Ke o Mānoa, a me ka walaʻauʻana nā hoailona o ka monopoly mana

Nā hoailona o ka monopoly mana paipai i ka poe i loaa i ka manawa kūpono e i ka hopena ma luna o ke kumu kuai o kona huahana ma ka hoololi ana i ka nui o ka waiwai kūʻai liloʻia aku i loko o ke kuai. Ke degere o ka mea i loa ai pili ana, ina ke kuai mea i kekahi, akā, kekahi mau Manufacturers o like huahana.

Sources a kumumea

No ka poʻe i loko o ke kuai, e haawi i na kēia nā hoailona o ka monopoly mana:

• nui loa kaʻana like 'ana o ka makeke hui i loko o ka manaʻo;
• i ka wa e kaawale aku o kekahi e pono ae pani waiwai, a produces ka lehulehu me ka monopoly mana.

Eia hou, ke anakahi hiki ke kapaia he uuku elasticity o ke koi no ka huina hoonui o ka hui.

Oia nā hoailona o ka monopoly mana paipai i ka poe i hookupaa ai ia i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa waiwai o ko mākou mau huahana, mai kānalua i kekahi ke kaupalenaʻana aʻe.

oligopoly

He He kūikawā market 'ole, ma i ka poi pu hapanui o kuai i hana ia e wale i kekahi mau nui aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho, kela mea keia mea o ka a i ka pololei i ka wa pono e ho ololi i ka market kumukuai. Kona hiʻona nā nā kēia kumumea:

• ke kuai i kekahi mau Hoʻohaku poʻe;
• poe i he nui lawa market kaʻana like 'ana, i ka mea, e haawi i nā hoailona o ka monopoly ka mana maluna o ka waiwai e lilo aku;
• i ke koi hālawa no kēlā me kēia hui mea okoa, "haule ana" ano;
• onipaa no i pono interrelated a me ka interdependent;
• Aia i na mea he nui o ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i ka makeke hoʻomaka e hana i kekahi mea hou hoa a pau;
• ka mea, aohe manawa kūpono o ka maʻamau koi koho;
• he mea hiki ole ke hooholo i ka MR;
• loaʻa nō ka hopena o ke ao interconnection.

Ano a me ke ano o ka hana

Aie i ka maopopo o ka makeke hana i Konakele. He nui helu o kekahi mau Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o oligopoly, a i maheleia i format Ka noncooperative a Free kolohe.

Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka politika-Free hana, kēlā kanaka kuai i hiki loa kū kaʻawale ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka waiwai, a me ka huina auoiaea o ka huahana. I ka wā o ka Free hana o nā mea a pau i ka poʻe i loaʻa nā hoailona o ka monopoly ka mana i loko o ke kuai, a hana like, e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau nīnūnē.

Na ia mau 'ano o ka hana i kekahi mau.

cartel 'aelike

Collusion mea he palapala oligopolistic hana, a ultimately hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka ai-kapaia cartels, i mea, nā pūʻulu o ka poʻe,'ālike nā hoʻoholo likeʻole e pili ana i? Iecaianoaaiiuo puke o kekahi huahana a me kā lākou mau mea i loko o ia ke ala me ina ka mea, e he hookahi hui me mikanele hana market mana.

Hoʻoholo 'ana i kekahi kumukuai, e hoʻonui loa dala no kela a me keia lala kanaka o ka cartel, akā, i ka mea ia manawa me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ke kumukuai he mea he OAXA ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo buke. Ma ka hopena o ia ka 'aelike, kēlā poʻe e ho'āʻo ana e hoomahuahua i kona waiwai i ka i kā mākou, e hoʻomaka loa pinepine kue ana i ka olelo ma ka malu, mai ke kiʻekiʻe o hoemi i ka waiwai e lilo aku o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a ultimately hele aku ai i ka make ana o ka hana cartels' ē aʻe.

