Hypoeutectoid kila: ka 'ole, ka waiwai, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo hoʻohana o

Ka hoʻohana o kalapona kila kaiāulu i kūkuluʻia a me ka hana mau. I ka pae ana o no laila,-kapaia oaoieei-hao he nui kona pono i alakai i mahuahua hana o ka hopena huahana a me ka manao. A me kaʻoi loa ka ikaika a me ka ia'ku i ka stress, na oka a pau i'ōlewa a me ka hōʻeuʻeu waiwai. Ma kekahi, e kākoʻo ana-eutectoid kila, a hoi i ka nui pakeneka haku mele 'ana o nā mea huihuina carbonaceous kuaiia no kiʻekiʻe ductility. Akā, i ka ole a pau i ka pomaikai o keʻano o ke kiʻekiʻe-ikaika hao.

General 'ike ma luna o ka oka a

Ka hanohano nō hoʻi waiwai o ke kila o ke alo i loko o ka 'ole o ka kūikawā oka a pau a me ka kalapona impurities. Maoli, ma ka kalapona maʻiʻo, a me ka manao o lakou e kākoʻo ana-eutectoid oka a pau. He nui ke maopopo ma waena o panina, a eutectoid a me ka ledeburitic kila, a i ka hailonaʻana i loko o like me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia' ano o ka iiaie oaoieei hao. Inā ka papa o mall kila mākou noonoo, o ka oka a pau, e malama ia no elike doevtektoidnyh eutectoid, akā, i loaʻa i kekahi hapa o doped ferrite a me ka pearlite. Ke poʻo kumu a mea likeʻole, mai ka hypereutectoid kalapona pae i lalo 0,8%. Nui loa keia anakahi e leie aku e hoʻohuli i i piha eutectoid kila. Ma kekahi aoao e ku pono ana doevtektoida mea he hypereutectoid kila, ma a ka hou o ka perlite i loaʻa impurities kiʻekiʻe carbides. Pela, loaʻa nō ka papa aʻeʻelua e ae e līkaia hypoeutectoid oka a pau o ka mau pae eutectoid. Mua, ia mea he kŘpa a uuku ka maʻiʻo o ka kalapona, a me ka lua, he kūikawā 'ia paha o nā impurities a i ka nānā' ana ferrite.

manufacturing enehana

Nohona ma kaʻina kākoʻo-eutectoid kila manufacturing kaʻina mea i 'ano like me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā oka a pau. Ia mea, ma ka hola o ka ia i kūpono, akā, i loko o nā kŰia ke kau. Special noonoo hypoeutectoid kila pono ka loaa ana i ka māhele o kona maopopo 'ole. No keia enehana mea hoʻomau ana e hōʻoia 'decomposition o austenite ma anuanu kāʻei kua. I huli ai oe, o ka austenite ua hui me ka läÿau, iloko olaila no ka ia ferrite a me ka pearlite. Ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia a anuanu kōmi hooponoponoʻano hana hiki mana i ka lakou hoopuehu ana o ka mea hoʻonui, a ultimately e loli ai i ke kahua o kekahi hana ano o ka mea.

Naʻe, i ka kalapona ke keʻena i hoʻolako perlite i koe ma ka ia pae. ʻOiai mahope annealing e e ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i ke kahua o ka microstructure, ke kalapona maʻiʻo e ia i loko o 0,8%. An obligatory mua i loko o ke kahua o ke kila 'ole a me ka normalization. Kēia kaʻina hana ua koi 'ia no ka optimizing fractional mānoanoa o ka ia austenite. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ua hoemiia ferrite a me ka perlite (particles) a hiki i ka pau e pono ai nui, a hoi hoonui ae i ka oaoieei-a me ka physical ano o ke kila. Kēia mea he luna 'kaʻina hana ma i ka puu o ka hahana maoli nō kēia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea e like ai o ka rula. Inā oi aku i ka wela, ka mea i pono e hāʻawi 'ia me ka mea ku pono ia - mahuahua ka austenite mānoanoa.

