e wehe i ka XV kenekulia. Ua 'ae' a laila, e ho okumu i ekolu-dimensional, ekolu-dimensional kiʻi o ka pakebona - keia ua mua,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka Artists.

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka maʻi lele o ka hou? Acaeoey posed e Filippo Brunelleschi, e pili ana i ka nani Dome o Santa Maria del Fiore.

kiʻekiʻe pakebona

I ka piko o ke au i ke kolu o ka wā o ka pakebona - High pakebona. Ua mau ae la ia wale nō 27 makahiki (1500-1527) a ua pili kuhikuhi me ka hana ana o na haku nui, nona ka inoa i kama'āina i kela mea keia mea o mākou: Leonardo ka Vinci, Michelangelo a me Raphael.

I keia manawa, i ka moʻomeheu kapikala o 'Eulopa neʻe mai Florence a hiki i Roma. Ke hou Pope o Iulio II (pii i ka noho aliʻi i loko o 1503) ua he loaʻa kekahi kanaka, he admirer nui o ke akamai, a me ka mea nāna Ua hamama-manao. Ināʻaʻole no ka lokomaikaʻiʻia mai o ka uhane kanaka, kanaka,ʻaʻole i ike makemake nui na hana o ke akamai i ka noʻonoʻo pono i ka momi o ke ao nei ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu Hawaiʻi.

Ua maikai na haku, e hali ana i ka hoailona o ke ano akamai, e hookipa kauoha lehulehu. City ke tā me ka kūkulu. Nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, sculptors a me ka pena hanaʻaoʻao ma kaʻaoʻao (a me kekahi manawa "aligning kulana"), e pili ana i ko lakou mau make ole hana. I keia manawa, ia 'ia, a hoʻomaka i ke kukulu o St. Petero ka Basilica - o ka luakini kaulana loa, a grandiose o ka Hui manaoio.

Ke pena o ka Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo i kona lima iho, embodies na ano a pau, lokomaikai a me ka maikai, nana i haawi mai i ka pakebona Artists, ka poe i koho i ka piko o kona ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ke kanaka (ʻo ia, me ka kapikala palapala): he ano Akua ia, he mea nāna i hana, i nā manawa kūpono eʻaneʻane limitless.

Na mea a pau ke hele mai i ka hopena

I ka 1523 i ka Pope lilo Clement VII, a koke ho'āpono komo i loko o ke kaua me ka Emperor Carlos V, e pili ana i ka ai-kapaia Coniacian olelo kuikahi, a komo pū Italian kulanakauhale-Hawaii o Florence, Milan, Venice a me Palani. Pontiff i makemake ole e kaʻana like ka mana a me ka Habsburgs, a ua, e uku no ka mea, i ka mau loa City. I ka 1527 Charles V ka poe koa, lōʻihi manawa i loaa ia ia ka uku (Emperor overspend i ke kaua), mua hoʻopilikia a laila makani ino mai ai, a laulau moni a pau Rome i loko o kona hale aliʻi a me ka luakini. Great kulanakauhale depopulated, a me ka High pakebona hiki i ka hopena.

Puke noiʻi kūʻikena Britannica hākālia nō ia me ka piha mōʻaukala ana nou o pakebona, he kenekulia (1420-1527)ʻo Kamehameha e rula ana ma ka pōmaikaʻi Italy, i pau ai. O ka poe e ole aelike me na drafters o ka papa kuhikuhi loa kaulana i loko o ke ao nei, i kapaia o ka manawa, a hoomaka iho la ma hope o 1530, i ka hopena o pakebona, a nō hiki ole ke hele i ka berita, a me ka wā e pau ai. Aia nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma ka lokomaikai o na 1590s a me 1620s, a hiki 1630s, akā, aneane kekahi koena 'ole paha e na hoailona o ka'āina.

