Koʻohune i ka causative konohiki o kekahi maʻi? kanaka maʻi, kena ae la ia e koʻohune

Aia i elima nui aupuni o ke ano, i ka 'elele o ka i mea malalo iho i ka scrutiny no na kenekulia. Ka mea, e:

• holoholona;
• mea kanu;
• Fish;
• koʻohune paha prokaryotes;
• nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Inā na holoholona, a me nā mea kanu fungi i ike ai i kanaka, mai ka loa primordial manawa, na nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me koʻohune study ana o kanaka hoʻoili i loko o nei. Loa ka nui o kēia mau meaola i e e hiki ke noiʻi i ia lakou me ka maka kapa ole. Ia mea ke kumu ka mea, i ua hūnāʻia ai loa mai na maka kilo o ke kanaka.

Ua ua ikeia ia mea pāʻani ole wale i ka maikaʻi a Mānoa. No laila mākou e ho'āʻo i ka Hoʻokaʻina 'ia mai i ka ninau o ina koʻohune e pathogens o loohia i kekahi, a me nui hooponopono a ola i kēia mau mea.

ʻO wai nā prokaryotes?

All ola mea ma luna o mākou Honua i, he pono ole i loko o ka 'ole - ka mea, e haku ana i keena. Oiaio, hapa o ka hookahi, i kekahi hapa - multicellular. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka multicellular holoholona, laila, a pau uniformly. kino kēlā me ua i kāna mau 'ōlelo i mai keena. Akā, i ka wā e hele mai i hookahi-aa? Meaola, i ia ke kuikahi mea hou, e like me ka mea, e māheleʻia i loko o prokaryotes a me eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes mea a pau e ola kanaka, a nō na keena aaiaoe mea, paa ma ka Kernel. No ka prokaryotes - ka unicellular meaola ma i ka DNA ua haawi oluolu aku, ka mea, ua i kaupalena 'ia ka nukelea wahī, a no ia mea,ʻaʻohe kāna mau' ōlelo me ka a pau. Mau mea hoʻoholo i ke kaila:

• uliuli-omaomao līoho;
• cyanobacteria;
• archaea;
• koʻohune.

Initially, wale kēlā mau meaola noho ma luna o ka Honua. Akā, i nā mea hele mai i ka evolution o ka helehelena o eukaryotic multicellular meaola, maloko, a he prokaryotic keena. A laila ka mea, hui pu, a komo i loko o ka symbiotic pilina, lilo ia i mea nani, ikaika, a me ka hoʻopale i? Aneie rula o ke kino, makaukau e paʻi, a māhuahua ma ka helu, o ka evolution.

I ka hoike ana o keia kumumanaʻo, he mau ole-nukelea organelles multicellular aeea like mitochondria a me plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).

Akā, Eia naʻe, he nui no ka prokaryotic aeee i ole i hewa ole i ka mea kanu, holoholona a me kanaka, e like me ka poe i koe e ola i loko o ia mau mea. Ka mea, loaa ae nei i ka inoa hou o ka koʻohune, a microbes, a hoomaka ae la e noho kekahi kuokoa ola, e kauoha ana i ka puu o ka pilikia no ka lahui i hoʻonohonoho 'ia mea.

Ua ua ike i na mea he nui mai pili me ka koʻohune, kā lākou e pōʻino hana. Aʻaʻole wale nō i loko o kānaka i hoʻomaka ai, akā, i na elele a pau i nā aupuni a pau o ke ano.

A manawa pōkole sketch o ka moolelo o ka loaʻa

Koʻohune i Ua puni no ka oi ma mua o 3.5 ieeeea makahiki. Iloko o keia manawa, kā lākou 'ole i i loli. Ka mea wale nō mea i ua hou i loko o ko lāua olaʻana o kā lākou inoa maikaʻi no ke kanaka.

