Ka Ikepili a me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka "He aha?" (Chernyshevsky NG)

No ka mea mua manawa ma ka puke hana i ka hana kaulana loa o Chernyshevsky - ka puke "He aha e hana ai?" - Ua paʻiʻia ma 1867 ma Geneva. Nā initiators o ka puke i ka Lūkini emigrants ma Rusia ma ka manawa o ka puke i banned e ka censor. I ka 1863, o ka huina hoonui i kauoha aku e hoolaha ma ka "Contemporary" Magazine, akā, ua mau lumi, kahi i kekahi o kona mokuna i koke banned i pai ia. Summary o ka "He aha e hana" Chernyshevsky opiopio o kēlā mau makahiki maalo ae kekahi i kekahi ma ka olelo o ka waha, a me ka puke - ma ka palapala kope, no laila, i ka huina hoonui i i indelible manaʻo ma luna o lākou.

Ua mea hiki ke hana i kekahi mea

Ka mea kākau kakau iho la oia i kona acclaimed puke i loko o ka hooilo 1862-1863 GG.,ʻOiai i loko o ka halepaahao o ka pā kaua. hōʻike Ka lā o ke kākau 'ana ma luna o' Apelila 14 ma December 4. Mai January 1863 a hiki i ka kanaka mokuna o ka puke hoʻomaka hana censors, akā, no ka mea, i ka'āina wale nō ke aloha moʻolelo, ka puke 'ae' ia e kakau. Soon ka hohonu ano o ka hana e hiki ai i na luna o tsarist Rusia, censor, wehe mai ka oihana, akā, he hana hana - pohihihi keia wa opiopio kaiapili o kēlā mau makahiki i i kūkākūkā i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka "He aha e hana?". Chernyshevsky makemake i kona hana ole wale, e hai aku i ka Lūkini e pili ana i ka "hou kanaka", akā, i ka mea i loko o ia i makemake e mamuli o ia mau mea. A me kona wiwo ole hoopii i loko o na naau o na mea he nui o kona wā o ka mea kākau.

Ka wa opiopio, o ka hopena o XIX kenekulia, huli i nā manaʻo o Chernyshevsky i loko o kekahi ano o ka polokalamu o kona ola iho. Moʻolelo e pili ana i ka mea nui maikai hana o kēlā mau makahiki, hoomaka ae la e hōʻike ai pinepine ia i kekahi manawa ua lilo aneane commonplace maʻamau o ke ola. Ua hoʻomaopopo koke nui nā kanaka i ka mea e hiki ke hana.

Ke alo aku o ka ninau maopopo a me ka pane

Ke kiʻi i ka manaʻo o ka hana, a me ka mea, ua oi palua hoʻokahuli aupuni ma ke ano maoli, - ku okoa ana o ke kanaka, nānā 'ole o ka wahine. A no ke aha la ke kumu nui ano o ka puke - he wahine, no ka mea, ma ia manawa i ke primacy o na wahine, aole ia i hele ma o aku o na palena o kou mau lumi hoʻokipa. Nana ole i hope ma ka ola o kona makuwahine, a me ka pili mau hoa, Vera koke Cuticura ke ka kāpae hewa o ka inaction, a me ka hoʻoholo 'mea e hana ma ka naau o kona ola: he pono, pono keia mau mea, e haawi ana i ka manawa e ponoʻole nei. Nolaila pono - kanaka ku okoa ana o ke ku okoa ana o ka hana ana i na mea i halawai me ka manao, a me ka pōmaikaʻi. Ua i ho'āʻo i ka hoike ma ke ola o Vera Chernyshevsky. "He aha?" By Mokuna kokoke mai poʻe heluhelu i ka lei kiʻiʻelua? Ieoaeunoai o "maoli ola." Here Vera aku, mai o kona makuwahine, a me ka hoʻoholo e wehe i ka hana, no laila,ʻo ia Cuticura i ka wale e hoʻokolokolo pono ma waena o na hoa a pau o ka aina ia e mau pahuhopu a me kona ideals o ke ku okoa ana, akā, i kona loa ka pomaikai me Kirsanov hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka pomaikai Lopukhov. Kanaka ku okoa ana ua interconnected me kiʻekiʻe pono kumu - ia a pau Chernyshevsky.

