Ho'omākaukau ka ... hana hana RNA (ho'ololi i ka ho'ololi o ka RNA)

'O kēia ka manawa e ho'oka'awale ana i ka ho'okō'ia o nā'ikepili o ka'ike e loa'a mai nā pūnaewele e like me eukaryotes a me nā prokaryotes.

Ke ho'ākāka nei i kēia mana'o

I ka'ōlelo Pelekānia kēia hua'ōlelo'o ia ka "processing, processing". 'O ka hana'ana'o ia ke'ano o ka ho'omohala'ana i nā'ōmikū'ōma'oma'o o ke acid ribonucleic mai mua o ka RNA. I kekahi'ōlelo'ē a'e, he hō'ailona kēia o ka ho'ohālikelike i ka ho'ololi'ana i nā huahana kākau kikokikona (mua o ka RNA o nā'ano like'ole) i nā molekino mau hana.

No ka hana'ana o ka p- a me ka tRNA, ho'oulu pinepine ia i lalo no ka'oki'ana i nā molecuka keu mai nā wēlau o nā mole. Inā mākou e kama'ilio e pili ana i ka mRNA, aia ma laila e hiki ke'ike'ia i loko o nā eukaryotes kēia multistep.

No laila, ma hope o ka'ike mua'ana o ka hana'ana'o ka ho'ololi'ana o ka palapala kākau mua i loko o ka mole RNA kūpono, pono mākou e no'ono'o i kona mau hi'ohi'ona.

'O nā hi'ohi'ona nui o ka mana'o

Loa'a kēia i kēia mau mea:

• Ka ho'ololi'ana o nā hopena o ke mole a me ka RNA, kahi e ho'onui'ia ai nā hua'ōlelo nucleotide pono'ī iā lākou, e hō'ike ana i kahi o ka ho'omaka (hopena) o ka unuhi;
• Ho'opili - ke'ili'ana i nā hua'ōlelo'ole o ka'epa ribonucleic, e pili ana i DNB intron.

No nā prokaryotes,'a'ole hiki ke ho'olālā'ia ko lākou mRNA i ke ka'ina hana. Loa'a iā ia ka mana e hana koke ma hope o ka pau'ana o ka hō'ailona.

Ma hea kahi e no'ono'o ai?

Ma kekahi mea ola, hana kahi hana RNA ma kahi pūpū. Hana'ia ia ma o nā enzymes pono (e ka hui) no kēlā me kēia'ano o ka mole. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hana'ia nā unuhi huahana e like me nā polypeptides i heluhelu pono'ia mai ka mRNA. 'O kēia mau ho'ololi,'o ia ka mea i kapa'ia he molekino mua o nā protein - collagen, immunoglobulins, enzymes digestive, some hormones, after which the start of their protects in the body.

Ua a'o mua mākou i ka hana'ana o ka hana'ana o ka RNA kū'oko'a mai mua o ka RNA. I kēia manawa, pono ke eli'ana i loko o ke'ano o ka wai'i ribonucleic pono'ī.

RNA: ke'ano kino

'O kēia ka'epa ribonucleic,'o ia ka copolymer o pyrimidine a me ka ribonucleotides purine, e pili ana kekahi me kekahi, e like me nā DNA, 3 '- 5'-phosphodiester alala.

'Oiai ke'ano o kēia mau'ano like'ole'elua, ua like lākou me nā'ano like'ole.

Nā hi'ohi'ona'oko'a o RNA a me DNA

'O ka mea mua, aia kahi'okena kala ma ka'epa ribonucleic, kahi i ho'okomo'ia ai ka pyrimidine a purine puna, nā phosphate pū'ulu, ribose, a me 2'-deoxyribose.

'O ka lua, he'ano like'ole nā'ano pyrimidine. 'O nā mea like'ole nā nucleotides o adenine, cytosine, guanine. Ma RNA, ma kahi o kāumine, uracil.