Pehea i hana ai i ka loaʻa o kēia mau meaola? E hoomanao i na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. Ke kahiko Greek nä känaka 'epekema Aristotle mai la oia ia mea, eʻike makaʻole i ka maka mea e ola a pau a puni, a me loko o kānaka. Ka mea, hiki i maʻi.
2. 1546 - Italian kauka Girolamo Frakostoro laila'ōlelo akula ua kanaka maʻi i kena ae la ia e microorganisms, microbes. Eia naʻe, e hoao ia ia i hiki ole, a noho iho la i hōʻeaʻole.
3. 1676 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek? Anoee māhele o Cork ma lalo o ka microscope invented i kona iho (ka mua microscope o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua loa nui, a nana aku la e like me ka ohi ana i kekahi mau raznoraspolozhennyh aniani keleawe, haawi mai la ia i ka hua o ka oi ma mua o ka haneri manawa). E like me ka hopena, oia ua hiki i ka ike i ke keena i e i ka wauke o ka laau. Like loa me nana i ke kulu o ka wai, aole ia i manao nui moku meaola i noho i loko o kēia kulu. O lakou na koʻohune, a haawi mai la ia i ka inoa "animalkuli".
4. 1840 - German kauka Jakob Henle paipai loa pololei kuhiakau ma ka hopena o ke kanaka pathogens, oa i ka koʻohune - pathogens.
5. 1862 - Palani chemist Louis Pasteur like me ka hopena o ka hai hou ho okolohua hoao iho la ia i ke alo o nā microorganisms i loko o nā mea a pau e noho hana kūpono, mea, meaola. Pela, oia hookupaa iho la ia i ke kuhiakau Hyun-le, a ia ua ua lilo i kumumanaʻo, i kapaʻia ka "germ kumumanaʻo o ka maʻi." No kana hana, ke nä känaka 'epekema i i hookoia ka Nobel uku.
6. 1877 - Robert Koch i loko o ka hana pono i ke ano o ka hana 'ike loea i hookohu aku i koʻohune.
7. 1884 - Hans Gram, he kauka. I ka mea, ua aie ka mahele ana i kēia mau mea ma luna o Gram-maikaʻi a me Gram-io, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka naoh, e hana i ka kalameaʻai.
8. 1880 - Karg Ebert ua hōʻike 'i ke kumu o ke typhoid - hana kookoo-hoʻokino koʻohune.
9. 1882 - Robert Koch e hōʻike ana i ka tubercle bacillus.
10. 1897 - Japanese kauka Kie-shi Shiga ike i ke kumu o ka hī koko
11. 1897 - Bernhard Ekahi hoʻokumu i ka mea i loaʻa i causative koʻohune o ka holoholona mai e i kā lākou mau abortions.

Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka hooulu ana o ka ike e pili ana i koʻohune a me ka poe mai, kena ae la ia ia, e ho onui ana kokololio momentum. A me keia la i ho'ākāka 'ia, ua oi aku mamua o 10 tausani' elele o kekahi prokaryotes. Naʻe, ke wānana i ka kńnaka e olelo aku i loko o ke ao nei o ka i loaʻa nā laha 'oi ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona.

Science o prokaryotes

Koʻohune like causative konohiki o infectious maʻi, he mau hoihoi ma ka 'epekema, no ka mea, ike o ia ae oe, e hoʻoponopono i na mea he nui ola pilikia kānaka,ʻaʻole wale nō akā, i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. No laila, ka mea i hana mau 'epekema e epa me ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o kēia pukana.

1. Microbiology - mau 'epekema i ka haʻawina a pau o ka microscopic meaola, me koʻohune.
2. Bacteriology - ka 'epekema e pili ana i ke ao o ka microbes, koʻohune, kā lākou' ano, lifestyles, o ka makana a me ka ole ma luna o ka honua a puni mākou.
3. Hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe microbiology -ʻimi ana kāohi ana no ka hooulu ana o ka mea koʻohune ka maʻi i loko o kānaka.
4. Kauka holoholona Microbiology - hoʻokolokolo ai i ka causative koʻohune o infectious ka maʻi i loko o na holoholona, Kids, lapaʻau, Kāohiʻana o ka maʻiʻaʻai.
5. Lapaʻau o Microbiology - hoʻokolokolo ai i ka hopena o koʻohune ma luna o nā ola o nā mea e noho ana ma ka hua'ōlelo o ka laau lapaau.

Ma waho aʻeo ia mea koʻohune keena loaʻa nā meaola unicellular protozoa pathogens i loko o kānaka, a me nā holoholona mea kanu. No ka laʻana, amoeba, malaria parasites, trypanosomes, a no laila, ma luna o. Ua i nā mea o ke kuka nei lakou i loko o Lapaʻau o Microbiology.

He aha nā koʻohune?

