Ka waiwai a me ka 'ole o ka carbohydrates. carbohydrates kuleana pili i

No ka mea kanaka kino, e like me nā mea ola a pau, he poe pono ikehu. Ole ia, aole kahe hiki ole ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, o kela mea keia biochemical naoh, kekahi enzymatic kaʻina 'ole kahua o ka pūnao nele ka ikehu kumu.

No laila, i ke kumukuai o ka mea, ina i ke kino ikaika i ke ola, ka loa nui a me ka mea nui. He aha ka ka mea? Carbohydrates, nā polokina, bipi kūpaluʻia. Ka 'ole o kela a me keia o ia mea okoa, ka mea e pili ana i ka pono kekahi mau papa o Nine Inch i huiʻia, akā, i kekahi o ko lakou mau oihana, he ano like me - hoomaopopo ana i ke kino a me ka ikehu pono ai ke ola. E noonoo i kekahi pūʻulu o na kēia mau waiwai - carbohydrates.

Mea Maluna o carbohydrates

I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka carbohydrates mai lākou e komo ai i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kā lākou mau inoa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i loko o ke kakahiaka kumu ia i ea ae ia ia mea ia he pūʻulu o nā hui i nā makana i loko o ka 'ole o ka kalapona nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa i ka wai nā lātoma.

A hou ia'ku, Ka Ikepili, e like me ka hoʻonui 'ike i ke' ano o kēia mau waiwai aeia e hooiaio i ole nā 'elele i kekahi hapa wale. Naʻe, i kēia hiʻona mea no kekahi o ka poe e hoʻoholo i ka 'ole o ka carbohydrates.

Hoikehonua, Maluna o keia pae o ka hui, ua like penei:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, monakō koko, a no laila, ma luna).
2. Oligosaccharides (BIOS, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (pia, kelulose).

No hoi, a pau carbohydrates hiki ke maheleia i na kēia mau pūʻulu.

• hoihoi hou ana;
• ole-hoemi.

Ka 'ole o nā nā lātoma o carbohydrates kēlā me kēia pae lawe i kokoke nānā.

Monosaccharides: ano

Kēia waeʻano nā mea a pau o ka poe noonoo ole carbohydrates i pihaʻi me he aldehyde (aldose) ole ketone (ketose) pae, a i oi aku mamua o 10 kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka pae 'ole. Inā 'oe e nānā i ka helu o nā'ātoma i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula, na monosaccharides hiki ke maheleia i:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose a me ka deoxyribose);
• hexoses (monakō koko, fructose).

A pau nā 'elele i ole no laila, nui no ke kino e like me ka helu.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o nā lātoma

I 'ole monosaccharides hiki ke poe me ke kaula, a ma ke ano o ka cyclic carbohydrate. Pehea ke ano o keia hana? Ka mea o ia ka mea kikowaena i carbon'Ātoma i loko o ka hui mea he asymmetric ioauoa a puni i ka lātoma ma ka pāʻoihana mea hiki ke ka ao ka. No ka ho okumu i'ōnohi isomers monosaccharides L- a me D-ano apau loa. Ma keia haʻilula monakō koko kākau i loko o ka palapala o ka pololei i ke kaula, hiki mentally puliki i ka aldehyde pūʻulu ( 'ole ketone) aʻolokaʻa mai i loko o ka mea poepoe. E loaa i ka like cyclic haʻilula.

Ke Nine Inch 'ole o ka helu ana o carbohydrates monosaccharides nō puni hoʻi: ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma ho okumu i ke kaula a me ke komo lima, kela mea keia mea o i mea okoa paha i hoonohonoho ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu a me hydrogen nā'ātoma. Inā a pau o ka mea hookahi inoa ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka 'ole, a laila, i ka D-isomer ua hana, ina no ka okoa interleaved kekahi i kekahi - laila L-isomer. Inā mākou e kākau i ka mau haʻilula Lunamakaainana o ka loa, he pono ole monosaccharides monakō koko i loko o ka hakakino palapala, ka mea e loaa i ka palapala: C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. A, i ka mooolelo Hōʻike 'o ka' ole a me ka fructose, no hoi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kēia mau monosaccharides mau chemically - mall isomers. Monakō koko - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

'Ole a me ka waiwai o ka helu ana o carbohydrates monosaccharides i pili loa ua hoʻopili. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, no ka mea, o ka alo ana o ke aldehyde a me ka ketone hui i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka' ole ka mea e pili ana i ka aldehyde a me ka ketonospirtam e hoʻoholo lākou Nine Inch ano, a me ka naoh i loko i ka mea hiki ke huipu.