Inā 'oe e ole lawe i loko no o ka mea ana i monopoly mana nā hoailona loaʻa i ka helu o ka okoa aʻe, i pale aku i keʻano mea pilikia, loaʻa nō kekahi mau' ē aʻe nā papaha, e hookaawale ia i ka manawa kūpono o ka collusion. Ma kekahi, e pili ana i ka hoʻolako 'ia' ana o ke ana ma lalo nei:

• oko ao i na koina a me koi;
• he nui ka helu o ka poʻe i loko o ka hana;
• ka hanana o kekahi ulia downturn;
• i ka manawa kūpono o ke komo ana i ke kuai i ka hana hou entrants.

Eia hou, e pono ke kūʻai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ka mea i ka collusion i keakea mai i ka poʻe iho, e hali ana mai ka hoopunipuni, me ka nānā' ana ma o ka huna kāki ka ho'ēmiʻana ma luna o ka muli o ke kumukuai hoʻokae marketable huahana.

Alakaʻi ma ka uku

Alakaʻi ma ka uku paha, e like me ka mea ua kapaia, mumule kipi o ka aelike i komo i loko o waena o kekahi mau oligopolists, a paipai i ka paa ana o kekahi mau waiwai no lākou nā huahana. o ke kumu nui wahiʻaneʻi i nā papa hana likeʻole i loko o kēia wahi, ua alakaʻiʻia e nā kala e i nānā 'ana i ka hoʻokahi alihi kaua. I ka Ia manawa, niioaaonoaaiii, i loko o ka poi pu hapanui o na hihia i ka luna o ka hui ua wae mai ai, i mea no ka nui loa i loko o kona kaʻawale poepoe.

Nānā 'ole o ke ano ma i nā hoailona, e komo i kekahiʻano o ka monopoly mana hana hui, ka luna o nā kaʻa mokulele i loko o ke kumu kuai hoʻoponopono i e like penei:

• kuai loli kekahi manawa lawe mai ina he mau mea hou i loko o na koina;
• ka pōʻino e hiki mai hou o kala mua hōʻike ma ka Media;
• kumukuai alakaʻi 'Aʻole i mau koho i ka pono e hiki kāki.

Na Makuahine kumukūʻai

Kēia mea mea, e hāʻawi aku i ka palena iki lilo o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, i hana nui nā pilikia i kekahi'ē aʻe poe i hoomaka, e komo i loko o ke kuai. He waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ka mea i ka poʻe no ka kekahi manawa e hiki haawi i kekahi waiwai pono e pale aku i ka pōkole i loko o ke kuai hoʻokūkū ana hui.

Keʻano papa hana o keia hana, he'āina mea. Initially, ka poʻe i i monopoly mana hana o ka Hookah, manaʻo i ka awelika palena iki kāki hiki wā e hiki mai competitor, a laila, e kau aku i ka lilo ana o? Iecaianoaaiiie i ka lalo kiʻekiʻe.

"Kāki-hua hoʻohui"

Kēia kumu kūʻai AOAIAaOO mea e hahai i nā nā kaʻa mokulele ma i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka waiwai o ka oligopolist mua lawelawe 'ia i ka piha auhau o kona mau awelika ee iaaanu aey lilo no i kekahi o ka hoʻoneʻe-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo pae, ma hope i ka mea, ua hou ia ka "lae" i loko o ka palapala o ka pakeneka o ka waiwai. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka Cape loaʻa i ka i nui, e hoopau ai i ke uhi i ka AFC he kupono, oiai ka hoʻolako' maʻamau waiwai.

hemolele Competition

Ma lalo pono Competition eaaaony no ka paa o ia ka makeke 'ole i loko o a ma laila nō i nui ka helu ana o kekahi mau hui' ole i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie a me ka kuai o like huahana, no laila ia i kekahi e ka nuʻu nā hoailona monopoly mana o ke kupaa. Ma keia hihia, komo aku paha OAAIeOO o kekahi hou makeke i komo ua ole kapu, a me ke kaʻana like 'ana o kēlā me kēia hui i loko o ka huina dala i loa liʻiliʻi, a no laila, hiki ole i kekahi hopena nui ma ke kuai waiwai o nā huahana. Penei, a hiki ma ka mea ku ole, kēlā kanaka i komo hilinaʻi nui 'ana ma luna o ka hehee ai market koa, a me ka ho tsenopoluchatelya.