He mau kumu no ka Mea Maluna o ka mea koʻohune keena. Ka mua ua muli ma luna o ka loina o ke kaawale ana o microbial aeee e lauwili ma shape. No laila, ma luna o kēia kumu kālā līkaia no:

• Cocci a spherical, poepoe-hoʻokino meaola. Ua pū nā kekahi mauʻano likeʻole: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, sartsiny, tetrakokki. Ka Poeikohoia o na Ana mai i oi aku mamua o 1 micron. Ia mea a hiki i kēia pae nā loa o ka poe i kapaia "konohiki o kanaka maʻi."
• Coli, a me ke koʻokoʻo o-hoʻokino koʻohune. ʻano ma ka palapala a pau na keena: regular, kuhikuhi, laau-hoʻokino, vibrio, oki, uma, kaula. A pau kēia mau koʻohune mea pathogens. He aha ke ano o ka maʻi? Aneane pau nā mea palahēhēʻikeʻia e ke kanaka i keia la.
• Crimped meaola. Maheleia i spirillae a me spirochetes. Lahilahi he olonā i helical 'ole, kekahi o i mea pathogenic microbes, a me ka mea' ē aʻe - 'elele o ka maʻamau intestinal microflora o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
• Ai manamana ai koʻohune - holo nōhie e hoohalike ai kookoo-hoʻokino, akā, i loko o ka hopena i ramifications e loli iki degere. O nā Bifidobacteria, Radio he maikaʻi kūlana ola kanaka o loko.

Kekahi Mea Maluna o ka mea koʻohune aeee ua nānā 'ana ma luna o kaʻikena hana: RNA' ole, a me ka morphological biochemical waiwai me ka mahalo, e hookohu aku i, a no laila, ma luna o. Ma kēia mau kumu a pau koʻohune hiki ke maheleia i loko o 23 hoailona ia mea, kela mea keia mea o i ka loaʻa o ka helu o nā papa, genera a? Ueo.

Ua mea i hiki ke classify na microorganisms e like me ka hana i ka mana ma ka naehana type, ka E kuai oukou i hoʻolilo 'ia a no laila, ma luna o.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o koʻohune i loko o kanaka

Ua aʻo ho ohana i ke microorganisms kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko o ka'āina. Mai kā lākou mauʻaoʻao ka mea, ua maopopo i deliberate noi, akā hoʻi hoolimalima mai ano. No laila, no ka laʻana, hua mai la i kanakaʻona mau nā mea inu, fermentation keʻano o ka hanaʻana i wahi.

Me ka hooholo ana o ka manawa a me ka pukaʻano papa hana o ke ola ana o kēia mau wahi mea, ke kanaka i aoia hoi, e hana ia nui loa i ko lakou mau mea e pono ai. kekahi mau nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai hiki ke hōʻike ', a i pili loa intertwined me ka kālaimeaola. Koʻohune i hoʻohana:

1. Ma kaʻai hana: kālua pastries a me ka berena, ka waina, ka waiu huahana, a no laila, ma luna o.
2. Nine hoʻololi kemikala: koʻohune paka'amino nāʻakika, ke aloha nāʻakika, nā polokina, nā wikamina, lipids, antibiotics, nā'ūhū, pigments, nukelea nāʻakika, pulapula o ke a no laila, ma luna o.
3. Medicine: ai 'hoemi microflora maloko a puni,, antibiotics, a no laila, ma luna o.
4. Ka Mahiai: hoomakaukau no ka kanu ka ulu a me ka lapaʻau o na holoholona, koʻohune ke kanana nei, ae, e hoomahuahua i ka hua, ka waiu hua a me ka hua manu? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a no laila, ma luna o.
5. Kālaikaiaola: nefterazlagayuschie microorganisms aaioee ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole residues a puni ka hoomaemae meakino.

Eia naʻe, ma ka hou ana i ka maikaʻi 'ole o ka pono o ka koʻohune, kanaka hiki ole kiʻi pohaku uinihepa, o ka io. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, kekahi koʻohune i pathogens o kanaka maʻi? Most paʻakikī, pilikia loa a me kekahi manawa ona. No laila, i ko lākou kūlana ma ke 'ano a me ka kanaka ola pālua.