Penei, monakō koko hōʻike i nā kēia mau waiwai:

1. nā reactions, kena ae la ma ke alo o ka carbonyl pūʻulu.

• 'okesaside - he naoh "kala aniani";
• me freshly precipitated hydroxide, keleawe (II) - aldonicʻakika;
• e hiki ke lilo diacids (aldarovye), e hoano hou ole wale he aldehyde akā, hoʻokahi hydroxyl pae ikaika oxidants;
• Ke ola - ua hoohuliia i polyols.

2. Ka lātoma he hydroxyl pūʻulu a me ia Hōʻike 'o ka' ole. Nā waiwai o carbohydrates, a i 'ole ma ka Hoʻohui' ia i kaʻikepili.

• hiki i ka alkylation - ho okumu o ka la o Etera;
• acylation - ho okumu i nā mea kemika ;
• qualitative naoh no ka keleawe hydroxide (II).

3. hookahi kekahi waiwai o ka monakō koko:

• butyricʻakika;
• waiʻona;
• lactic fermentation.

Oihana i loko o ke kino

'Ole a me ka hana ana o ka helu o carbohydrates monosaccharides i pili loa aku. I hala iho nei nō, ma luna o nā mea a pau, e komo i loko o biochemical reactions o ola meaola. He aha kūlana Ua pâʻani 'o ia i loko o kēia monosaccharides?

1. Kumu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o oligo-a polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose a me ka deoxyribose) - i ka nui loa lātoma komo i loko o ke kahua o ATP, RNA, DNA. A me lakou, ma ka huli, i ke kumu nui mai ana o ka hereditary mea, ikehu a me ka kumuʻiʻo.
3. I ka lehulehu pae o ka monakō koko i loko o ke koko - he ana oiaio o ka osmotic puʻe a me kona loli.

Oligosaccharides: 'ole

ua hoemi ia ka 'ole o ka carbohydrate pae i me elua (Diozu) ole ekolu (triose) monosaccharide nā lātoma i loko o ka haku mele' ana. Aia nō ka poʻe i loko o i ka haku mele 'ana o ka 4, 5 a oi kanu'ōiwi (i ka 10), akā, me ka loa, he pono ole i disaccharides. Ia mea, i loko o ka hydrolysis o kēia hui decompose e hana monakō koko, fructose, pentoses, a no laila, ma luna o. A hui hāʻule i loko o kēia waeʻano? A typical hoʻohālike - ia sucrose (e like me kō kō), lactose (ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ka waiu), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Ke Nine Inch 'ole o kēia moʻo o carbohydrates mai na kēia mau hiʻona:

1. Ke mau haʻilula o ka hakakino? Ueo: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11.
2. Elua'ālike a okoa monosaccharide koena ma disaccharide 'ole i interconnected ma ka mea o ke alahaka glycoside. Ma ke ano o ka hui, e hilinaʻi ma ka mana hoemi o ke kōpaʻa.
3. Hoemi disaccharide. Carbohydrate 'ole o kēia' ano o ke kahua o ka uwapo ma waena o ka glycosidic hydroxyl aldehyde a me hydroxyl pūʻulu o kekahi mau nā lātoma o monosaccharides. O nā maltose, lactose, a pela aku.
4. Nonreducing - he typical hoʻohālike sucrose - ka wā i ke alahaka, ua hanaʻia ma waena o hydroxyl pūʻulu ka poʻe wale nō me ka komo aldehyde 'ole.