monopoly

A kekahi poe i pau i ka walaʻauʻana nā hoailona o ka monopoly mana - ia 'alo he nui helu o nā mea kūʻai mai, a ma ka mea ia manawa o na wale Hookah o ka huina hoonui i mea ole i kekahi ino ae pani huahana. Ma keia palapala, eia kekahi mau kūlana hiʻona:

• i ka poe o ka pau ka hoʻohua o kekahi mau huahana;
• i ka papa kuhikuhiE anakahi o ka monopoly mana mea i ka huina hoonui ua hoʻokō loa kū hoʻokahi, mahope mai o ka mea,ʻaʻohe ae pani;
• market komo ikaika i kaupalena 'monopoly la, kela waina insuperable o ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i hiki ke hana artificially paha maoli ai;
• ka Hookah i pau na nā hoailona o ka lehulehu o ka monopoly mana, no ka mea, ka mea hoʻi iā i ke kokuaia ana o ke kuai, a me ka waiwai e lilo aku o kēia mau huahana.

Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka monopolist o ka pau ka 'Aha'ōlelo waiwai, oa ia waihona i kekahi uku, a ma hope i ka mea kūʻai mai e e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka nui o nā huahana i loaʻa iā ia. Pela ka mea, mea pono e ike pono, i ka holomoku hapanui o ka hihia hiki ole ia hāʻawi aku ia i lanakila kiʻekiʻe no ka mea, koi emi me ka mahuahua.

E like me he kumu, a papa hana e loaʻa nā hoailona o ka makeke monopoly mana hiki i kekahiʻano o ka lehulehuʻaha hui uila e like me ka wai poʻe, kinoea a me ka uila poe, e like me amo poe a me nāʻano o nā loulou. Ma keia hihia,ʻimi hoʻopunipuni nā pale kaʻa nō ka kela palapalaʻae male a me ka Sila Nui kekahi onipaa no hoolako i na mikanele pono e hana i loko o ka ua kuai.

Competition monopoly

Muli o kona kulana he helu o Manufacturers i keia la kaumaha like, akā,ʻaʻole loa'ālike huahana, no laila, i mea ole hoopuni ke hana i kekahi monopoly. Nā hoailona o ka monopoly mana mea nō kēia manawa, akā, ke kuai mea heterogeneous waiwai i i ho'ēmi i kā kekahi i ka hopena o kela a me keia o na nā hoʻohua.

hemolele Competition kūlana hoolako no ka? iecaianoaaiiie o ana hōʻike huahana, oiai monopolistic Competition ka loaʻa o ka? iecaianoaaiiie o differentiated, mua a me ka mea i hele mamua, ua pili i ka pono o ka huina hoonui a me ka hana e leie aku ka mea hoʻohana, e kiʻi i kekahi mau kumu kūʻai ma nā koho. I ke kumukuai o 'ana i kumumanaʻo mea i hiki ke differentiated nā huahana e like me ka hana ana o ke kuai ana, i ka nui o ka hoʻohana' ia hoʻolaha, koke ana i nā mea kūʻai mai, a hiki i ka helu o nā nui aʻe.

No laila, ke hoʻohana poʻe i loko o ka makeke o monopolistic Competition ua i paʻi wale i kekahi i kekahi ma ka hoonoho iho la i kekahi waiwai, akā, i ka mea o ko differentiating kou mau lawelawe a me nā huahana, a ho'ēmi i kā lākou mau hana o ka monopoly mana.

