Nā hō'ailona ma'amau: nā hi'ohi'ona. 'O ka ho'ohālike a me ka heterogeneous

'O ke kuliaka ka mea e'ike ai i nā mea a me nā loli, a me nā ala e loa'a ai. Ma loko o ka papahana kula ha'aha'a,'ike'ia kekahi nīnau nui, e like me ke'ano o nā hā'ina. 'O ka ho'onui'ana, e ho'omoakaka ana i nā haumāna i kahi papahana, e no'ono'o i ka loli i ke kele o ka pale'ana, ka mahele o ka ma'amau, ka mechanical o ke ka'ina hana, a me nā mea'ē a'e. Ho'ohālike'ia nā hi'ohi'ona o nā hanana e ulu ana me ka komo'ana o ka mea ho'ohehe'e i loko o ke ola ma'amau: ka pāpa'a, ka'oki. 'O ka ho'ohālike'ole o nā mea'ole.

He aha ka hopena

He mea ia e ho'ololi i ka wikiwiki o ka pilina, akā,'a'ole ia e komo i kēia. I ka hihia inā ho'oikaika ka catalyst i ka hana, he mea ia o ka hopena maika'i. Ma ia hihia, ina o ka hoʻohuiʻia agena ma ke kaʻina ho'ēmi i kā ke naoh ana, ka mea, ua kapaʻia he inhibitor.

Nā'ano o ka ho'oponopono

Hiki ke ho'ohālike'ia ka hanana a me ka heterogeneene i ka manawa kahi e waiho ai nā mea ho'omaka. Inā nā hua mua i mālama'ia no ka hui pū'ana, me ka catalyst, i loko o ka'āpana'āina like, ua like nā'ano like'ole o ka hopena. I ka hihia inā ho'ololi'ia nā mea o nā hui kūikawā i ka hopena, hiki ke ho'oponopono'ia he hanelike.

Ke koho 'ana o ka hana

'A'ole ka waiwai o Catalysis i mea e ho'onui ai i ka ulu'ana o nā lakohana, pono nō e pili i ka maika'i o nā hua i loa'a. Hiki ke ho'ākāka'ia kēia'ano ma ka'ike'ana ma muli o ka ho'oholo koho o nā mea nui loa, ua ho'onui'ia ka hopena pololei, a ua ho'ēmi'ia nā hana'ao'ao. I ka pae hope loa,'o ka mea i loa'a ua ki'eki'e,'a'ole pono e ho'oma'ema'e hou i nā mea. 'O ka koho'ana o ka hana a ka mea catalyst hā'awi i ka ho'ēmi maoli'ana i nā kumukū'ai hana'ole o nā hua li'ili'i, maika'i maika'i ka ho'olālā.

Nā pōmaika'i o ka ho'ohana'ana i ka catalyst in production

He aha hou a'e ka hopena catalytic? Ke hō'ike'ia nā hi'ohi'ona i ka kula ki'eki'e kelepona i ka ho'ohana'ana i ka catalyst e hiki ai ke hana i ka hana ma nā mahana ha'aha'a. Hō'ike nā ho'okolohua i hiki ke ho'ohana'ia no ka ho'ēmi'ana i nā kumukū'ai. He mea nui loa kēia i nā manawa o kēia au, ke nui nā kumu waiwai ike ma ka honua.

Nā hi'ohi'ona o nā huahana catalytic

'O kēlā me kēia'oihana ke ho'ohana nei i nā ho'oikaika catalytic? 'O kekahi mau mea kanu:? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nitric a me sulfuric nāʻakika, hydrogen, ammonia, polymers a me aaioee aila. Hoʻomano hoʻohana catalysis i loko o ka wa hoomakaukau ia no ke aloha nāʻakika, monohydric a me polyhydric waiʻona mai ke kino, phenol kēpau, make, lāʻau.

He aha ka mea ho'oikaika?

Ma ke'ano he ho'ohālikelike, hiki i nā mea nui i loko o ke ka'ina manawa o nā'enekini kino o Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev ke hana, a me kā lākou pūnaewele. Ma waena o nā mea holomua ma'amau, penei: nickel, iron, platinum, cobalt, aluminosilicates, mau manganese.

Nā Kū'ai'Ana

Ma waho a'e o ka hana koho, hiki i nā mea ho'oikaika ke ho'oikaika i ka ikaika mechanical, hiki iā lākou ke pale i nā mea'ae'a catalytic, hiki ke ho'ololi hou'ia (ho'iho'i'ia).

I ka pae ana o catalytic homogeneous reactions e māheleʻia i loko o kinoea pae a me ka wai a pae.

E no'ono'o kākou i kēia'ano o nā hā'aia ma ke'ano kiko'ī. 'O ka huihu'u hydrogen a H +, nā huila hydroxide o ka OH-, nā mīkini kila M + a me nā mea e ho'oulu ai i ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā radical free hana e like me ka mea holomua o ka ho'ololi hana.

'O ke kumu o ka ho'oponopono

'O ke'ano o ka ho'ohemo'ana i ka pilina o nā mea'enela a me nā kumuhana,'o ia he ho'ololi ma waena o nā mea pā'ani like a me ka mea ho'ohālikelike e nā ions pono (protons). I kēia hihia, hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ka li'ili'i intrammolecular. 'O kēia'ano o ka pane'ana:

• 'O ka'ale'a'ana (wai'au'au'ole);
• 'O ka hydration (ho'ohui'ia o nā'alewai wai);
• (E ho'okumu i ka ester mai nā wai'ona a me nā acetic carboxylic);
• 'O ka Polycondensation (ke ho'okumu'ia o kahi polymer me ka ho'opau'ana i ka wai).

