Kalapona - kēia ... kalapona nā'ātoma. kalapona Weight

Kekahi o ka loa kahaha ko oukou naau hehee wale, i mea hiki ke hana i kekahiʻano nui o ka hui ana o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole ano, ka kalapona. Ka mea, o ka no laila, hana ka waiwai o ka hehee ai mea no Mendeleev noi he nui wā e hiki mai,ʻaʻole ia i olelo ai i ka hiʻona e hōʻike ana i keia manawa.

Hope ka mea i hoopaaia ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Ua lilo aku ia ia - ka luna biogenic hehee ai o ko mākou Honua, i ka hapa o ka loa a pau, he poe. Eia hou, hiki ana o na ma 'ano apau loa i OAOOUIEeE radically ma a pau, akā, iloko wale no kalapona nā'ātoma.

I mau, o ka oi aku i loko o keia 'ole he nui loa, ia mea me ia, a, e ho'āʻo i ka nānā i ka' atikala.

Kalapona: ka haʻilula a me ke kulana i loko o ka halepaahao'ōnaehana

Ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu o na kumu mua kalapona ke aupuni 'o IV (e like me ka hou hāpana 14) pae, i ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroups. Kona pūkaʻina helu 6, a me ka'ātoma kaumaha o 12,011. Peni hehee ai hoailona C Hōʻike kona inoa i loko o Roma - carboneum. Aia i kekahi mau kekahi mau ano ma i kalapona ole. Ke haʻilula ka mea ai okoa, a hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka ho'ākāka 'ia ka hoʻololi' ana.

Eia naʻe, e kākau i kekahi naoh nā helu kaulike ho i kekahi, o ka papa. I mau, ia ia mea i ka waiwai i loko o ke gula palapala, ia kalapona hakakino haʻilula C me hōʻinideka.

History o ka loaʻa o ka hehee ai

E iho, ua hehee ai ua, ua hoikeia mai ka manawa loa kahiko. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kekahi o ka mea nui nā minelala hao ma ka aoao maoli - ia ka lanahu. No laila, no ka mea kahiko Helene, Roma, a me nā kānaka he mea ia i ua ole.

A iâ lâkou i keia? Ueony, i hoʻohana 'ia i ke daimana a me graphite. Me na hope no ka lōʻihi manawa ia i ka hailona o ka huikau wahi, i hiki, e like me ka pinepine me ke kālailai i ka haku mele 'ana o ka graphite ia i huiʻia e like me:

• kala kēpau;
• ka hao carbide;
• molybdenum sulfide.

A pau o ia i penaʻeleʻele, a no laila, i manaoia e graphite. Hope Ua möakäka hou keia misunderstanding, a ua lilo ia i kēiaʻano o ka kalapona wale.

Mai ka 1725 i ka nui kalepa waiwai o ka loaa diamonds, a ma ka makahiki 1970, E ke Kumu i ka 'ike loea hou no ka hana ia artificially. Mai 1779, i ke aloha a hiki i ka hana Karla Sheele, hookolokolo aku la ia i ka Nine Inch waiwai, i hoike kalapona. Kēia i ka hoʻomaka o ka moʻo o ka nui discoveries i loko o ke kula o ka hehee ai, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu no ka clarification o nā mea a pau kona hanana hiʻona.

Isotopes o kalapona ma ka 'ano a me ka haawi aku

I loko nō o ka mea i ka hehee ai ma ka ninau - he nui nutrient, kona huina maʻiʻo mea 0,15% ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ka pńpa. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ma ka mea i ka mea, ua hoolilo ia ana holo, ma kona ano maoli holo ma Nature.

Ma kekahi mau nui i huiʻia i ke'ōleloʻia he mea pōhaku maoli, ma a ka haku mele kikowaena kalapona. Mau mea maoli pōhaku, e like me:

• dolomites a me limestones;
• anthracite;
• shale ka aila;
• maoli kinoea;
• lanahu;
• ka aila;
• lignite ;
• peat;
• bitumen.

Eia hou kekahi, mākou e mai poina e pili ana i na mea ola i ka mea wale i ka waihona o ke kalapona i huiʻia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka mea i hanaʻia e nā polokina, bipi kūpaluʻia, carbohydrates, nukelea nāʻakika, a pela i ka loa nui mall lātoma. I mau, i ka huli ana o ka wiwi kino nuipa o 70 kg 15 e kau mai maluna o ka hehee ai maemae. A no laila, a pau,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i nā holoholona, mea kanu a me nā mea kolo.

Inā ka ua noonoo haku mele 'ana o ka lewa a me ka wai,ʻo ia hoʻi, hydrosphere, a me ka lewa me ka a pau, he mea i loaʻa i ka läÿau, o ke kalapona-oxygen, kaheaia ma ka haʻilula CO _2. Dioxide ole i carbon dioxide - kekahi o nā kī kinoea, ea constituents. Ma keia palapala i ka nui hapa iki o ke kalapona o ka 0,046%. More mea hoʻoheheʻe i carbon dioxide i loko o ka wai o ka moana.