'O ka kolu, he'eneka 1-chain, he DNA ka helu 2. Akā, i loko o ke kaula o ka acid ribonucleic, he mau'āpana me kahi pohina keu e pili ana, kahi e hiki ai i kona kaula kekahi ke ho'ololi a hana i nā "hairpins" - me nā'ano 2-ākea (e like me ka mea i hō'ike'ia ma ka helu i luna nei).

'O ka hā, no ka mea,'o RNA ka pae ho'okahi e kūlike i ho'okahi wale nō o nā kaula DNA,'a'ole pono e hele i loko o ka'ōnaehana'o guanine i ka cytosine, a'o adenine e like me ka uracil.

Halima, hiki ke ho'oulu'ia ka RNA i 2 ', 3'-cyclic diesters o mononucleotides e ka alkali. 'O ke kuleana o ka kōkuene o ke kahawaiwai e pā'ani'ia e 2 ', 3', 5-triester, hiki'ole ke hana i ke'ano like no DNA no ka mea he 2'-hydroxy mau. I ka ho'ohālikelike'ana me DNA,'o ka ākea o ka waika ribonucleic he waiwai kūpono ia no nā'ike diagnostical a me nā mea nānā.

'O ka'ike i loko o ka RNA 1-mau'ia, ma ke'ano he rula, ua'ike'ia e like me ke'ano o pyrimidine a me purini bases, ma nā'ōlelo'ē a'e, e like me ke'ano o ka papahana polymer.

'O ke ka'ina o kēia papahana e pili ana i ka chain chain (coding) kahi a RNA i heluhelu ai i "heluhelu". Ma muli o kēia waiwai, ua hiki ke ho'opa'a pono'ia ka molecule ribonucleic acid i ke kaulahao coding, akā, hiki'ole ke hana i kēia me kahi kaula DNA'ole e helu. 'O ke ka'ina o ka RNA, ma kahi o ka ho'ololi'ia o T e ka U, ua like ia me ka mea pili i ke kaula o nā mo'o'ole.

Nā'ano o RNA

Kokoke a pau o ia i komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana e like me kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis. Hō'ike'ia nā'ano RNA i kēia mau mea:

1. 'O Matrix (mRNA). 'O kēia nā molekino o ka waikawa ribonucleic cytoplasmic, e lilo ana i kumuhana synthesis matrix.
2. Ribosomal (rRNA). He mole ia o ka RNA cytoplasmic e hana ana i ke'ano o nā'ano ho'ohālike like me nā ribosomes (nā kumu i loko o ka ho'omana'o pūmua).
3. Ka halihali (tRNA). 'O kēia nā molekino waika ribonucleic kai e komo i ka unuhi (translation) o ka'ike mRNA i loko o ke ka'ina o nā amino acids i loko o nā proteins.

A paa hapa o ka RNA o na transcripts mua i i hua mai la i ka eukaryotic keena, a me mammalian keena, waiho wale i loko o ka nucleus hoʻololi iho kaʻina hana, a me ka Radio i ka 'ike i loko o ka cytoplasm a mall kūlana.

I loko o nā pūnaewele kanaka (kahi hānai), he papa o nā'ekepona libonucleic'elepili li'ili'i i'ole e komo pono i ka mele ho'omana'o pilikino akā he hana ka hana ma RNA, a me ka "architecture" pūnaewele. 'O ke'ano o ko lākou nui, he 90-300 nucleotides.

'O ka Ribonucleic acid ka mea kumu waiwai nui i loko o kekahi mau huapalapa o nā mea kanu, nā holoholona. 'O kekahi mau huakōkole i loko o ka RNA e hele'ole i loko o ka papa hana e like me ke kākau'ana o RNA i DNA. Eia nō na'e, no nā'ano ululā'au holoholona he nui, e like me ke'ano o nā mea hō'ailona,'o ka unuhi hope o ko lākou RNA genome, i kuhikuhi'ia e ka transcriptase ho'ololi DNA (DNA polymerase), he'ano kūpono ia me ke kālua'ana o kahi kope DNA 2-helohe. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ua ho'okomo'ia ka transcript DNA o 2-ma'amau i loko o ka genome, me ka hō'oia hou'ana i ka hō'ike'ana i nā genes viral a me ka ho'omohala'ana i nā kope hou o RNA genomes (me viral).

