I ka moolelo o ka loa a me ka helu nenoaia, positional nenoaiu (pokole)

I ka moolelo o ka loa a me ka helu'ōnaehana i pili loa ua hoʻopili, no ka mea, o ka helu nenoaiu, a me ka mea i kaʻaoʻao o ke kākau i ia Hōʻuluʻulu manaÿo e like helu. Kēia kumuhana Aʻole i pili wale nō a hiki i ke kahua o ka makemakika, no ka mea, a pau keia mea nui he hapa kanaka ka moʻomeheu like me ka a pau o ka. No ka mea, hoomaopopo ka wā o ka mōʻaukala o nā helu a me ka helu nenoai, komo hoopa aku maluna o na mea he nui, ao ke ano o ka moolelo o ka maikai ana i hana ia. Systems ku una puunaueia i loko o positional nonpositional a me ka hui. Mai lākou alternation o ka pau moʻolelo o ka loa a me ka helu nenoai. Positioning nenoaiu - mea ia ia ka waiwai denoted ma numeral i loko o ka mooolelo helu, ke kaumaha ma muli kona kulana. Ma nepozitsionnyh nenoai, niioaaonoaaiii, i ka kaukaʻi. Na kanaka hana a me ka hui 'oihana.

Ka like ana o ka helu nenoai i loko o nā kula

I kēia mau haʻawina "History o ka loa a me ka helu nenoai" e e paa ia ma ka 9th papa no ka hana ana ma ke kamepiula 'epekema. Loa importantly kona mea hiki pono - e aʻo i ka unuhi nui mai kekahi helu'ōnaehana i kekahi (oi loa mai ka kekimala i aeaie). Eia naʻe, mea he integral hapa o ka moolelo like me ka a pau i ka mōʻaukala o nā helu a me ka helu nenoai, a ia e hoʻokō i ka kumuhana o ke kula laulā maʻamau. Ua hiki no hoi ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i keia koi i ka multidisciplinary kokoke loa i kahi. E like me kekahi hapa o ka mau papa o ka moolelo, ma ka rula, e hiki e? Anoee ole wale i ka mōʻaukala o ka papa hana, ka nohona a me ka hana kālai'āina neʻe, papa a me na kaua, akā, no hoi i ka meaʻuʻuku loa i ka mōʻaukala o nā helu a me ka helu nenoai. 9 i loko o ka papa o ke kamepiula ka papa ma keia hihia hiki ia i ka hua'ōlelo o ka unuhi helu mai kekahi'ōnaehana i kekahi'ōnaehana e i ka nui nui helu o examples, mai ka mua? Anoee mea. Akā, i kēia mau examples mea ole me ka pīhoihoi, like e e hōʻike ma lalo nei.

Ka muli o ka helu nenoai

He paʻakikī i ka olelo ia, a me ka hapanui importantly, pehea kanaka aʻo i ka helu (e like me ka mea i hiki ole ke ike i loaʻa mai ka wā a me, ka hapanui importantly, pehea 'ōlelo originated). Ua ua waleʻike i ka ua i kahiko maikai ana a pau i ko lakou ka mooolelo'ōnaehana, laila, i ka mōʻaukala o nā helu a me ka helu'ōnaehana originated ma dotsivilizatsionnoe manawa. Pohaku a me nā iwi i ole hiki ke hōʻike iā mākou mea i hele ma loko o ka kanaka naau, a me ka palapala kumu i ole i hana. Paha i ka bila pono ai ke kanaka i loko o ka mahele o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a nui hope, i ka Neolithic kipi, 'o ia hoʻi, ke hoʻololi i ka mahiai, no ka māhele o ke kula hoohalua ana. Kekahi theories ma keia kumuhana, e e like unfounded. Akā, kekahi nā mea mahuʻi hiki nō ke hanaʻia ma këia i ka mōʻaukala o nā 'ōlelo a pau.