ana nou Degeneration

I ia manawa, moʻomeheu hanana ka loa like, eia nā mea kū i i manaoia e e hoike ana no ka hoʻoponopono ulia, a degeneration i loko o ka nō (e like me Florentine Mannerism). Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka kekahi pretentiousness, excessive au mamuli, pulakaumaka ma "ka manaʻo o ka artist", loaʻa wale i kekahi wahi paiki pōʻai o connoisseurs. Kiʻi kaula, kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka pena o ka pakebona ka poʻe i noho i loko o ka huli relentless no ka lokahi i ala i ku pono kulou, pau ole whorls a me ia wä,'ōniʻoniʻo hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka mea kū i hou i loko o ke akamai honua.

Eia naʻe, oiai e kamailio e pili ana i ka lukuia'na hope o ka pakebona kakahiaka. Ma kekahi Italian kulanakauhale i koe ola Artists o ka pakebona, ka poe i koe ma ka pono a hiki i ka mooolelo nui. No laila, i ka Titian nui, i hiki ke manao like me ka brightest 'elele o ka pakebona, hana ma Venice a hiki i 1576.

Ia manawa, Italy a meʻEulopa hele mai ma luna o ka hana manawa. Ma hope o ka hiki ana ma ka Middle Ages kīvila i lawe mai ai me ia i ke au o ka pakebona, hele mai la he nui naoh. hou i hooponoia ka Hemolele Office na opu i loko o ko lākou mau lima. Ma na wahi puhi ahi - hoʻopau i ke ahi a me ka heretics, a me kā lākou mau hana.

Ua Ua luku aneane na buke a pau i ka mea hou Pope Paul IV ma ka Roma "Index o ka papa ia puke" (pono ma mua o ka like kahua kaua i paʻiʻia ma ka Netherlands, Paris, a Venice). Hana o na inquisitors he nui, no ka mea, o loko o ka pakebona hele mai i ka pai kaomi - i ka hopena o ka XV kenekulia Gutenberg e hoʻokele i ka hana i ka mua pai Bible. Heretical ole lo hoolaha nei hoopuehuia'na o humanists o ka pakebona, o ka papa,ʻaʻole miliona, akā, i mea e hana i ka poe kupuna hemolele.

Moʻolelo e olelo aku i ka Hoomana Katolika i loko o Italy,ʻo ka loa ruthless ma Europe - heʻino uku no ka makahiki o ke ku okoa ana a me ka maikai.

Northern pakebona - kekahi o kaʻike manaʻo o ka pakebona

Loa pinepine, i ka wa a makou e olelo nei o ka pakebona, i ka manao o ka Italia pakebona - he kŰia i hanau a me kona heyday hiki iʻaneʻi. I kēia lā, i loko o Italy, na ke kulanakauhale a hiki ke noʻonoʻo me kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, pena a me kiʻi kaula o ke au.

Akā, o ka papa, i waena o ka Apennines o ka pakebona au hou ua ole i kaupalena '. Ka ai-kapa Northern pakebona originated maʻEulopa, pili i ka waena o ka XVI kenekulia, a haawi mai la i ke ao nei i na hana mana. A ano hiʻona o kēia kaila ua he nui ole o ka medieval Kokika nō. Eia ka'āina hoʻoili kahiko, ua haawiia mai emi noonoo, nā ma Italy, a me na subtleties o ka'anatomia e hōʻike hou palaka. Ma na kanaka haku o ke au o ka Northern pakebona i Dürer, van Eyck, Cranach. Ma ka moʻokalaleo, i ia ma na hana o Shakespeare a me Cervantes i kēia hanana.

Ke ole o ka pakebona ma ka moʻomeheu hiki ole e overstated: ia mea nui. Reinterpreting a me ka waiwai kahiko moʻomeheu, ke pakebona hana i kona mau - a ua haawiia mai na kanaka he nui nui o ka make ole hana o ke akamai e, e oiaio no e hoʻoikaika 'ana i ke ao nei i loko o kākou e ola nei.