Pathogenic microbes: he mau hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

E lawe i na pathogenic microbes i hiki i'aʻaʻa poino a me na hui nenoai i loko o kānaka a me nā holoholona. Ma kona mawaho a me na 'ole, ka mea e ole oko mai ka pono koʻohune:,? A? Ole uhi i ke anuanu iwi (aeea pā) ma waho mucic ua kīhei nei o loko o ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku ia i malama mai digestion mai i loko o ka pūʻali, a me ka maloʻoʻana. Ke aaiaoe mea ua haawi iloko o ka halepaahao i loko o ka palapala o ka DNA kaulahao. Ma lalo o adverse rula, hiki ke ho okumu i spores - hāʻule i loko o ka moku'āina o ka torpor ma i kaʻoluʻolu o nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma mua o Keoni a 'ano kūpono.

Koʻohune i ka causative konohiki o nā maʻi a ola mea? ʻO ka mea i oluolu i hiki e airborne droplets, ma ka hui 'ana a ma ka hui' ana me mucosal hamama ili. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i pathogens hiki ke kapaia mea kaua o ka nuipa a ka make. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e hiki i ka mea a pau ahulau, pandemic, epizootic epiphytotics, a no laila, ma luna o. Ia mea, i ka maʻi, e uhi ana i ka aina, a hana ino aku ia a me nā mea kanu (epiphytotics), a me nā holoholona (epizootic maʻi) a me kanaka (maʻi).

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i nāʻano o nā mea a nānā aku i ke kanaka. Nolaila, aole he kumu ia i kekahi manawa, aia no i kekahi maʻiʻaʻai, kanaka mai e ike. Keia wahi i oi aku ke kuleana ma luna o microbiologists, 'inikua noiʻi a me virologists.

He aha maʻi ua kena ae la ia e koʻohune?

Aia ka poe hana pela maʻi he nui loa. Kēia mea ole wale no ke kahińuli i kekahi, he pono ole poʻe. No ka mea, koʻohune hiki loli ole wale holoholona, akā, i kanu nā'aʻaʻa. No laila, a pau mai, a i ke kumu e ia, hiki ke mahele ia i loko o kekahi mau pūʻulu.

1. Anthroponotic nā mea palahēhē - ka poe e puni ana i kānaka, a me ka maʻiʻaʻai e lakou ma waena o ia (kanaka pathogens). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka maʻi: typhoid, cholera, puʻupuʻu,ʻo Waimānalo, ka hī koko, diphtheria a me na mea e ae.
2. Zoonotic maʻi - ia nā mea palahēhē i hana i ka holoholona, a ua lawe aku ka mea, i loko o lākou iho, akā, i loko o kekahi alanui he kanaka hiki ke iho mailoko o. No ka laʻana, insectʻaki a me nā holoholona, na holoholona ma ka hui 'ana me ka ili, a me ka ÷ naehana hanuʻaoʻao o ke kanaka, he mea i ka hoolilo ana i mea koʻohune spores. Maʻi: glanders, anthrax, mai ino, tularemia, rabies, wāwae a me ka waha maʻi.
3. Epifitoznye maʻiʻaʻai - he maʻi kanu, kena ae la ia e koʻohune. O nā popoʻole, blotch, hikoko,'ā, mea koʻohune makika, a me nā mea koʻohune maʻi.

E noonoo oe i ka kanaka maʻi, kena ae la ia e koʻohune. ʻO ka mea i ka loa, he pono ole. Ka mea, o ka mea nana i lawe mai i loko o ka hala, a me ka makana no ka hailona o ka poino a me ka pilikia i kanaka.

koʻohune kanaka

kanaka mai ke kumu ma ka koʻohune, mau kena ae la i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka hewa a me ka poho kanaka ka ola ia. Ka loa, he pono ole a me ka pilikia o ia e like penei:

1. Ino - he weliweli hua'ōlelo no nā kupa mullion Ages a me ka pakebona. Ka maʻi Ua koi na tausani o ke ola. Mua maʻi ahulau ua tantamount i ka make, i ole i invented mākou i ka ala o ka vaccination a me ka laau o keia weliweli infectious maʻi. Ano, i ka maʻi i loko o ia lŘlŘ kekahi Tropical aina a me ka mea pololei zoonotic külana.
2. Erysipelas - he maʻi o nā holoholona,ʻano nui puaʻa, ka moa, a me nā hipa keiki lio. Pū i hiki ai i kānaka. E kahea aku ia maʻi-e kauoha ana koʻohune, a Erysipelothrix insidiosa inoa. Kaua maʻi mea puni hoʻi, i kēia mau pathogens i makau o pololei lń, kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka mekala 'åkilikai. Currently, ka maʻi mea ole loa, he pono ole. Keʻano o ka foci hilinaʻi nui ma holoholona pomaikai.
3. Diphtheria. Mea mai o ke keena naehana'āpana, haawi i ka ikaika naʻau complications. I kēia mea nō pohihihi keia, no ka mea vaccination ua lawe mai i loko o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o ke keiki? Acaeoey.
4. Ka hī koko. I maʻi koʻohune, a nō ka inoa o Shigella (Shigella). Ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai poe mai no ia kanaka, ka poe hiki ke hoʻouna i maʻiʻaʻai ko ka hale ona, koʻana koko a kui (Via ka waha) e. Loli ana keiki. Ill me ka hī koko hiki e kekahi mau manawa e like me e hoʻonele ai i ka maʻi i ka hana? Aiaiiuie.
5. Tularemia -, kena ae la ia e ka bacterium Francisella tularensis. Loa Hardy a, hoʻopale i ka wela,? Aneie ana maʻiʻaʻai. Lapaʻau o eiiieaena,ʻaʻole ke kino.
6. Tuberculosis - kapaia Koch ka maile. A luna 'maʻi e loli ai i ka ia maʻiʻaʻai a me nā nā loko. hoolaia nenoai i ua ulu a me ka hoʻomano hana akā loa puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi i ka maʻi koe elusive.
7. Whooping cough - he maʻiʻaʻai, kena ae la ia e ka bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Wehewehe aku ma ke ano o ka ho'āhewa wale ikaika o ka puʻu. Vaccination i kakahiaka kamaliʻi.
8. Syphilis - he nui loa, he pono ole maʻiʻaʻai pū i hiki ma moe ihe. He kapa spirochete pathogen trypanosomes. Ka mea, e loli ai ka wahine, maka,ʻili, Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu, iwi a me ami. Lapaʻau me antibiotics, lapaʻau ikeia.
9. Gonorrhea - like hoʻi me syphilis, he maʻi o ka XXI kenekulia. I ka laha ana o nā kiʻie antibiotics. Kena ae la ia e koʻohune - gonococcus.
10. Tetanus - kena ae la ma kekahi lāʻau Clostridium tetani, i kī ana na toxins ikaika i loko o ke kanaka kino. Ua hiki aku i ka weliweli a me ka cramps uncontrollable Muscle contractions.

O ka ihu, ma laila nō nā koʻohune a me kanaka maʻi. Akā, i heluʻia o ka loa, he pono ole, a nui.

microbes holoholona

Ka loa, he pono ole holoholona maʻi, a i ke kumu ma ka koʻohune loaʻa:

• botulism;
• tetanus;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• bubonic ino;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• anthrax;
• wawae a me ka waha maʻi.

A pau o ia i kekahi mau koʻohune. Maʻi ka hapanui hiki ke e pū i hiki i kānaka, no laila, ka mea i loa pilikia loa a me ka nui. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ana, e pale aku i ka laha ana o ia mau maʻi - ua ka malama ana i na holoholona ma ka maemae, akahele malama no ia, kaupalena hui 'ana me ka poe mai.

kanu microbes

Mawaena o ka palapala microbes e iho mailoko o ke kumu'ōnaehana a me ka hua hou ana iho o nā mea kanu, a hiki ia ma o na la 'inoʻino loa i ka mahiʻai, ka loa, he pono ole i na kēia mau' elele:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

Plant mai, kena ae la ia e koʻohune i mea palaho a me ka make ana o na kēia mau māhele o ka mahi mea kanu:

• aʻa;
• koe;
• anei i;
• hua;
• inflorescence;
• kumu ulu.

Ia mea, ke kanu holoʻokoʻa i ke loli ma ka hope. Loa pinepine e ae mai ia mahiʻai kanu, uala, cabbage, ke kulina, palaoa, onions, nā komako,, i nā hua waina, na hua laau Rustica a me nā hua,ʻai a me ka mānoanoa.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE maʻi loaʻa nā kēia:

• mea koʻohune maʻi;
• Ka maʻi 'aʻai;
• mea koʻohune ke kina ole;
• popoʻole;
• wildfire;
• basal bacteriosis;
• ke ahi makika,;
• apo popoʻole;
• blackleg;
• gummosis;
• onionio bacteriosis;
• ʻeleʻele bacteriosis a me na mea e ae.

Currently, botanists a me ka mahiʻai microbiology i ua 'Imi hana, e imi i kekahi mea kanu' ohana ka palekana huahana mai kēia mau popilikia.