Pela, ke carbohydrate 'ole hiki ke ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o ka palapala o hakakino haʻilula. Inā pono piha 'ole ua kauohaʻia, a laila ka mea, ke kämaʻa hoʻohana mea kiʻi a Heuorsa Fischer wānana nā papakuhikuhi. Ua hōʻike hewa, elua cyclic monomers (monosaccharides) a me kekahi mau 'ole i' ano like (kaumaha ma muli o ka oligosaccharide) interconnected ma kekahi glycosidic alahaka. I ka hana ana e noonoo i ka hoihoi hou ana i ka hiki i ka pono hōʻike e pili ana.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka disaccharides nā lātoma

Inā he 'oihana i kona waiwai i loko o ka palapala o: "' Ōlelo Aʻo i ka mall hiʻona o ka carbohydrate," laila, ke disaccharide mea maikaʻi i mua hoakaka mai mea i koe o ka monosaccharides ia mea. Ka loa, he pono ole ano e:

• sucrose - kūkulu mai Alpha-Hoʻokolohua-monakō koko, a me ka fructose;
• maltose - monakō koko residues;
• cellobiose - he o nā monakō koko residues o Hoʻokolohua-D-ano apau loa;
• lactose - galactose + monakō koko;
• lactulose - galactose + fructose, a no laila, ma luna o.

A laila, e like me ka mea i loaʻa residues e e hala ole oe i ka mall haʻilula kuhikuhi o ka glycoside type alahaka.

Manaʻo nui no ka noho ana meaola

Loa nui a me ke kūlana o ka disaccharide, ia mea nui ia,ʻaʻole wale nō i ka 'ole. I ka mana o nā carbohydrates a me nā bipi kūpaluʻia, ua nui like. Ua Ua nānā ma ka ikehu ke keʻena. Aka hoi, ka mea e wehewehe i ko lakou mau manaʻo nui no kekahi kanaka disaccharides.

1. Sucrose - i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka monakō koko i loko o ka kanaka kino.
2. Lactose ua loaʻa i loko o ka umauma o ka waiu o mammals, me kana wahine a me 8%.
3. Lactulose ua loaa i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, e e hoʻohana no ka 'inikua hana, e like me i hoʻohuiʻia ai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka haleʻuwī waiū huahana.

Kekahi disaccharide, trisaccharide, a no laila, ma loko o kānaka a me nā mea kolo undergoes instantaneous hydrolyzed i monosaccharides. Kēia hiʻona o ke kumu o ka hana ana i keia ano o ka carbohydrates kekahi kanaka i loko o ka maka, unaltered (beet ole kō kōpaʻa).

Polysaccharides: hakakino hiʻona

Oihana, haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka helu ana o carbohydrates e nui no ka meaola ola kanaka, e like me kanaka hana. Mua, oe e ike i ke ano o ka carbohydrates i polysaccharides.

nō ka mea, he nui wale:

• pia;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• kelulose;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• chitin.

Kēia mea,ʻaʻole he exhaustive papa, akā, wale i ka loa nui holoholona, a kanu? Ueo. Inā 'oe e lawe mai i ka hana "E hōʻoia i nā hiʻona o ka' ole o ka helu ana o carbohydrates polysaccharides", o ka mea mua oe e hoʻolohe i kā lākou mau māhele 'ole. He loa voluminous, ke kanaka nunui lātoma, oia hoi o ka haneri o ka lātoma huahelu kea-ua hoʻopili glycosidic Nine Inch paa. Pinepine i ka hakakino 'ole o polysaccharides o carbohydrate mea he pona haku mele' ana.

Aia He He kekahi Mea Maluna o ia nā lātoma.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - iloko o ka ia repetitive huahelu o monosaccharides. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka monosaccharide hiki e hexoses, pentoses, a no laila, ma luna o (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - i hanaʻia e kekahi lātoma huahelu.

I huiʻia me ka laina māhele 'ole e e wahi, no ka laʻana, kelulose. Manamana ai 'ole i ka hapanui o nā polysaccharides - pia, glycogen, chitin, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kūlana i loko o ke kino o ka poʻe e ola ana mea

'Ole a me ka hana ana o carbohydrates ma keia pae i pili loa i pili i ke ola o nā mea. No ka laʻana, kanu i loko o ka nutrient hookoe loaa i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ka pana a kumu pia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ikaika no ka holoholona - heʻokoʻa polysaccharides, a i hanaʻia ma ka cleavage o ka puu o ka ikehu.

Carbohydrates i loko o ka halepaahao kanu'ōiwi nā pāʻani i ke kūlana loa nui. Ua haku o chitin uhi ana i na mea he nui nā mea kolo, a crustaceans, murein - aeea pa eiiiiiaiou o koʻohune,ʻiʻo pepa - ke kumu o na mea kanu.