Ko läkou 'o ka kahiko helu kahua

Ka loa Logical ho helu'ōnaehana - ke kue o ka manaÿo o "kekahi" - ". I hailona" No ka mea, mea Logical no mākou i loko o ka ke kālā no Lūkini 'ōlelo, he mea wale singular a me ka Plural. Akā, ma na mea he nui kahiko 'ōlelo' ia i kekahi pālua e hoʻohuli i i na mea elua. Ua ola i loko o ka mua Indo-ʻEulopa 'ōlelo, a me kahiko Russian. Penei, ka mōʻaukala o nā helu a me ka helu'ōnaehana hoomaka me ke kaawale ana o ka manaÿo o "kekahi", "elua", "he nui". Eia naʻe, oi piha helu nenoai i ua hoʻomohala i loko o ka maikai ana loa kahiko ike ia iā mākou.

Mesopotamian mooolelo helu

Mākou e hoʻohana i ka kekimala helu nenoaiu. He mea maopopo: i loko o ka lima o ka 10 manamanalima. Aka hoi, i ka mōʻaukala o ka hanana o loa , a me ka helu'ōnaehana i hele ma ka pilikia pae. Mesopotamian numeration nenoaiu - sexagesimal. No ka mea, no laila, a hiki i ka hoʻokahi hola 60 minuke, a he minuke - 60 kekona. No ka mea, o ka makahiki ua puunaueia ma ka helu o ka mahina, he mau o ka 60, a me ka lā ua maheleia i loko o ka hookahi helu o ka hola. Initially ka mea, ua he sundial,ʻo ia hoʻi, kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua 1/12 o ke ao (i loko o keia-lā Iraq, kona lōʻihi like 'ole mea,ʻaʻole loa e lauwili). Wale nui hope, hoomaka ae la e hooholo i ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka hora mea ole i ka la, a hoi hou 12 hola o ka po.

He hana hoihoi i ka hoʻopaʻa hoailona o ka sexagesimal'ōnaehana, ina ia mea he kekimala - he elua wale hoailona (e hoʻohuli i i kekahi, a he umi, i eono paha kanaono, o umi), i loaa na kii e hoʻohuiʻia kēia mau hoailona. He mea weliweli a me ka manaʻo o paʻakikī ka mea, ua i kākau iho i kekahi nui loa ma keia aoao.

Ke kahiko o Aigupita helu kahua

A me ka moolelo o na helu i loko o ka kekimala helu'ōnaehana, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i mau icons, e hōʻike i ka helu hoʻomaka me ka Aigupita kahiko. Ka mea, ua hui nā huapalapala, a 'o ia hoʻi kekahi, hoʻokahi haneri, hoʻokahi tausani, he umi tausani, me nā haneri keu tausani, miliona a me ka umi miliona, pela e hoike ana i ka makemake helu. Oia ka'ōnaehana ua nui oi pono ma mua o Mesopotamia, i hoʻohana 'elua wale huahelu. Akā, ua loaʻa iā ia he ahuwale i kaupalena ': ka mea, ua paakiki e palapala i ka helu, ka oi aku he umi miliona. Naʻe, ka mea kahiko o Aigupita noho maikai ana, e like loa no me ka maikai ana o ke ao kahiko, ua nui ka mea, i pilikia.

Hellenic palapala ma ka makemakika notation

I ka moolelo o Europa kālaiʻike, 'epekema, ka manaʻo politika, a me ka oi pili kēia helu kuhi puke i ka Makamua Hellas ( "Hellas" - i ka iho, ia mea e ahoʻia ka "Greece" invented ma ka Roma). Hoʻomohala i loko o keia noho maikai ana, ua makemakika ike. Ka helu o nā Helene i kākau palapala. Ke kanaka palapala i kela mea keia mea i ka helu, mai 1 a hiki i 9, o kela mea keiaʻumi makahiki mai ka 10 a hiki i 90 a me na haneri mai ka 100 a hiki i 900. wale hoʻokahi tausani i hoʻokohu 'ia e ka ia palapala e like me ka pa alima, akā, me he okoa hōʻailona aʻe i ka palapala. Ka'ōnaehana ae i oi aku helu Kû ke kŘpa a pōkole palapalaia maluna penei.