annealing o ke kila

Annealing ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi mau ki ina hana like. A fundamentally okoaʻenehana piha, a kāpili annealing. Ma ka hihia mua, aole mea i mālama nui hahana maoli nō kēia i ka austenite hoʻololi mahana, ma hope i ka normalization ua lawe mai ma ka anuanu. Koke austenite ka palaho. Nō kāu, he piha annealing o steels hua mai la i ka aaeei 700-800 ° C. Heat lapaʻau ma ka pae e ferrite haʻalele no ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka disintegration hehee wale. Ke anuanu maila pākēneka mea i amenable i ka hoʻoponopono, no kekahi laʻana, hana nā limahana ke mana i ka umu ahi keena puka, panina a wehe ia. New Ke Ana Hoʻohālike isothermal umu ahi ke koho lawe mai kali ka huʻihuʻiʻana, e like me ka polokalamu hoʻoholo ma mua.

Me ka pili ana i ka palupalu annealing, ka mea, ua hana ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia ma ke ana wela ma luna o 800 ° C. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō kaumaha kapu ma manawa hoʻokoe iho i ka pilikia ana wela loa. No ia kumu, he mea he hapa annealing, ma i ferrite, aole ia i nalo. Nolaila,ʻaʻole eliminated a me ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka wā e hiki mai ia wā mea 'ole. No ke aha la e pono ai i ka'ōlelo hoʻomakeʻaka steels, ina ka mea, aole ia e hoʻoikaika 'ana i ke kino ai' ano? I mea, ia mea kāpili wela lapaʻau e leie aku e malama i ka pahee hionapāʻili. Ka hope loa mea e pono ole ma na wahi o ka palapala noi, i mea ano no ka kalapona steels me ia, akā, e hiki wawe ka paka mīkini penei:. Kahi e kākoʻo ana-eutectoid oka a me ka mau pilikia amenable ana, a ho'ēmi koina ma ka manufacturing kaʻina.

oka a normalization

Ma hope o ia kīʻana mai i ka huli ana o ke kiekie wela lapaau kaulike. Līkaia normalization ana a me ka paio hahana maoli nō. Ma nā hihia ia mea he thermal keiki ma luna o ka workpiece ma i ka mahana ke oi aku mamua o 1000 ° C. Akā, ma ka iho, hoomaka ae la normalization doevtektoidnyh e ana ma hope o ka pau 'ana o ka wela lapaau. Ma keia kahua e hoomaka anuanu maila i loko nō lewa ana ma i waiū ia lŘlŘ e hoʻopiha ho okumu ana o ke olonā i austenite. Ia mea, wela mea heʻano o ka hoomakaukau hana mamua i ka lawe ana mai i ka oka a pau i loko o ka normalized ke ano. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i kekahi mall loli, loa pinepine ka mea, hoʻohikiʻia i loko o ka emi ana o ka nui o ka ferrite a me ka pearlite, e like me ka hoomahuahua i ko lakou paakiki. , ua hoʻonuiʻia ka ikaika ano o na (particles) ma ka hana e like me like me like ano, ua loaʻa annealing kaulike.

Ma hope o normalization hiki e ukali ma kekahi wela lapaʻau me ka hoʻopau holo loa. A laila, i ka preform ua ho'ēmi, a me keia anu u hiki ke hana ia ma kekahi aoao. Endpoint hypoeutectoid kila a huli i loko o ka lewa paha i loko o ka umu me ka lohi ka huʻihuʻiʻana. E like me ka hana pono E hoike mai, i ka loa kiʻekiʻe-e like ai oka a ua hanaʻia ma ka hali ana mai i ka piha normalization o ka 'enehana.