Ano o ka mea kākau o ka kanaka ma kona mau huapalapala

A me ka mea kākau a me ka heluhelu, e like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a pau-ka ike i ana o ka manao i ka papa kuhikuhiE huapalapala hana - he ano o ke kope palapala, ai 'o ko lākou mau haku. Oia hoi, ina e kiʻi hou kope, ka mea i loa kokoke i loko o ka naʻau i ka mea kākau. I ka moʻolelo o ka puke "He aha e hana ai?" I ke kanaka mua, a me ka mea kākau - kaʻikena ano. Ua hele mai me nā huapalapala ma ke kamailio ana, e arguing ana me ia, a, e like me ka "leo-ma", wehewehe i nā huapalapala, a heluhelu no lākou he nui loa e hoʻohoka wahi.

I ka Ia manawa, o ka mea kākau hoolilo aku hoi i ke kanalua i ka mea heluhelu i ka i loko o kā lākou mau mea kākau 'nā mea hiki, ke i mai nei e "a hiki i ka' ōlelo he olelo kana hewa," a me ka oiaio ia, aole he kulu o "noʻeau tālena". Akā, no ka mea heluhelu i kona mau mea pohihihi i ole hoomaopopo ana, ka mea e hoole i ka puke, i hana Chernyshevsky ia iho, 'He aha lā hoʻi au e hana ai? ". Vera a me ka mea'ē aʻe huapalapala e ai kūlike loa, a versatile hookuuia, hāʻawi me ua kū hoʻokahi kanaka ano, a me ka mea kākau, aole ia i lilo i ke talena oiaio, ina e hiki, e ho okumu ana.

New, akā, no laila, okoa

Ku I Ka Chernyshevskogo mau "hou kanaka" 'oluʻolu, ma ka manao o ka mea kākau, mai ka waeʻano o unreal, ole-existent, i kekahi lole lā i ia lakou iho paa i loko o ko kakou mau ola. I hoʻopaʻa 'i loko e hoike mai i ka nui o mediocre, holo ikaika ia, kekahi e regenerate, kekahi, ke manao maopopo,' ē aʻe - intractable - loa akit ana mai o ka huina nui, ka noʻonoʻo iā lākou, mai ke kaiāulu kanaka, e like me ka mahinaʻai o ka nāhelehele. Noʻeau utopia, i maopopo ike, a ho'āʻo e hōʻike iā ia iho ma ka inoa Chernyshevsky, - "? He aha e au hana". Special kanaka, kona hohonu hoahewa ia, hiki ke hoʻololi i radically ke ao nei a puni ia, akā, pehea e hana ia, oia e hooholo no oia ia ia iho.

Kona puke Chernyshevsky hana i Akä naÿe i ka "Man a me Children" Turgenev, me kona "hou kanaka" mai i nana aku e like me ka cynical a me keʻano ukiuki o kona positiveness nihilist Bazarov. Cardinality o kēia mau kiʻi i loko o ka manaʻo o ko lākou mau papa hana: Turgenev meʻe e like oe ia oe iho, mai a pau a puni o ka wa kahiko, ua hoano e ia i kona "maopopo kulana", ia mea, e luku, iā Chernyshevsky huapalapala hou ho'āʻo ana e kūkulu i kekahi mea, e hana, e luku aku ma mua.

Ho okumu ana o ka "hou ke kanaka" ma ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia

hoomaka ae la na hana kēia mau o ka nui Lūkini moʻolelo i ka mea heluhelu a me ka lehulehu okololiteraturnoy ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIX kenekulia, heʻano o ka beacon - he beacon o ka malamalama i loko o ka pouli. A me Chernyshevsky a me Turgenev ana hai aku i ke ola ana o ke "hou ke kanaka", kona pono i loko o ke kahua o ka kūikawā naʻau i loko hoʻi o ke kaiāulu, hiki ke lawe mai ke kumu kahua o nā loli i loko o ke aupuni.

