Hoʻopunipuni: ano a me kāu kiʻina hana

E like me ka mea i hoʻopiʻi 'Code, apuka a palapala' o ia hoʻi ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka palapala forged ma muli o ka falsification o palapala (i ke koho 'ole manufacturing eiiiiiaiou: palapala, me Media ike, inoa, kikokikona, A hehi ihola au, wepa). E pili i kēia manaʻo i ka falsification o ke kanaka hehee ( 'ino ai e hoʻololi i kekahi māhele o nā palapala maoli). hoʻopunipuni, kuleana no ka i hoakaka ia ma ke karaima, Code, ia mea he kuokoa iaoia o ka hana i ke karaima a me ka hewa.

I ka maopopo maʻi palapala hoʻopuni e hua mai la e like me kekahi lauana, i malama like pono kope. Nā hiʻona (oko mai o ka palapala) loaa i kā lākou hana, e leie aku e ike i ka hoʻopuni. Hapa apuka hiki ke i ma:

• counterfeit wahi o A hehi ihola au a me ka sila, inoa;
• ke kūapoʻana māhele o ka palapala ( 'aoʻao, nā kiʻi),? ee, overprinting, nā memo, Nine Inch etching o ka kikokikona;
• erasures, i kēia mau hōʻailona hiki ke 'ike ma ka forensic mea.

Ma ka hana kūikawā moʻokalaleo, e ho'ākāka 'ia ma hoʻopunipuni o nā palapala a me kona hiʻona like penei. I ka erasures ka hoʻohana me mechanical ana o ka kikokikona (ʻano nuiʻo Kūhiō, helu, kanaka palapala) ma ka hamoʻia i ka pahi mea (pahi, pahi kahi kōmi ') a me ka holoiia eraser. Ma keia pepa, i kona i kaʻilikai, a me ka hapa wehe 'ia ka poʻe holoiia kikokikona. Na hoailona o erasures nā: residues make hahau ana kikokikona lei ka inika ma ka hou kikokikona, a ua pili i ka holoiia wahi, kue o ke kāʻei kua maka aha, hoemi pepa mānoanoa loli surfaces'ōkalakala ma luna o kaʻilikai olona.

Ka loaʻaʻana ua lawe erasures me na hoailona hoi ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i nā moʻolelo i loko o ka maʻamau hele liilii, ho'īli, kēlā hoʻomālamalama i loko o ka ultraviolet a me ka welaʻula kukuna, ka hoʻohana' ana i ka microscope, a puka lou me nā multiplicities.

hoʻopunipuni Nine Inch etching ua lawe mai flushing a kikokikona loloʻa Nine Inch reagents (mekala 'åkilikai,ʻakika). Ma ka ia Nine Inch lakou aloha ia pepehi ole wale ke kikokikona, akā, no hoi ma na eiiiiiaiou o ka palapala (ke kāʻei kua maka aha pepa). Na hoailona o Nine Inch etching pili loli ke kala pepa, a me ka kāʻei kua maka aha, maka wawahi ka inikaʻo Kūhiō, fragility, ka fragility o ka pepa. Hoike na hoailona o Nine Inch etching ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi kiʻiona'ōnohi manaʻo, kēlā kau iho, kānana.

Overprint a me nā memo ma ka lima ua lawe mai e hoʻololi i ka 'ikepili i loaʻa ma loko o ka palapala. Ka mea, i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO uuku ma ka nui, akā, me ka nui loa ke hoololi ae i ka mua ikepili. Main hiʻona hou memo: oko ao i ka paulele i ka hoʻomana, a na hiʻona underscore (apuka me na hoailona aɃe hoʻopau palapala, slowness o ka kakou mau kuko, hoʻonui a lima, palapala nui). Na hoailona overprinting ma typewriters: OOAaAeAa ma ka kalameaʻai hue oko ao, a me ka pai kumu nui.

? Iaea, overprint, nā memo kikokikona 'akomi i ka kiʻiona 'ōnohi manaʻo, ka hoʻohana' ana welaʻula a me ka UV kānana, ma këia i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka make.