'O nā ho'ololi o ka li'ili'i o ka waika ribonucleic

'O kāna molecules, synthesized me RNA polymerases, ke hana ma'alahi'ole i ka hana, hana i mua,'o ia ka pre-RNA. Ua ho'ololi'ia lākou i mau'ōliki kelepona wale nō ma hope o ka hala'ana o nā ho'ololi o ka palapala ho'ohālikelike e pili ana i ka RNA - nā paepae o kona hānau'ana.

Ke heluhelu'ia nei ke'ano o ka mRNA kūpono ma ka mana o RNA a me polymerase II i ka manawa o ke elongation. Ma mua o ka 5'-hopena o ke'āpana ulu mālie, ua kāko'o'ia'o RNA e ka 5'-hopena o ke GTP, a laila ua ho'opau'ia ka'ōpipōpaila. 'Oiai,'o ka guanine he methylated me ka hiki'ana mai o 7-methyl-GTP. 'O kēia pū'ulu kūikawā, kahi o ka mRNA, i kapa'ia he "cap" (po'oleka a po'oleka paha).

Ma muli o ke'ano o ka RNA (ribosomal, transport, matrix, a me nā mea'ē a'e), nā mea mua e hana i nā ho'ololi hou. 'O kēia la'ana, nā mikimiki mRNA e ha'alulu, methylation, kāpili, polyadenylation, ai kekahi manawa e ho'oponopono ai.

Eukaryotes:'ike nui

'O kekahi pūnaewele o eukaryotes ke'ano he papa o nā meaola ola, a aia i loko o kahi pūpū. Ma waho a'e o ka bacteria, archaea,'o nā meaola a pau he'eleleia. 'O nā mea kanu, nā mea ho'omalu, nā holoholona, me kahi hui ālai'ia i kapa'ia he'opiho, e hana a pau e like me nā mea eukaryotic. 'O lākou a'elua me 1-cellular a multicellular, akā, loa'a i nā mea a pau ka papahana ma'amau o ka pūnaewele pūnaewele. Mana'o'ia he'ano like'ole kēia mau'ano like'ole like'ole, no laila,'ike'ia ka pūhui ho'olālā e like me ka taxon monophyletic o ke ki'eki'e ki'eki'e loa.

Ma muli o nā mana'o kuhi like, ua pi'i nā eukaryotes 1.5-2 mau makahiki i hala. He hana ko'iko'i i ko lākou ho'olālā'ana i hā'awi'ia i symbiogenesis, he hō'ailona o ka cell eukaryotic, he pilina hiki ke hiki i phagocytosis, a me ka huamona i ho'onele'ia e ia, nā kikowaena o nā palolo a me ka mitochondria.

Nā Prokaryotes: ke'ano ma'amau

'O kēia nā'ano olaola olaola he 1-'a'ohe papa (i ho'onani'ia),'o ke'ano o nā membrane po'o (inner). 'O ka ho'okahi wale no ka nui o ka DNA mole i loko o ka nui o ka mea'enela genetic kahi mea i hana'ole i kahi pa'akikī me nā ho'omalu histone.

'O nā Prokaryotes ke komo pū me nā huapalapa a me nā huapalapala, e like me ka cyanobacteria. Mamo enucleated keena - eukaryotic organelles - plastids, mitochondria. Ua pu'unaue'ia lākou i 2 mau'auhau ma lalo o ke kūlana kūlana: Archea a me Bacteria.

'A'ole i loa'a i kēia mau pūnaewele ka enveloppala nukili, kahi hō'ailona DNA e hana'ia ma waho o ka hana'ana i nā mo'olelo. Osmotrofny kā lākouʻai type, a iloko ona i kakauia na aaiaoe mea o kekahi DNA lātoma a ua paa ia ma ka ke komo lima, a me he mea hoʻokahi wale nō replicon. Ho'omau nā Prokaryotes i nā mea ho'onāwai, a he'ano membrane.