Inā e heluhelu a me ka unuhi i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka "He aha e hana ai?" Chernyshevsky ma ka pelane o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni manaʻo, nui pīhoihoi lākou eʻike i ka manaʻo o kekahi hapa kaawale o ka heluna kanaka i loko o kēlā mau makahiki, he nui allegorical hiʻona o ka huina hoonui e e oluolu iho ai e hoomaopopo. "Ke kiʻi o kona wahine kahu lio", ike e Vera Pavlovna i loko o kona lua moeuhane, mea,ʻaʻole i kekahi mea, aka, he "kipi" - ia ia ka hopena ua i noho i loko o kekahi mau makahiki kākau mai nāʻaoʻao e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina a kālailai i ka puke. Figuratively ia a me nā kiʻi, i loko o ka puke o ka moʻolelo, ka nānā 'ana paha ka mea, e Animated paha ole.

A iki e pili ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka naauao egoism

Makemake no ka loli,ʻaʻole wale no makou iho,ʻaʻole wale no ko lākou mauʻohana akā, no hoi no i ka mea'ē aʻe, mai holo lākou ma ka puke holoʻokoʻa. Kēia mea loa e like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka helu ana i ko lakou mau pomaikai, a ua hōʻike ma "Man a Sons" Turgenev. Ma na aoao, a me kona mau hoa moʻolelo Chernyshevski e like, me ka manaoio aku i kekahi kanaka,ʻaʻole wale hiki, akā, pono e sensibly ho omaulia a hooholo i kou kanaka ala i ka pomaikai. Akā, i ka mea ia manawa ke i mai nei ia oe hiki wale ke loaa ia hoʻopuniʻia e ka ua kanaka pomaikai. Kēia kumu likeʻole ma waena o nā hoohalua ana o nā novels: Chernyshevsky meʻe forge pono-i no mea a pau, Turgenev ka Bazarov ho okumu ana i kou pomaikai iho me ka pili ana i na mea e ae. Ka poe kokoke ia iā mākou ma kona puke Chernyshevsky.

"He aha lā hoʻi au e hana ai?", Ka Ikepili o ka a mākou i hāʻawi aku ai i kā mākou ana manaʻo, ka hopena mea nui kokoke i ka mea heluhelu o Turgenev ka "Man a Sons."

Pokole e pili ana i ka'āina

E like me ka ua mua hiki ke kuhikuhi i ka mea heluhelu i, aole loa i loaa i loko o nā lima o ko Roma Chernyshevskogo, ka protagonist hana - Vera. Ma kona ola, i ke kahua o kona kanaka, me kona mau ka pili ma me na mea e ae, a me na kanaka, i ka mea kākau hōʻike i nā kiʻi i ka manaʻo o ka puke. Summary o ka "He aha e hana ai?" Chernyshevsky me Kēia mau 'ano o ka papa kuhikuhiE huapalapala, a me nā lāliʻi o ko lākou mau ola hiki ke hoʻouna i loko o kekahi mau pohihihi.

Vera Rozalskaya (aka Vera) ola i loko o kekahi 'ano waiwai ohana, akā, kela mea keia mea i loko o ka hale mea abhorrent ia ia, a me ka makuwahine a me kona mau questionable hana a me nā hoa, e manaʻo ana i kekahi mea, akā, i ka i ana a me ka hana ana o kekahi. Ua hoʻoholo ihola e hele aku, mai ko lākou mau mākua, mākou heroine UOAN e loaʻa i ka hana, akā, he mare me ke kokoke ana i ka mea ma ka uhane Dmitriem Lopuhovym i haawi mai i ke kaikamahine i ke ku okoa ana a me ka aoao o ke ola, e pili ana i kona uhane. Vera hana he Nails Workshop me ka like nā pono kīvila, e pau kona loaa seamstresses - manaʻo nō e holumua ai no ka manawa. O kona koke outbreak o ke aloha i kana kane i ka pili hoa Aleksandru Kirsanovu, ma a ua lilo hoomaopopoia grooming me Kirsanov hoomanawanui Lopukhov 'aʻole i hoonele ia i sanity a me ka lokomaikaʻi, mai kāna kāne, iʻole e haʻalele, e haʻalele i ke o Nuioka ma. Ka ike ana i ka manao lokahi aloha o kana wahine, a me ka pili hoa, burdock, staging he pepehi anaʻia iā iho höʻike aku Vera Pavlovna mai kekahi malama ia ia. Vera Kirsanov a kiʻi i wahine, a me keia mea loa hauʻoli, akā, ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ko lākou mau ola Lopuhov reappears. Akā wale nō ma lalo o kekahi okoa inoa, a me ka wahine hou. He mau ohana noho iho i loko o ke kaiāulu, he hailona o ka manawa a pau, a ua loa māʻona i ka maʻamau ana ma keia ala.