Slavic helu'ōnaehana like me ka hope o ka Hellenic

I ka moolelo o ka loa a me ka helu nenoai makemake ole e piha me he mau olelo e pili ana i nā kūpuna o kākou. Cyrillic, e like me ka makou i ike, ka mea, ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka Hellenic Hawaiʻi, a no ia mea, Slavic na kii kākau i'ōnaehana i ka nānā' ana kekahi ma luna o ka Hellenistic. Eia, he, kanaka palapala kēlā ho i ka helu, mai 1 a hiki i 9, kela mea keia mea o ka umi 10 a hiki i 90 a me kēlā hoʻokahi haneri mai ka 100 a hiki i 900. wale hoʻohana ole Hellenic palapala a me Cyrillic, a Glagolitsa. Aia ua no hoi he hana hoihoi hiʻona: ma naʻe o ka mea i ka Hellenic ölelo Pelekänia i ka manawa, a me Slavic, mai ka hoomaka ana o ko lākou mau moʻolelo i kākau, mai haʻalele i ka akau, Slavic helu i palapala me inā mai ka akau i ka haʻalele, e mea, o ka palapala i hoʻokohu 'ia na umi kau ai i ka pono o ka palapala hoʻokohu' ia pa alima, palapala denoting haneri o nā palapala ma ka akau o ka hoʻokohu 'ia na umi, a no laila, ma luna o. d.

attic simplification

Hellenicʻepekema Ua hiki nui kiekie. Ke Roma naʻi i ole kū ana lākou mau haʻawina. No ka laʻana, e hoopono ana ma circumstantial hōʻike, Aristarh Samossky 18 kenekulia mua Copernicus hoʻomohala i ka heliocentric 'ōnaehana o ko ke ao nei. Ma nā mea a pau kēia mau luna 'ho Hellenic kānakaʻepekema i kōkua mai lākou nenoaiu o ka palapala helu.

Akā, no ka ano o kanaka, e like me poʻe kālepa, me ka'ōnaehana Ua pinepine, ua paʻakikī: e hana ia, ka mea, ua pono i ka hoomanao i ka laulā aiee o 27 palapala (kahi o ka laulā aiee o 10 huapalapala e ao aku holomua haumāna). No ka mea, ua he Nohie'ōnaehana kapaia ka Attic (Attica - Greece māhele 'āina, i kekahi manawa ua i ke alakaʻi i loko o ka'āina i loko o mau, a oi loa aku hoi ma ka aina o malina kuai, e like me ke kapikala o Attica i ke kaulana Athens). Ma keia nenoaiu, ka keia palapala i ua i koho wale nui kekahi, elima, heʻumi, hoʻokahi haneri, hoʻokahi tausani a me ka umi tausani. A huina o eono huapalapala - ka mea, e nui maʻalahi e hoomanao, a he luna 'ho poʻe kālepa nō i lawe.

Roma numerals

A me ka helu'ōnaehana, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka helu o ka Roma kahiko, a holo nōhie ka mōʻaukala o ka 'epekema mea he hoomau o Hellenic mōʻaukala. E like me ke kumu Attic'ōnaehana i ia, e ka Hellenic palapala auou caiaiai he Roma, a hou i ka hookaawale inoa kanalima a me nā haneri keuʻelima. Ma keia luna 'ho i loko o kona hoonohoʻepekema hoomau i ka paka mooolelo o ka Hellenic oihana o 27 palapala (a me ka mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hana hoonoho kākau i loko o Hellenic).