Ke'ātoma nuipa o kalapona like ka hehee ai ka 12,011. Ua ua ike i keia waiwai he pōpilikia like me ka makemakika 'O ia hoʻi ma waena o ka'ātoma paona o nā mea a pau i ka maoli i hana kālaiōeweʻano likeʻole, hāʻawi lākou prevalence (like me ka pakeneka). Pela no ia mea i loko o ka waiwai a me ka nīnau. Aia i ekolu papa kuhikuhiE kālaiōewe, i mea ma ka palapala o ka kalapona. Ka mea, e:

• ¹² C - kona nuipa hapa iki i loko o ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o 98,93%;
• ¹³ C - 1,07%;
• ¹⁴ C - he radioactive hapa-ola o 5700 makahiki, he paa Hoʻokolohua-emitter.

Ma ka hana o ka hoʻoholo 'geochronological elemakule specimens mau hoʻohana kālaiōewe ¹⁴ C, i mea he anakahi, no ka mea, o kona wā lōʻihi o ka palaho.

Allotropic hooponopono hou ana o ka hehee ai

Kalapona - mea he hehee ai i mea ma ka palapala o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai i koe ma kekahi mau 'ano apau loa. I hoi, ka mea hoi i hiki ia ia ke nana aku i ka nui loa i ike ai i ka lā o ka helu ana o allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana.

1. he aniani oko a - nei i loko o ka palapala o ka paa 'ole me ka papa puka olu oia o'ātoma type. Kēia pūʻulu nā meaʻano likeʻole e like me:

• diamonds;
• fullerenes;
• pakuhi, he;
• carbines;
• lonsdaleite;
• i carbon olona, a me ka Tube.

A pau keia mau mea pōaka puka olu oia i 'ole, i ka i aka wahi - kalapona'Ātoma. Nolaila, he pono kū hoʻokahi,ʻaʻole like ka waiwai, o ke kino a me ka Nine Inch.

2. Amorphous ano - ano o ka kalapona'Ātoma i loko o ka 'ole o kekahi maoli i huiʻia. Ia mea, ia mea i ke gula maikaiʻano likeʻole, a me nā impurities o nā kumumea i loko o ka poe liilii, mea. Kēia pūʻulu E wehewehe pū mai:

• ho'ā 'o carbon;
• pohaku a me ka laau;
• ʻeleʻele;
• Kalapona Nanofoam;
• anthracite;
• glassy;
• E noa ka papaʻia.

Ka mea, i hui pu iho hiʻona o ke aniani puka olu oia i 'ole o ka wehewehe a me ka wiwoʻole ka waiwai.

3. Carbon i huiʻia ma keʻano o ka huhui. Oia ka 'ole, ma ka i nā'ātoma i paa i loko o ka hana poho loko conformation, ua piha i ka wai a me nuclei o nā kumu mua. examples:

• kalapona nanocone;
• astralenes;
• Dicarbon.

Helu waiwai o amorphous kalapona

Manawa a hiki i ka laulāʻano o allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana i anao? Aou i kekahi mau physical ÿike o ke kalapona hoi pilikia. Hiki pono ke kamailio e pili ana i kekahi mau 'ano. No ka laʻana, ka mea amorphous kalapona i ka kēia mau 'ano.

1. Ma ka naʻau o nā 'ano apau loa - me ka ie-na hua liiliiʻano likeʻole o ka graphite.
2. High wela nona iho.
3. Good alakaʻi mele waiwai.
4. Kalapona nuʻa o ma kahi o 2 g. / Knm ^3.
5. I ka enaena luna 1600 C ⁰ hoʻololi ia lŘlŘ ma graphite ka hopena he.

Ka pouli, charcoal a me ka pohakuʻano likeʻole e hoʻomano hoʻohana no ka hanalima hana. Ka mea, i ole he kīnā o modifying kalapona i loko o ke gula palapala, akā, inā loaʻa he nui loa dala.

mea pōaka o carbon

Aia nō kekahi mau 'ano i loko i ke kalapona - substance ho okumu i ka pololei, nā pōaka o nāʻano likeʻole, i loko o a na nā'ātoma i pili sequentially. E like me ka hopena o ke kahua o ka hope o ka hoʻololi 'ana.

