Hōʻoia loina i loko o ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka 'epekema

Mau kumu lakou i ke kumu o ka maʻiʻo o ka manaʻo o philosophical positivism, hope - Neo. Ke scientific rula o ka hōʻoia a me ka falsification i mohai aku kekahi o ka poe akeakamai nui loa o ka iwakalua kenekulia, Karlom Popperom.

Ka palapala ways no lākou kūpono 'ana, a me ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka hoakaka ana Popper i mea lawelawe' epekema e like me ka "noho pilikia rationalist", i loa hoowahawaha mai i ka skepticism a me ka relativism. He he irreconcilable hoa paio o kekahi totalitarianism, nā ma ka lawelawe ola, a ma ka 'epekema. Popper ua i ka, alahula na makana no ka hooulu ana o ke akeakamai a me ka hoʻomanaʻo o ke kālā no 'epekema, i keia la i ka olelo o ka i koe pili.

E like me ua hōʻike, i ua kālaiʻia ka hōʻoia loina i loko o ka? Aieao o ka hooulu ana mai o philosophical manaʻo o ka positivism. E like me ia i kēia ao, ke AIM o nā 'epekema mea e i kekahi empirical kumu, ma i unacceptable ambiguity a me ka impossibility o ka hōʻike i kēia mau' ike a me ke kōkua o nā 'epekema i hoʻomākaukauʻia.

Popper like ia me ka paʻa 'epekema' ōlelo e kaumaha ana i ka pili 'ana i kūpono o Logical-makemakika Ka Ikepili a me ka makemakika categorical i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a ku mai no kona elaborate, versatility a me ka miomio. Oia hoʻomanaʻo i loko o 'epekema kapa Logical positivism. Ke Logical positivists koi i ka empirical kumu, e like me ka rula, no kekahi lālā o ka 'epekema ua nānā' ana ma luna o kilo.

Kēia manaʻo Ua akea hai mai ma ka halawai o ka Vienna Circle, he lālā o ka a ua, a me Karl Popper, i ka 1921. Ke ae pā o ka māmala'ōlelo i ke kēia: ke ana o kekahi empirical ike o ka loina o ka hōʻoia. Ka maʻiʻo o ka loina hooponopono ua like penei: 'epekema cia mea pono i nā kūʻiʻo o ka' epekema, a hoao iho la " 'epekema primacy" - hookupaa iho la ia ma ka' epekema e ho'āʻo ai a me ka ike maopopo ana, iʻano, a ua kaawale mai nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o kaʻaoʻao 'ole i hiki ke hele mai, mai ke kanaka noiʻi. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka wā o ka loina o ka hōʻoia i ua manaoia ma ka 'epekema hoʻomanaʻo, he nui na kekahi mau wahi o Hawaii ma ke kahe ana o e kukulu i ka oiaio o ka' epekema e like me ia. I mea no ke aha la i kēia manaʻoi hāpai 'ia i lilo i hou hua'ōlelo i loko o ka hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka adequacy o ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka' epekema, a ua loaa ka mau nō lā hoʻi o ka kēia mau manaÿo o philosophical positivism (Neo).

Eia naʻe, ka hoao ana i hoike ia ka hōʻoia rula hoao imperfect a me na mea pohihihi o ka 'epekema hiki ole ke pane. Kona hoʻokau 'akaka i loko o ka haiki o ka palapala noi. No ka laʻana, e pili i kēia hana ma ka kālaiʻike,ʻike manaʻo a me nā " 'ole-makemakika"' epekema ua wale ole. Eia hou, kona hemahema ua i ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'wale ka poe' Oihana e komo i? Iie mea, lako a pan i hiki ke hoopaa i ka pololei o ka 'epekema mea. Ke, he pono ole ke kanaka, keia iaoia ua,ʻaʻole i loaʻa. A me ka mea mua, e wehe aʻe i ka hoʻokau 'o keia hana, ua Popper ia ia iho. He kaulana i na mea he nui akeakamai kūʻiʻo mea he pono ke ano, a no ia mea hiki ole e objectively verifiable. A no laila, i mea e hoʻokō nui pono, Popper hāpai 'ia e hoonui mai i ka hoi ka loina hooponopono o ka hōʻoia i kekahi rula - i ka loina o ka falsification.

Ke nä känaka 'epekema i hele mai, mai ka assertion ia' epekema, e like na mea a pau'ē aʻe i loko o ke ao nei, o ka hōʻeuʻeu'ōnaehana, no laila, i ka hana o ka 'epekema mea ole wale e wehewehe i kaʻike manaʻo' ia akā, no hoi, e wehewehe i ka loli. Makakoho kūlana ma keia Popper i kālaiʻike. falsification rula e hiki ke hōʻoia i ka 'epekema mea a kŰia ma ka refuting ia. Kēia, e like me Popper, hoomaka ka methodological nā papaha o ka 'epekema.