Lerner 'inideka, a' ē aʻe maopopo noonoo i kēia pilina, no ka mea, o kela mea keia hookahi poʻe i loko o ia mau rula mai i kekahi monopoly ka mana maluna iho o ko lakou mau huahana. Oia hoi, ka mea, i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻoponopono-mahuahua paha ke emi i ka waiwai, ke kaumaha ma muli o kekahi hana e nā kānaka hoʻokūkū, akā, i kēia mana a ua pololei kaupalenaʻia ka mea i loko o ke kuai, aia no na Manufacturers e hana like huahana. Eia hou kekahi, ua pono ole hoʻopoina i ke alo o monopolistic wahi kanaka hoolako, ma ka hou ana i ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino poʻe, e like me ka poeikohoia o ka makeke, aole nui.

Kēia market kükohu hoʻolako he mau makemake ma ka aoao o kona mau lala, e hoÿonui ai i ko mau koho wahi ma ka mea i kā lākou huahana i ka loa Aʻoaʻo. Mua o nā mea a pau, keia ua hooko ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o ua hoʻokuleana' e like me kekahi 'ikamu a me ka nui hoʻolaha kai eʻe i ke uniquely kuhikuhi i ka oko ao ma waena o ka kekahi mau ano o kālepa huahana.

Kaʻokoʻa

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka mea okoa, mai ka pono polipoliya monopolistic Competition, he poe nui hoi poʻe i ke 'ano kiʻekiʻe degere o ka monopoly mana nā hoailona, loaʻa nō kekahi mau kumu ano:

• i loko o ka hemolele market kuai i ka heterogeneous,ʻaʻole homogeneous huahana;
• no ka makeke i komo mea aole i hiki maopopo aniani moakaka, aʻaʻole manawa kā lākou mau hana i hoʻokuleana i? aneiai kumu;
• poe e ho'āʻo nei e hoʻonui loa i kou wahi makemake, noke Ke aʻoaʻo 'kā lākou mau huahana;
• he mau pilikia i ka ho onui ana komo ana i ke kuai ana i kekahi kūʻai hou no ka mea, o ka mea koho.

Hiʻona o ka oligopoly

Inā ka i komo mai i i nui Competition, a me wale i ka kekahi helu o ka poe Kīwala'ō i loko o ka ua ele ele, ua kapaia ia he kumu hoʻohālike i oligopoly. E like me examples o Classic oligopoly ke hoomaopopo "nuiʻekolu" i loko o ka US, i nā mea maikaʻi-ike a papa hana e like «Ford», «General Hawaii» a «Chrysler».

Oligopoly e e ka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ole waleʻaʻahu, akā, i differentiated huahana. Ma ka poi pu hapanui o na hihia i ka homogeneity o ka prevalence loaʻa i loko o ka wahi, kahi a ka laha manaʻo o kalaka nui-pau huahana a me kela ano keia ano o ka maka mea, oa i ka aila, kila, na mea i eliia, lepo pipili, a me ka like huahana, oiai differentiation mea typical no ka consumer waiwai kuai, kahi indices (indices ) monopoly mana mea ole pela kiʻekiʻe.

A uuku helu o ka poʻe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea komo i loko o nā monopolistic ae like ana e pili ana i ke kau o ke kumukuai, e like me paku a me ka hāʻawi 'ana o aha kanaka a me nāʻaoʻao o nā kapu i hoʻolaunaʻia ma ma Competition. He ua lōʻihi mai ka manawa i maopopo ia Competition i loko o kēia mau wahi mea pololei e kaukaʻi ma o ka nui o ka lehulehu o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, no laila, i ka helu o ka poe Radio he kūlana kuleana.

I ke kumukuai o 'ana i kumumanaʻo o ka mea i kekahi i lawa ka nui kūlana ma ke ano o ka hoʻok & pili ma keia makeke i haawiia mai ai i ka buke a me ka' ole o nāʻano likeʻole o ka 'ike e pili ana i kou nā kānaka hoʻokūkū, e like me walaʻauʻana rula o ke koi, i mea loaʻa i kēlā me kēia no ka i komo. Inā keia 'ike ka mailuilu haalele, e ka poʻea pau i ka oi hoʻok & hana o kēlā me kēia poʻe.

oko ao

Ka papa likeʻole, mai ka oligopolistic kuai ano o ka hemolele Competition mea kumukuaiʻano makanaʻaneʻi. Ma keia hihia, kēlā poʻe i ke 'ano kiʻekiʻe uku o ka monopoly mana Lerner, oa ka marginal kāki ma lalo o ka monopoly kumukuai, a me kēlā hui mai ka hiki, e kau aku i ko lakou mau lilo o? Iecaianoaaiiuo, ka palena iki Rose a hiki i ka aoao o kona nā kānaka hoʻokūkū, a me ka makeke i ka mau.

