Mutational variability a me ke ano o ka mutations

Ka manawa "mutation" hele mai ana, mai ka Roma hua'ōlelo "mutatio", a literally 'o ia hoʻi - loli paha loli. Mutational variability Hōʻike i ka pilina paʻa, a ahuwale ka hoʻololi 'ana o ka aaiaoe mea i ua hōʻike ma ka hereditary kāna moʻolelo. 'O kēia ka mua loulou i loko o ka kaulahao ho okumu a me ka pathogenesis o hereditary ka maʻi. O kŰia Ua 'Imi aʻo i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 20th kenekulia, a me ka manawa hou, a oi pinepine oe ke lohe i e e? Anoee like hoʻi me ka mutational variability like me ka ike a me ka naʻauao o kēiaʻano papa hana i ke ki i ka lanakila i ka pilikia o na kanaka.

He nui na ano o mutations i loko o na keena. Ko lakou Mea Maluna hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka laha 'o na keena lakou iho. Generative mutations ana i loko o ka germ keena, germline aeee hoi nei. i loaa i kekahi loli, a ua pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ka mamo keena, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku ua hala i ka helu o ka deviations a ultimately lilo i kumu o ka maʻi.

Somatic mutations i asexual keena. Lākou peculiarity mea i ka mea, hōʻike wale nō ia i ke kanaka nana i ikea. Ie loli ka mea, i ili ai i nā keena, akā, wale ka wā i puʻunaue ai i loko o kekahi kino. Somatic mutational variability ua hoikeia mai kekahi 'wā e hoʻomaka ma ka kakahiaka kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Inā he mutation ia lŘlŘ ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o ka palaoa zygote, he mea nui aeea laina i okoa mai kekahi i kekahi genotypes. Alaila, ka hou na keena, e lawe i ka mutation, ua kapaia ia meaola mosaic.

Pae o aaiaoe hale

Mutational variability ua hoikea mai oia, i loko o ka aaiaoe nā hale i OAOOUIEeE okoa pae o ka hui. Mutations ke'ākoʻakoʻa ma ka'ōewe, chromosome a me ka genomeʻilikai. Ke kaumaha ma muli o kēia loli, a me nāʻano o ka mutation.

Aaiaoe loli lakou aloha ia DNA 'ole, a ma ka mea hoʻololi i ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe. Oia loli, ma kekahi hihia e pili ole i ka viability o ke kumuʻiʻo, 'o ia hoʻi, kuleana pili i 'Aʻole e loli ana. Akā, i loko o nā hihia, e e hemahema ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana, ua mahana ke kumuʻiʻo e hana kona kuleana pili i.

Mutation ma ka chromosomal pae mua e lawe aku i ka hoʻoweliweli 'nui, no ka mea, he aha ka mea i ke kahua o ka chromosomal maʻi. I ka hopena o keia oko o nā loli i loko o ka 'ole o ka chromosomes, a ma laila nō ua mau nā'ōewe komo. No ka mea, o keia, ka mea e hoʻololi i ka maʻamau diploid kau, a ma ka huli hiki i ka hopena ma luna nui DNA.

Genomic mutations like hoʻi me ka chromosome hiki i ke kahua o ka chromosomal maʻi. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mutation ma keia pae - aneuploidy a me ka polyploidy. Ua mahuahua a emi ma ka helu o nā chromosomes mea no ke kanaka hou paha ia e lethal.

'ōewe mutations pili trisomy, e hoike aku i ke alo o ka ekolu homologous chromosomes ma ka karyotype (mea ulu dala). Oia deflection i nā hualoaʻa ma ka kahua o Edwards maʻi pale a me Down ka maʻi pale. Monosomy 'o ia hoʻi ka mua o ka wale kekahi o ka homologous chromosomes elua (emi dala),ʻaneʻane ke kāpaeʻana i ka maʻamau kūpono' ana o ke embryo.

Ke kumu o kēia mauʻike manaʻo i 'aʻe' ia ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey o germ keena. Kēia ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o ka hoʻopaneʻe 'ia ana anaphase - homologous chromosomes i aeea mahele neʻe aku i na auamo, a me kekahi o ia ke malama mai. Aia mea i ka manaʻo o "non-disjunction", ka wā o nā chromosomes hiki ole ke mahele ia i kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka mitosis a meiosis. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka hoike ana mai o kāna hana o ka loli iki ana oolea. Ka like o keia kŰia, e kōkua i ka unravel na maomeka o, a paha, e hana ka mea e hiki ai ke kilokilo, a ho ololi i mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana.