Kakolina nuʻa

Ke kaupaona ana hiʻohiʻona o ka waiwai i kona leo a me kona nuipa a no pa alima ka leo ua kapaia nuʻa. Ua pau 'ona loli aʻe a hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano a me ka haku mele' ana. No ka laʻana, no ka wai ua like no ka hola 1,003 g. / Cm3, a no Hawaii - 1,025 g. / Cm3. Nō hoʻi, i kēia physical nui mea paha i ka additivity rula. Ia mea, no ka paʻapū o ka multicomponent läÿau, (a mea, no ka laʻana, kakolina) ua like me ka huina o nā huahana o nā 'ano o kēlā me kēia ke keʻena ma kona kaumaha mahele: ρsmesi = Σρi • ci. I ka ho omaulia hana hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka i ike haku mele' ana, e like me ka pono me ka poe hihia i ka wa i koi 'ia e ho oholo i ka pa apŘ o ke kakolina me ka kiʻekiʻe miomio. Kekahi drawback o ka manao iaoia - ka ka manaʻo pohihihi, a kiʻekiʻe koina no ka hoʻoholo 'ana i kēlā me kēia ke keʻena. Ua pono pipiʻi chromatographic lako a pan, a nui palapala hōʻoia no nā limahana, e like me kēlā me kēia aila momoku ahi ua wehewehe aku ma ke ākea variability o hoʻopaʻa i ka 'o ka helu nui o kanaka, kaʻoi loa ke aloha i huiʻia (hydrocarbons).

Qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana e produces ka wahie nuʻa loli aʻe a hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka maka mea, a me nāʻanoʻenehana iaoia no aaioee. Hoomakaukau likeʻole lama ma ka pololei ʻaila kā distillation, e hoʻoponoʻia, isomerization, alkylation, catalyticʻuʻina. Kakolina ninoieo puleʻAmelika, o ka läÿau, o paraffins, naphthenes a me olefins. I keia manawa, ua wahahee he nui aina kapu ma luna o ka maʻiʻo o onaona hydrocarbons a me olefins. Keia kulana ua kena ae la ia e? Aneie e pono ai, a me ka e ho'ēmi i kalapona ho okumu, a ia lŘlŘ aie i ke alo o ka benzene ma mōʻalihaku a me'etolina puke o ka hui, ka mea pinepine iloko kakolina hemahema. Product nuʻa, octane helu ana i ua mahuahua no i aromatics ka nui mamua o ia o ka wahie me ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o ka benzene a me kona homologues.

A, i ka pau huahana ke komo kuikawa mea hoʻonui. La lakou no hoi lakou aloha ia i ka pa apŘ o ke kakolina. No ka laʻana, oxygenates, e like me ethanol, ae, e hoomahuahua i ka'ā ka hoʻokōʻana a me ka emi i ka lehulehu o ka kalapona monoxide i loko o nā kinoea a no ka maluhiluhi. Rula a me nā ʻanoʻenehana rula o ka hana e hoʻoholo i nā eiiiiiaiou e hiki e hou ana i ka wahie. Currently ma ko makou aina, aia nō he palapala kakaikahi, normalizing i ka mea e like ai o ka Hawaii wahie no kaa me kola kiko'ī.

Interstate maʻamau GOST 2184-77 reissued ma Pepeluali 2003, me ka hoololi 1-6 ma luna o ka 1981, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1997 a me ka makahiki 2002, e like me nā hoololi mai ka 2000 a me ka 2001, ka mea, ua ike ka 10 Hawaii - .. Ka mua republics USSR. Ma ka Russian Hui, kona koi pili wale i unleaded huahana A-76. kakolina nuʻa ma 20 ° C e like me ka manawa MOKU'ĀINA ua i hooponopono, akā, ua koi 'ia ma mua o ka ukana i ka consumer kona ho'ākāka' ana. No keia kumu pycnometrically hydrometric a me ka ho'āʻo epekema, a i ho'ākāka 'ia me ka GOST 3900-85.

State hae o ko kakou aina GOST 51105-97 (ia ia i paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 1999 a me ka 2000, loli ma ka helu 1 a me ka helu 2.) Ua pili i ka 01.01.1999, a pili i ka unleaded Hawaii kakolina, a, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka waiwai o ka haule ana i loko o ka hao octane helu: Super 98 Premium 95 ka pololei, 92 regular 91, 80. ka maʻamau pa apŘ o ke kakolina a me nā huahana 92 Ron 91 a hiki i 98 ua ana hōʻike ma 15 ° pela aku, a ma ka laulā, mai 725 a hiki i 780 kg / m3. No ka huahana papa Normal 80 ka mea hiki ke ĸokoĸa ana nä pane mai 700 a hiki i 750 kg / m3. Keia ano ua nānā 'ia e hoʻohana' ana i ke ana kaumaha wai no ka hoao ana hana e like me GOST 51069-97.

Other lahui hae - GOST R 51886-2002 - hooholoia ma ka Russian Hui, 01.07.2002, 01.07.2008, a me ia i hele mai i ka loli helu 1. ka palapala hoʻopili like me ka maʻamau EN 228-2004 o ka poʻeʻEulopa, ka mea pili i ka unleaded kakolina lama Super Euro -98 a me ka Euro-95 Premium. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e ka octane helu o 98 a me 95 pakahi. Ka paʻapū nā kakolina papa ma 15 ° C ma ka laulā 720-750 kg / m3, manao paa au e like me GOST 51069-97 hydrometric hana.

He aha kena ae la i ka pono, e hooholo i ka pa apŘ o ka Hawaii wahie? Mua, ua nui kahiko o ka'āina characterizes i ka haku mele 'ana o ka huina hoonui, a kōkua i kuhikuhi ia. No ka laʻana, ina ka i ana ai i pa apŘ mea 0,980 kg / m3 paha 0,650 kg / m3, ua hiki me ka pono i ka mea, ke ole kakolina, a me kekahi'ē aʻe huahana olelo. No hoi, ua hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka pa apŘ o ke kakolina i loko o ka hana pono: e ike ana i ka nui o ka huina hoonui i ka pahu i ka nui, i hiki ole ke kaupaona, ho omaulia kona nuipa a ma ka hoonui ana i ka buke nuʻa. Oia ka hana i kapaiaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ia koi maupaʻa GOST 8.595-2004. Ana i ke ana wela a me ka nui o ka huina hoonui i loko o ka? Aieeeua a me kona noi i mau hōʻailona. E hoʻi hou mai Laʻana wahi i kulike ai me ka GOST 2517-85, hui ia, a hooholo nuʻa e like me GOST 51069-97 a me GOST 3900-85. Ka huahelu hualoaʻa alakai ai i ka hae ana (ka mahana 15 a hiki i 20 ° C), wale ma hope o ia, e hoʻohana i kēia mau waiwai, e hoʻomaulia i ka nui o ka huina hoonui i loko o ka? Aieeeua.