Ka'oko'a ma waena o nā eukaryotes a me nā prokaryotes

'O ke'ano nui o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic e pili ana i ka hiki i loko o lākou o kahi mea kani, aia i loko o ka pūpū, kahi i pale'ia e kahi membrane. 'O kā lākou DNA he laina line, e pili ana i nā proteins histone, kekahi mau proteins chromosomal e hele'ole ana i ka hua bacteria. Nō kāu, i kā lākou ola kalapona hoike nukelea 2 pae. Kekahi i kekahi haploid kau o chromosomes, a me a laila merging, 2 haploid keena hana i kekahi diploid, i maupaʻa mua o ka lua o ka huapalapala o chromosomes. Ke hana'ia nei me ka mahele o hope e lilo hou ana ka pūnaewele i ka hapanui. 'O kēia'ano o ka nohona ola, a me ka hō'aia'ana ma ke'ano nui,'a'ole ia he'ano o nā prokaryotes.

'O ka mea'oko'a nui loa ka hele'ana o nā hui kūikawā ma nā eukaryotes, nona nā mea pono'ī a lākou e ho'onui ai ma ka fission. Ke ho'opuni'ia kēia mau hale e kahi membrane. 'O kēia mau'ano he pilapī a me mitochondria. Ma ke'ano o ka hana nui a me ka ho'olālā,'ano kūlike lākou me ka bacteria. 'O kēia mau mea i ho'oikaika'ia e nā'epekema e no'ono'o i ke'ano o lākou he hua o nā mea ma'i kino i komo i loko o kahi hō'ailona me nā eukaryotes.

He wahi'u'uku ke'ano o nā'ano o nā Prokaryotes,'a'ole kekahi o lākou e ho'opuni'ia e kahi membrane lua. Ka mea nele i ka endoplasmic reticulum, ka Golgi nakeke, na lysosomes.

'O kekahi mea nui'ē a'e ma waena o nā eukaryotes a me nā prokaryotes ka hele'ana o nā endocytosis i nā eukaryotes, e like me ka phagocytosis ma ka nui o nā hui. Kapa'ia ka hopena i ka mana e hopu'ia ma ka pa'ahao i loko o kahi'ōma'oma'u, a laila e'eli iho i nā mea like'ole. 'O kēia ka'ina hana ka'oihana palekana nui i loko o ke kino. Hiki ke kumu o phagocytosis, no ka mea,'o ka nui o nā pūnaewele. He'u'uku ka nui o nā meaolaola Prokaryotic, no laila, ma ke'ano o ka ho'ololi'ana o nā eukaryotes, he mea nui e pili ana i ka hā'awi'ana i ke ke'ena me ka nui o ka mea'ai. 'O ka hopena, ua'ike'ia nā mea ho'olale'ale pūnaewele mua i waena o lākou.

Ka lawelawe'ana ma ke'ano he ho'okahi o nā papa hana o ka pulupulu pilikino

'O kēia ka mahele'elua i ho'omaka ma hope o ka unuhi'ana. Aia nā kinukūmua kūpono ma nā eukaryotes wale nō. 'O kēia kū'ana o ka mRNA. 'O ke kauka'ana,'o kēia ka wehe'ia'ana o nā mea i ho'ololi'ole i ka protein, a me ka pilina o nā mea ho'okele.

Ka Hopena

Hō'ike kēia'atikala i ka hana o (biology). Eia kekahi, he aha ka ho'ākāka'ana o ka RNA, ua helu'ia kona'ano a me ka ho'ololi'ana o ka hope. Ke nānā'ia nei nā hi'ona o nā eukaryotes a me nā prokaryotes.

I ka hopena, pono e ho'omana'o i ka hana'ana o ke'ano o ke kū'ana o RNA kū'oko'a mai mua o ka RNA.