1. Diamond. 'Ole - cubic, a i pili i ka eha tetrahedrons. E like me ka hopena, covalent Nine Inch mea paa kēlā me kēia'Ātoma o kā mākou saturation a me ka ikaika. Ua wehewehe iki aku i ke kino ai ka waiwai o ke kalapona nuʻa 3300 kg / ka m ^3. High paakiki, haʻahaʻa kekahi wela, e kaawale aku o ka uila conductivity - a pau keia mea he hopena o ke aniani puka olu oia i 'ole. Aia i technically hua diamonds. I hanaʻia ma ka hoʻololi o graphite i loko o ka hahai hooponopono hou ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kiʻekiʻe ka mahana, a me ka kekahi puʻe. I mau, daimana mahele heheʻe i ka mahana Ua like kiʻekiʻe me ka ikaika - ma kahi o 3500 ⁰ C.
2. Graphite. ʻO nā'ātoma i ka hooponopono ia e like me ka 'ole o ka mua' ona, akā, saturation ia lŘlŘ wale ekolu nā loulou, a me ka ha, lilo hou a me ka emi mau nō, e hoʻohuiʻia ka "papa" hexagonal puka olu oia i apo. I ka hopena o ia ka graphite - ka palupalu, ka waʻa i ka hoʻopā nā loko oʻeleʻele. He mea maikai uila conductivity, a mai ke kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka mahana - 3525 ⁰ C. sublimable - sublimated mai ÷ haku i ka gaseous moku'āina, piliwaiwai i ka wai (i ka mahana o ka 3700 ⁰ C). Kalapona nuʻa - 2,26 g. / ^Cm3, i mea nui haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka daimana. Keia buke no ko lakou waiwai. No ka mea, o ka pona paʻa 'ole o ke aniani puka olu oia hoi ka hiki ana i ka hoʻohana' ana graphite no manufacturing mau komo i mea penikala. I ka hoʻokō 'flakes exfoliate pepa a me ka haʻalele i kekahi kumumea ma ka pepa iʻeleʻele.
3. Fullerenes. Ka mea, ua hamama wale nō i loko o nā 80s o ka hope kenekulia. Ka mea, ho i ka hoʻololi ', ma i ka pi ia eo carbon i interconnected i loko o ka hana paʻa convex' ole me he puha waena. A me ke kinona o ke aniani - he polyhedron, i ka pololei hui. Ka helu o nā'ātoma mea hiki. Ka maikai-ike ano o ka fullerene C _60. Eia kekahi laʻana o keia mea i loaʻa i loko o nā haʻawina.

• meteorites;
• sediments;
• folguritov;
• shungites;
• makahiki kahi kinoea na i loko o ka palapala.

Allʻano likeʻole o ka mea pōaka kalapona i ka mea hiki nui, no ka mea, e komo i ka helu o ka mea pono keia mau waiwai i loko o ke akamai.

reactivity

Hakakino kalapona i ka haʻahaʻa reactivity ku i kona hale lio hoʻonohonohoʻia. E hoolilo ana i ka mea hiki ke pane koke wale la, e hoike'Ātoma keu ikehu a me ka hahau i ka mawaho ilikai electrons e mahu. I keia manawa i like i ka valency o ka 4. Nolaila, ia i loko o ka huina lakou o ka'okesaside moku'āina + 2, + 4, - 4.

Kokoke a pau o na reactions a me na mea waiwai e like me ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals, ana ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kiʻekiʻe mahana. Nānā akula au i hehee ai hiki e nā oxidizing Agena, a me ka hoemi hope paha. Naʻe, i ka la mahope, i ka waiwai i olelo ia pakahi aku la ia me ka ikaika, me ka nānā 'ia ma kēia palapala noi i loko o kona metallurgical a me nā hana.

Ma kekahi mau, ke hiki, e komo aku i loko o Nine Inch AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ke kaukaʻi maʻekolu aʻe:

• kalapona lakou hoopuehu;
• allotropic hooponopono hou;
• naoh mahana.

Pela, ma kekahi hihia, e hana me ke kēia mau waiwai:

• nonmetals (hydrogen, ka oxygen);
• mea hiki ke hooheheeia (Aluminum, ka hao, kalipuna, etc.);
• mea hiki ke hooheheeia oxides a me kā lākou mau paʻakai.

Me nāʻakika a me alkalis aole i pane koke me halogens ka loa pohihihi keia. Ka loa nui waiwai o kalapona - ka hiki, e lilo loa na kaulahao i kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea hiki ke paa i loko o ka loop shape ai manamana ai. Mai ke kahua o ke aloha i huiʻia, i keia la ka helu i loko o ka miliona. Ke kumu o kēia mau hui hehee ai - kalapona, hydrogen. Nō hoʻi ka 'ole hiki i loaʻa' ē nā'ātoma o ka oxygen, naikokene, luaipele, halogens, phosphorus, a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Hoʻokumu i huiʻia a me kā lākou characterization

He nui okoa i huiʻia i loko o ka haku mele 'ana i ka loaʻa o kalapona. Haʻilula loa kaulana o kēia mau mea - CO ₂ - o carbon dioxide. Eia naʻe, ma ka hou'okesaside, he mea HI - monoxide a kalapona monoxide a me ka nedooksid C ₃ O _2.