Ua hoʻoholo ike paka i?

Vera Pavlovna ho okumu ana o ke kanaka aku, mai o nā kānāwai o nā 'ano o nā hiʻona o kona mau na¯, a i ulu, a hoala mai i ka like ana me ia. I loko nō o kona wā'ōpiopio, nele i ka hana a me ka pili ma, ano maopopo ke ike ia mea makemake i ke ola. lilo ka maʻamau makuahine o ka ohana A mare maikai, a - ia Aloha ole no ia, a pau i ka nui no laila, a hiki i ka 14 makahiki, ua ike i ka nui o, a hoomaopopo. Ua kui ke aloha, a hoomakaukau i ka holoʻokoʻa ohana kapa komo i loko o 16 makahiki ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ke kālā ma ka haawi ponoi hoʻokani piano haʻawina. Ka makemake e mare me ia makuwahine halawai mai la me ka paa hoole, a hana i kona mauʻoihana - he Nails Workshop. E pili ana i ka uhai i ka stereotype o ka wiwo 'ole mau hana o ka ikaika pūʻulu hana "He aha?". Chernyshevsky ma kona mauʻaoʻao haawi i mau ho'ākākaʻana i ka mahaloia assertion ua ike paka i hoʻoholo i loko o a he mea he kanaka. Ho'ākāka ', akā, wale me kona hoʻoholo' - a me ka hahai ana i ke alanui e koho ole ia, a loaʻa i kou iho. Vera i hele mai mai o ke alanui, i hoomakaukauia no kona makuwahine, a me ka 'ia i loko o ka mea ana i noho ai, a ua hana kona mau alanui.

Ma waena o nā aupuni a pau o nā moe a me ka ike maopopo

Hoʻoholo 'Aʻole i kouʻaoʻao i manaʻo e loaʻa ia, a hahai ia. Ma waena o moe a me ka unuhi 'ia i loko o ka lanakila mea he nui nahā i. Kekahi kanaka, aole ia i aa e lele ma luna o laila, a me kekahi 'ohi i nā mea a pau i kona makemake i loko o ka lima, a e i ka plunge. A ke paneʻana i ka pilikia e hoalaia i loko o ka puke Chernyshevsky "He aha?". Ka Ikepili o ke kahua o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka o Vera kahi hāpai i ka mea heluhelu ma ka haku ai. He oihana ia ma ka incarnation o ka heroine o kona moe iho o ke ku okoa ana i ike maopopo ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka ikaika ha awina. E ka mea paakiki akā, pololei a me ka pono hele alanui. A ia Chernyshevsky hoouna ae ole wale i kona heroine, akā, no hoi e leie aku ia e hoʻokō i ka makemake, hiki i ka mea heluhelu, e hoomaopopo i ka hana waleʻoe ke kū i ka hulu makua pahu hopu. Eia naʻe, no ka mea kākau Pono nń i ole a pau e koho ai i kēia ala. 'Aʻole a pau.

Noʻonoʻo o aku o ka lanakila ma nā moeʻuhane

Ma kekahiʻano hana ala i kākau ai i kāna puke "He aha e hana ai?" Chernyshevsky. Dreams o ka Faith - he huina o eha i loko o ka puke - hōʻike i ka hohonu a me ka originality o ka manaʻo e i ia hanana maoli. I kona moe mua ai oia i oia kuuia, mai ka'ōpao. Kēiaʻano o ka symbolism malama o kou hale iho, kahi āna i hoʻomākaukau unacceptable no kona hopena. Ma ka manaʻo o ka liberation o 'ē aʻe makemake ia, kaikamahine Vera, a hana i kona Workshop iho ma i kēlā me kēia seamstress loaʻa ka like kaʻana like' ana o kona huina loaa.