Ana wela kanawai ma ka oka a 'ole

'Ākeʻakeʻa ana wela i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu i kila' ole kaʻina kānāwai me ka loli o ka ferrite-cementite i austenite nuipa a. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka pearlite puka mai, e hoike ooieoeiiaeuiiai läÿau, i kekahi i kekahi kumu e lilo i kekahi kiʻekiʻe ikaika kila. I ka hiki mua o ka thermal waiū hoopaakikiia kilaʻia pakele o ka oi ferrite. I ua kaulana, ua ole mau loa pakele no ka mea, e like me ia ma ka hihia o ke kāpili annealing. Akā, Classic doevtektoidnyh oka a no komo ai i ka wehe 'ana o ka austenite ke keʻena. I kekahi kahua me ka manawa i loaʻa, e hoʻoikaika i ka haku mele 'ana o ka i ka ho omaulia ma ke kahua o ka hoʻomākaukau leʻa' ole. Ia mea, aia no he ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka oka a (particles) me ka attainment o ka mahuahua ikaika waiwai.

Isothermal hou 'ana me ka hui o supercooled austenite i hanaʻia nō ia i loko o kekahi mau' ole a me ka wela pae - wale kekahi o na mea kiko'î i hoʻi iā ka technologist. Peakʻanuʻu hoi ĸokoĸa ana nä pane thermal keiki, i ke anuanu maila uku a me ka ole. D. ke kaumaha ma muli o ka koho pololei normalization loaa hoopaakikiia ko kila me ka pau oaoieei-a me ka physical ano. Ia mea ma keia ke kahua hoi i ka manawa e noi aku kekahi a me ka hana ana waiwai. A ma ko kumu hoʻohālike o ka oka a me ka palupalu hionapāʻili, kūpono ma ka efficient hou aaioee. Akā, ka hapanui o Manufacturers nō alakaʻi ma ka pono o ka hopena hoʻohana a me kona e pono ai no ka hoʻokumu paʻa oaoieei-a me ka pae'ōnaehana ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

'ole kila

normalization aaeei i ka wela ma 700 ° C kumu i ke kahua o ka 'ole i loko o i ka waihona ipu, e e ferrite a me ka pearlite mānoanoa. Ma ke ala, kahi o ka hypereutectoid kila o ferrite 'ole mai i ka cementite. I mehana ea i loko o ka maʻamau moku'āina ua kaulana a me ka maʻiʻo o ka oi ferrite, aole nae e hoʻoulu ai i kēia hapa o ka kalapona ua minimized. He nui ke kuapo i ka 'ole o ke kila i loko o kekahi mau mea e kaukaʻi ma o ka o carbon maʻiʻo. He meaʻaneʻane ole ia ma luna o ka hana o ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka ia wela, a kokoke e pau i kia ma ka pearlite. Maoli, no ka perlite a me ke hooholo i ka nui o ke kalapona läÿau, - IeAUPIIe, IAa IO heʻuʻuku a pau.

Kekahi hana hoihoi mall nuance. Ka mea i ka (particles) o ka perlite a me ferrite me ka ia i ho'ākāka 'umekaumaha. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka helu ana o kekahi o kēia mau eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka popo palaoa ke loaʻa mai mea e noho i ka iauae ieiuaae. Pela aʻo microsection ili honua. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ano i loko a wela i na kākoʻo-eutectoid kila, hana a fractional kiko'î austenite (particles). Akā, ka mea, ua kokoke ma luna o kekahi kanaka kumu me ke kahua o nā hana Hawaiʻi - kekahi mea i koe i ka hae palena no kela mea kiko'î.

Waiwai doevtektoidnoy kila

Kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia pili i ka mehana kila, no laila, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'hana ano hiki ole ke manao, mai ona aku. Lawa ia e olelo aku i ka ikaika 'ano o ka oka a me ka nui loa nalowale eutectoid. O ke kumu ho pono i ka oko ao ma ka 'ole. Ka mea i doevtektoidnyh papa kila i loaʻa ka oi hao i emi iki mahope o ka ikaika analogs ka lepo pipili no hoi ma mall huapalapala. Kekahi kumu no kēia mea, i ka 'ike loea hou no ka hana kaiaulu waiho e hoʻohana i ka oka a pau i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o i i ua hoʻokō i ka i kā mākou ia i kī pū ana me ka pohupani hale o ferrites.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka maikaʻi loaʻa kekahi waiwai o keia mea, alaila ka mea, i loko o ductility, ia'ku a hiki i ka aoao maoli liluwelo kaʻina hana o ka luku a no laila, ma luna o. D. me keia hoopio ai hoi i doevtektoidnyh steels ke hooloihi mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me ka helu o nā hiʻona. No ka laʻana, ka mea, e ia he kiʻekiʻe thermal ia'ku, a me ka nele o ka susceptibility i ka popopo keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka pono me ka lākou o aiiay waiwai o kaʻike mau haʻahaʻa kalapona oka a pau.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka palapala noi