Roma helu kākau i'ōnaehana hiki ole ke kapaia loa hemolele. Ma kekahi, ia mea nui oi primitive ma mua o ka mea kahiko Lūkini. Akā, Hawaiʻi nei, ia nō ola mai ma luna o ka par me Apapika (ai-kapaʻia) huahelu. A e hoomanao i kēia koho nenoaiu, ia mea,ʻaʻole e pono ke hooki i ka hana ia. Ma kekahi, keia ua pinepine denoted e Apapika numerals cardinal huahelu, a me ka Roma - ke kaʻina.

Oi aku kahiko Mauna hana mea hou i hana muaʻole

Nā oeeo? E mākou hana i kēia lā, muaʻikeʻia i loko o India. Ua uaʻAʻole iʻikeʻia ka wā o ka moʻolelo o nā helu a me ka helu'ōnaehana i keia kamahaʻo turnaround, akā, loa paha,ʻaʻole hope ma mua o ka V kenekulia ma hope o Kristo. pinepine ka mea, ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia ia mea i ua ulu ka Indians i ka manaʻo o ka 'Aʻohe. Kēia manaʻo i ikeia i mathematicians a me nā maikai ana, akā, ka mea, ke anei pono i ka'ōnaehana ae i ka Indians, e komo ia i loko o maopopo makemakika notation, a nolaila i loko o ka i ka ho omaulia.

Hoi o ka makana o ka Mauna oihana o ka numeration ma ka Honua

Presumably ma ka IX kenekulia Indian na kii aie Arabia. Oiai o ka poʻeʻEulopa disparage ka hoʻoilina kahiko, a ma kekahi wahi i kekahi manawa, a hiki ka noonoo e luku ia me he pagan Arabia waiwai e piʻi like o na Helene kahiko a me ka Roma. Mai ka loa hoʻomaka o ko lākou mau nei no ka naʻi lilo i wela huakūʻai unuhi o kahiko kākau i loko o Apapika. ʻano nui ma apana o ¶ʻO'Arabaʻepekema medieval o ka poʻeʻEulopa hoopaa iho ai i ka hoʻoilina o kahiko thinkers. A me kēia mau hoonoho i hele mai, a Indian numerals, a lilo aku ia i ke ¶ʻO'Araba maʻEulopa. Ka mea, i ole koke maliuia mai, no ka mea, ua emi akaka ma mua o ka Roma loa kanaka. Akā, i nā hooluolu aku au i makemakika hoʻomaulia ka hoʻohana i kēia mau hoailona o ka lanakila naʻaupō. Alakaʻi o ka Europa industrialized'āina alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka ai-kapaia Apapika numerals hohola a puni ka honua, a ua manawa hoʻohanaʻaneʻane universally.

Aeaie numeral nenoaiu o kēia kamepiula 'ē aʻe

Me ka Hekikai o kamepiula 'ē aʻe i nā i ka nui huli no nā hana o ka mākaukau. Mea i koe mōʻaukala o ka loa a me ka helu nenoai. Photos o ke kamepiula mua, oia kekahi e uuku ano i ke kālā no ka manaʻo, ke kanaka hoʻoponopono 'oe i kēia' atikala e heluhelu ana, akā, i ka hana o nā o ia ua muli ma luna o ka aeaie notation, ke kuhi iloko olaila wale o ka 'Aʻohe hualoaʻa a me ka mea uuku. aka hoi koe kahaha ko oukou naau no ka mea maʻamau ka ike ana me ka hui malu pu ana o ka pono mau huapalapala (nae i ka peahi a me ka nele i ka mea) hiki paka loa eiiieaena ho, a 'akomi' (ina ka AYEIE polokalamu) unuhi i ka helu i loko o ka kekimala helu'ōnaehana i ka nui i loko o aeaie, hexadecimal, shestidesyatishestirichnoy a me kekahi 'ē kahua. A me ke kōkua o ia ka aeaie kivila ma luna o ka pale depicted keia 'atikala, i Hōʻike' o ka mōʻaukala o ka loa a me ka helu nenoaia no okoa maikai ana ma ka mōʻaukala.