Hookoe nutritious waiwai o ka holoholona me Kinohi - he lātoma o glycogen, a me ka mea ua oi olelo kapa, i ka holoholona momona. He waiho waho ma ka māhele o ke kino a me ka hāpai ole wale ikehu, akā, i ka aiiay hana ku e me mechanical ciia.

No ka hapanui o meaola ka loa nui 'ole o ka carbohydrates. Kālaimeaola o kela a me keia holoholona, a me ka mea kanu i ka mea pono i ka ikaika ikehu kahi, inexhaustible. A me ka mea hiki wale haawi ia, a me ka hapanui o nā mea a pau ia mea i loko o ka palapala o polysaccharides. Ke'ī mai, me ka piha digestion o 1 g. O carbohydrate like me ka hopena o metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana hiki aku ai i ke kala o 4,1 kcal o ka ikaika! 'O kēia ka i kā mākou,ʻaʻohe hou haawi mai kekahi i kekahi e pili ana. I mea no ke aha la carbohydrates pono e noho i loko o kaʻai o kekahi kanaka a me ka holoholona. Mea kanu no hoi e malama ana ia lakou iho: ma ka kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai ka mea, kuahene maloko pia, a hoahu ia.

General waiwai o carbohydrates

Ka 'ole o nā bipi kūpaluʻia, a me nā nā polokina carbohydrates ma mau like. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka mea, i nā mea a pau macromolecules. O kekahi o ko lākou mau oihana i ka na kumu. Ua hōʻuluʻulu e ke kūlana a me ka nui o carbohydrates i loko o ke ola o ko ka Honua ka biomass.

1. I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o carbohydrates Komo i ka hoʻohana 'o ia i ka hale mea no ka iwi o ke kanu keena, holoholona, a me ka mea koʻohune membranes e like me ke kahua o intracellular organelles.
2. Ke aiiay kuleana pili i. Ano o ke kanu meaola, a ua hoikeia mai ma ke kahua o ko lākou mau spines, kākalaioa, a no laila, ma luna o.
3. Lula ea kūlana - hoʻonaʻauao mea vitally nui nā lātoma (DNA, RNA, ATP a me na mea e ae).
4. Mea loaʻa kuleana pili i. Polysaccharides a me oligosaccharides - hana aku i komo amo ka hoʻoili i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, "kiai" lālau hopena.
5. Energy ka loa nui a Mānoa. Ua 'oi aku i kā mākou mana no a pau o intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka hana ana o ka mea a pau meaola.
6. I ka hooponopono ana o osmotic puʻe - monakō koko hanaʻia ia e hooponopono.
7. Kekahi polysaccharides i ka ai me ke koe, ka ikehu kumu no ka holoholona i hanaʻi.

Penei, ka mea, ua maopopo i ka 'ole o nā bipi kūpaluʻia, a me nā nā polokina carbohydrates, kā lākou hana a me ka kūlana ma ke kino o ke ola nenoai iʻano nui a me ka kuleana nui. Mau nā lātoma - na kanaka haku o ke ola, ka mea i malama a me ka malama ia.

Carbohydrates a me nā macromolecular hui

I ike i ke kūlana o ka carbohydrates mea,ʻaʻole i loko o kona maemae palapala, a me ka hui pu ana, a me nā nā lātoma. O nā mea i ka loa, he pono ole, e like me:

• glycosaminoglycans paha mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

'Ole a me ka waiwai o nā carbohydrates o kēiaʻano meaʻano huikau no ka mea, o ka luna' e pili ana i keʻano o ooieoeiiaeuiuo nā pūʻulu. Ka papa kūlana o kēia 'ano o nā lātoma - limahana ma na mea he nui loa keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā meaola. Ka Poeikohoia i: hyaluronicʻakika, chondroitin sulufahate, heparan, keratan sulufahate, a me na mea e ae.

Aia mau no hoi polysaccharides eiiieaenu me nā biologically hana nā lātoma. No ka laʻana, lipopolysaccharides paha glycoproteins. I ko lakou ola mea nui i loko o ke kahua o ka immunological reactions o ke kino, e like me ka mea, i kekahi o ko keena o ka lymphatic nenoaiu.