I loko nō o ka hōʻemi iki emi ma ka ikaika ka waiwai aie i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia no a hiki i ka papa o ferritic steels, ua lako ua māhele aku i loko o kaʻokoʻa i nā wahi. No ka laʻana, i ÿole mechanical 'enekinia, noi māhele i ke kila doevtektoidnyh. Kekahi mea i hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe papa oka a pau, i ka hana o ka i i hoʻohana holomua o ia kī enehana a me ka normalization. Nō hoʻi, me ka 'ole o kākoʻo-eutectoid kila me ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o ka ferrite e leie aku ka hoʻohana metala i loko o ka hana o ka hale kanu'ōiwi. A, i ka affordable lilo o kekahi papa o ka kila o kēiaʻanoʻo ia ka mea hiki ke helu i nui makauliʻi. I kekahi manawa, ma o ka hana o ka hale a me ka mea kila modules mai i koi kiekie ikaika akā, pono e mae wale ia'ku, a elasticity. Ma na hihia pono hoaponoia palapala noi doevtektoidnyh oka a pau.

? iecaianoaaiiuo

Hana, e hoomakaukau ai a me ka hoʻokuʻu o kākoʻo-eutectoid metala i loko o Rusia e komo i loko o nā pāʻoihana. No ka laʻana, Ural kanu nonferrous ke hooheheeia (UZTSM) hana mau papa o ke kila o kēiaʻano, a kaumaha aku i ka mea hoʻohana he okoa kau o oaoieei-a me ka physical waiwai. Ural Steel kanu produces ferrite kila, i pihaʻi me kiʻekiʻe-e like ai oka a eiiiiiaiou. Eia hou kekahi, he assortment o ka loaʻa ka hoʻololi 'ana kūikawā oka a pau, me superalloys, a ua kiʻekiʻe-chromium kuhiliʻole kila.

Mawaena o ka nui nā hoʻohua hiki ke hōʻike ', a me ka poe "Metalloinvest". Ma na iauaeoia o ka poʻe i loaʻa mall kila me ka doevtektoidnoy 'ole,' ohi 'i kūkulu. Ma ka manawa, kila mea wili kanu hana ma luna o nā ana hoʻohālike o hou, e leie aku i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i kona poʻo a me ka ferrite oka a - ikaika ano. Ma 'ana, ka' ike loea poe hana e hoʻoikaika 'i ka stress pinepine' ololi, e hoʻoikaika toughness a me ka ia'ku i ka luhi lawelawe. Ua apono mai e kaumaha aku i ka oka aʻaneʻane ao manao.

ka hopena

Aia nō kekahi mau oaoieei-yeiiiie? Hana ana waiwai o ka hanalima, a kukulu i eliiaʻi, a i manao nui a mau hou. Eia naʻe, e like me ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hale a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana i waho mai, a me ka hou e pono ai no ka Lako eiiiiiaiou. Ma keia manao, he ao alohilohi i hoike mai ai ia ia iho, e kākoʻo ana-eutectoid kila, ai ka mea okoa pulakaumaka hana. I ka hana o keia metala, aole e hoaponoia ma ka hihia a pau ma ka mea e pono mau ukana me ka mauʻoi loa-kiʻekiʻe hana, a me ka wahi, i hiki i kona lā iho kūikawā ole-maʻamau e puhi ia o kekahi mau waiwai. Ma keia hihia i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hōʻike i laʻana o ka pu ana o ke kohoʻia a me ka ductility me ka e pono ai hopena ia'ku a me ka nui aiiay ano typical loa kalapona oka a pau o ka.