Ma ka pololei market, i ka lilo o ka waiwai noke a irregularly pulsing like 'ana e kaukaʻi ma ka fluctuations' ia ma ka lako a me ke koi, oiai o ka oligopoly pinepine e hoʻolako i ka 'ano ku paa auanei lilo o ke haka pono maila, a ua loa pohihihi keia loli' aneʻi.

I haiia ae maluna,, typical o ka ai-kapa kumu kuai alakaʻi, ma ka lilo o ka pae ana o ka waiwai o ua dictated e kekahi wale poe, oiai ka mea, ua hahai ma ke koena o ka oligopolists ka poe i kekahi monopoly mana. O Mānoa, nā hoailona - ana i kēia mau kumumea i paʻa ikaika, no ka mea, kēlā me kēia hui UOAAaOON e hoʻomohala, a lawe i ke alakai o keia palapala.

I ka Ia manawa ke kuai mea inaccessible no kekahi hou lala, a ina oligopolists manao kekahi aelike e pili ana i ka waiwai e lilo aku, alaila, o ka Competition ua kiʻekiʻe oʻalo ana i hoʻolaha, ka pono a me ka individualization.

'ano o ka Competition

Ole-kumukuai Competition komo ai highlighting kiekie ae pono i ka "lilo o ka hokii," ma lalo, he Contemporary manao, a me ka poʻe koa o nā aʻe. Penei, kanaka pinepine e ae, e uku hou no i ka ike loea a me ka maopopo Japaneseʻano hana kahi o ka kūʻai ukana i lawe domestically.

I ke kumukuai o 'ana i kumumanaʻo mea i loko o ka ole-kumukuai ki ina hana like o ka Competition ua maliuia mai ia i ka nui helu o nā lawelawe i pili, me ka hoʻomaopopo mau kahiko huahana hâʻawi wale i loko o ka palapala o ka uku mua no nā huahana hou, a he nui na mea e ae. Ka hoemiia metala hokii, ikehu hokii, poino ke ano, a me ka poʻe koa o nā iaono? Ienoai consumer waiwai ma luna o ka mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hele mai i loko o ke kahua o ka ole-kumukuai pomaikai o ka huahana.

O ka holo ana, i ke ala loa ikaika loa o ka hana ole-kumukuai Competition i na manawa a pau o ka hoolaha i keia la kona kūlana ua nui kiekie ae like i ka mea ia ua pono he mau makahiki aku nei. Me ke kōkua o ka hoolaha i na poe ole wale ke hoolilo i ka mea hope loa consumer i ka mea e pono ai 'ike e pili ana i kēia mau' ole 'ē aʻe consumer waiwai o kona mau huahana, akā, i hana credibility o kona kulekele, ho'āʻo ana e lilo i kekahi kiʻi o kekahi ano o ka "maikai kupa" o ka moku'āina, a hana ma ka kuai.

anao? aou hanalima ano, kala ana o ka waiwai, a apparently i ole i oko ao mai, na i ke kikokikona kope o nā huahana, akā, ia mea nui loa i loko o quality, ke kūʻaiʻana Eia kekahi laʻana no mahope ka hoʻopiliʻana, e like meʻeleu lolo moni loa, a me kekahi mau kuai mea pohihihi iwaena o ka 'ino ai ki ina hana like o ka' ole-kumukuai Competition.

Penei, Competition hiki ke hana ma kekahi ano, kela mea keia mea o ka a i kona mau 'ano a me ke degere o ka hoʻokōʻana.