Ke lua a me ke kolu o ka hiamoe wehewehe i ka mea heluhelu ma ka oiaio, a me ka fantastic lepo, heluhelu Verochkinogo diary (a, incidentally, aole loa alakaiia) e ka manao o ke ola o kekahi kanaka a hopu iho heroin i loko o kekahi manawa o kona ola,ʻo ia i ke aloha e pili ana i kona lua o ka mare ana, a loa ka mea, o ka mare ana. Mau ho'ākākaʻana ma nā moeʻuhane - he mea kūpono,ʻano o ka hōʻike o ka huina hoonui, a i waeʻia e Chernyshevsky. "He aha lā hoʻi au e hana ai?" - maʻiʻo o ka puke lewa ma na moe, na huapalapala i ka papa kuhikuhiE nā mea hana keaka ma ka moeʻuhane - i ka pono mamuli o ka palapala noi o kēia hou palapala o Chernyshevsky.

Nā ideals o ka wā e hiki mai huali, a me ha o ka moe o Vera Pavlovna

Inā ka mea mua ekolu hiamoe heroines noonoo kona pili i ka mōʻaukala kūʻiʻo, kona ha o ka moe - ka moe ana o ka wā e hiki mai. Nui paha ia e hoole ia i loko o oi au mamuli. No laila, Vera Pavlovna ka moe uhane ana o ka okoa honua, he mea hiki ole a me ka mea. Ike ai oia i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka hauʻoli kanaka e noho ana i loko o ka hale nani: he'āina hoʻohiwahiwa, akea, hoopuniia ma ka loa, heʻe piʻoloke ihola manao, hoʻonaniʻia me ka hū punawai. Ma ka mea, i kekahi manaʻo nei marginalized i nā mea a pau - he na olioli, i kekahi e like me ka pomaikai, loaʻa nō nā mea a pau e like.

Mau mea i ka moe o Vera, keia makemake makemake e ike i ka ike maopopo a me Chernyshevsky ( "He aha e au hana?"). Dreams, a me ka mea, e like me ka makou i ike, i ka pilina o ka ike maopopo a me ka moe ana o ke ao nei,ʻaʻole wale hōʻike i ka pahale ao nei o ka heroine, e like me ke kumu o ka puke. A me kona hikiʻole, e ho okumu i piha kaʻike o keia ike maopopo, he utopia i 'ole e hana, akā, no ka mea, i mea nō e pono ai ke ola a me ka hana. A me keia mea i ka ha o ka moe o Vera Pavlovna.

Utopia a me kona wńnana i ua hōʻike

Me kela kanaka keia kanaka i ike, i kona nui hana - ka puke "He aha e hana ai?" - Nikolay Chernyshevsky i kākau ana incarcerated. Nele o kaʻohana, kēia hui, noho kauwa ole ana, no ka mea, i loko o ka halepaahao o ka ike maopopo i loko o ka loa hou ala, eia aʻe o kekahi ike maopopo, hoakaka ia ma ka pepa i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, au e i manaoio i loko o kona manaʻo. Ka mea i hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ao nei i loko o keia Chernyshevski i kanalua i ka "hou kanaka". Akā, mea e ku ma lalo o ka mana o ka mea ana, i kela mea keia mea, a ole a pau ka pono o ka ola maikaʻi - oia, he, hoomaopopo.

Ka puke welau a? Idyllic coexistence no mau e like-manao mauʻohana: Kirsanovs a me Lopukhovs-Beaumont. Small honua, e kāinoa hana, piha ka maikai manao a me ka hana ana o na kanaka. He nui nā kaiāulu a puni e like hauʻoli? No! Aole anei o ka pane i Chernyshevsky moe no ka wā e hiki mai? Owai ka mea makemake, e hana i ko lakou mau pomaikai a me ka hauʻoli honua, i ka mea e, ka mea e ole makemake - e hele me ka pele.