Mawaena o ka paʻakai, a loaʻa i kaʻeleu hehee ai, ka loa, he pono ole i ke kalipuna a me ka makanekiuma carbonates. Ke'ōlelo mai paʻapuna i ka helu o synonyms ma inoa, e like me ka mea i loaa ma ke ano maoli i loko o ka palapala:

• chalk;
• kinikini;
• limestone;
• dolomite.

Ka waiwai o kona'ākilikai honua metala carbonates hoike mai ai ia ia ma ka oiaio i ka mea e hana aku i komo i loko o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke kahua o stalactites a me stalagmites, a me groundwater.

Carbonicʻakika - kekahi hui i lilo 'kekahi o carbon. Kona haʻilula - H ₂ CO _3. Naʻe, i loko o kaʻike mau palapala, ia mea paʻakikī loa lolelua ka a koke i loko o ka pāʻoihana decomposes i loko o ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai. Nolaila, wale ikeia paʻakai a pau, akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole ia, like me ka pāʻoihana.

i carbon halides - i loaa maiʻano nui ma kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mea, e like me ka pololei syntheses mea wale nō i loa kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka haahaa e haawi aku. Kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole - CCL ₄ - kalapona tetrachloride. Aʻawahia i huiia i hiki i kaʻapu kōheoheo ma inhalation. Loaa mai ma ka'ano'ē photochemical reactions o ka hakahaka o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ma methane.

Metal carbides - kalapona hui, ma a mea, ka mea i'okesaside moku'āina 4. A e hiki ola ana o ka ahahui me ka boron a me ka silikone. I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia carbides (Aluminum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, tantalum, hafnium) - ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi uila conductivity. Boron carbide B ₄ C - kekahi o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa ma hope o daimana (9.5 Mohs). Mau hui e hoʻohana i ke akamai, e like me ka pono me ka Nine Inch hana like kumu o hydrocarbons (kalipuna carbide me ka wai hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka acetylene a me ka kalipuna hydroxide).

He nui na mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka a ua hanaʻia ka hoʻohana kalapona me ka nui loa nō ia ma laila mahuahua i ko lakou mea e like ai me ka hoakaka (kila - he oka a pau o ka hao a me ka kalapona).

Kanaka noonoo lehulehu ke aloha kalapona hui, ma a mea - he kumu hehee ai e e pili ana me ka ia nā'ātoma i loko o na kaula hao lōʻihi o kekahi hale a hiki. Mau nā:

• alkanes;
• alkenes;
• Arena;
• nā polokina;
• carbohydrates;
• nukelea nāʻakika;
• waiʻona mai ke kino;
• carboxylicʻakika, a he nui nā papa o ka waiwai.

I ka hoʻohana ana o carbon

Meaning o kalapona i huiʻia a me kona allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana o ke kanaka ola ka loa kiʻekiʻe. 'Oe ke kapa aku i kekahi o ka loa global na hana, e ka mea akaka i keia mea oiaio.

1. Keia hehee ai ano a pau ano o mōʻalihaku mai i kekahi kanaka e launa mai i ka ikehu.
2. Metallurgical hana hoʻohana kalapona like me ka ikaika hoemi hope paha, e paka i eliiaʻi, mai ko lakou mau hui. Aia e hoʻomano hoʻohana like carbonates.
3. ? Ieoaeunoai a me ka Nine Inch hana hoopau i ka nui loa o ke kalapona i huiʻia i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka hou 'ona, a no ka loaa i ke koi' ia huahana.

Nō hoʻi nā mea nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, e like me:

• nukelea ka hana;
• Jewelry hana;
• ? ieaoa (lubrication, kiʻekiʻe-wela He ipu hoʻoheheʻe, peni, etc.);
• hoʻoholo 'o ka' ā ina makahiki o nā pōhaku - radioactive tracer ¹⁴ C;
• kalapona - kupanaha adsorbent, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka? iecaianoaaiiie o kānana.

Pōʻaiapuni kalapona ma ke ano maoli

Ka nuipa a kalapona makana i loko o ke ano maoli, ua komo pū i loko o ka ikaika kalapona, a ua hana cyclically na lua a puni ka poepoe honua. Penei, ka lewa kalapona kumu - CO ₂ ua kemu mea kanu a me nā mea a pau'ē aʻe ola mea ua hookuu i ka hanu. Noho i loko o ka lewa, ka mea, ua hou ke kemu, a no laila, i ka pōʻaiapuni mau. Penei ia'na ke aloha residues i nā hualoaʻa ma ka kala o ka kalapona a me kona hoʻomāhuahua i loko o ka lepo, kahi i laila, i hou kemu ola meaola, a hookuu i loko o ka lewa me ke kinoea.