'O ke kumumana'o o ka ho'oponopono'ana,'a'ole'o ia wale nō ka hana pono'ī, akā, hiki ke hana hou'ia paha. I ke'ano o ka ho'ohālikelike hanoa, he mea ho'olālā ka mea ho'onui i ka hui kū'oko'a, kahi o nā kikowaena ma luna o ka'enehana ho'omehana he catalytic mea paha a i'ole ke'ano o ka mahele.

Aia kekahi papahana microheterogene e pili ana i ka loa'a'ana o ka catalyst i loko o ka moku colloidal. 'O kēia'ano ho'ololi he'ano ho'ololi'ia mai ke'ano like'ole i ka ho'ohālikelike like'ole. 'O ka hapanui o kēia mau hanana e hana'ia ma waena o nā mea pālolo me nā mea ho'oikaika pa'a. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā granules, nā papa, nā kīpala.

'O ka ho'olaha'ana o ka wikiwiki i ke'ano

Ho'omahele nui'ia ka enzymatic catalysis i ke'ano. Ma muli o ke kōkua'ana o nā meaola ma'amau e ho'opili'ia nā kinaika kinaika, hana'ia ka hana i loko o nā meaola ola. 'A'ohe mea olaola e pili ana i nā meaola ola e pale'ole i nā ho'oikaika catalytic. Nā lālā hana nui: ke'ano o nā amino acids mai nā protein i kūkala'ia no ke kino; Ho'opili'ana i nā momona, nā protein, a me nā'ōpona.

'O ka Catalyysis Algorithm

E no'ono'o i ka mana o ka ho'oikaika. 'O kēia ka'ina hana, kahi e hana'ia ai ma luna o nā hulina pili pa'a pa'a pa'a pa'a, e komo ana i nā pae ha'awina:

• Ka ho'ohaunaele'ana i nā mea pilikino i ka'ili o nā'elele catalyst mai ke kumu o ka muliwai;
• Ka wehewehe'ana o nā mea'ai ma nā pores o ka catalyst;
• Ke Kanikalama (ho'olaha pā'oihana) i ka mahele o ka ho'opi'i kahe i ka holomua me ka nānā'ana i nā mea'enehana'enehana - nā'āpana catalyst-reagent "i ho'ohui'ia;
• Ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o nā'ano me ka nānā'ana o ka'ilikai catalyst-hui hui;
• Ka wehewehe'ana i nā pores o ka ho'opi'i ka'ina ho'opi'i;
• Ka wehewehe'ana i ka huahana mai ka'āpana palaoa o ka ho'opau wikiwiki i loko o ke kumu o ke kahe.

He mea ko'iko'i ka hopena a me ka'ole catalytic reactions i ka ho'omau'ana o nā'epekema i ka noi'i'ana ma kēia kahua no nā makahiki he nui.

Me ke'ano like'ole,'a'ole pono e kūkulu i nā hanana kūikawā. 'O ka enzymatic catalysis i loko o ka hua'ōlelo heterogene e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea pono like'ole. No kona ulu'ana, ua ho'omohala'ia nā mākau kūikawā kūikawā, i māhelehele'ia ma luna o ka pā'ali contact (i loko o nā pēpi, ma nā paia, nā pale catalyst); Me kahi papa holoi; 'O kahi moe ho'omaha; Me kahi mea ho'onomi holo'oko'a.

Hiki ke ho'ololi i ka ho'oili i nā'ike i nā'ano like'ole:

• Ma o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea ho'oili wela waho (waho);
• Me ke kōkua o nā mea ho'ohu ahi wela i ho'okomo'ia i loko o ke kikowaena.

Ke ho'ākāka'ana i nā kumuhana i loko o ke kelekema, hiki i kekahi ke'ike i nā'ano like'ole i kahi o nā huahana hopena, i hana'ia i loko o ka pilikino pilikino o nā'āpana mua, e hana i mea catalyst.

Hana'ia kēlā'ano papahana he'ano autocatalytic,'o ka mea nui i loko o ka'alekino ka mea i kapa'ia he autocatalyysis.

'O ka māmā o nā'ano pilina e pili ana i ka hiki'ana o kekahi mau mea i loko o ka hui'ana. 'O kā lākou ho'opihapiha'ana i ka'oihana kelepona ua loli pinepine'ia, ho'ololi'ia e ka hua'ōlelo "catalyst" a i'ole kona hua'ōlelo i ho'ohālike'ia. 'A'ole lākou i ho'okomo'ia i ke kaulike stereochemical hope loa, no ka mea ma hope o ka pau'ana o ka pilina'ana,'a'ole lākou e loli i kahi nānā mana'o nui. I kekahi mau kumu, ua lawa nā mea li'ili'i e ho'ololi nui i ka wikiwiki o ka hana. Hiki ke'ae a me kēlā'ano kūlana, ke hana'ia ka moku kūpono e like me ka mea holomua o ka pilina pa'a.

Ke ae pā o ka hōʻeleu keiki ma luna o ka loli ana o ka Nine Inch kaʻina mea i ka waiwai a ua hui pū i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o kaʻeleu eiiieaena, a no ia mea, EUIAaIN ka ho'ā hope ikehu o ka Nine Inch AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

I ka wā o ka palaha o kēia pōpilikia, ua'ike'ia ka ho'oponopono hou'ana o ka mea ho'onāukiuki. 'O ka laina lalo'a'ole e ho'ohana'ia, e noho i ka helu like ma hope o ka hopena o ka pilina. 'O ia ke kumu e lawa ai ka nui o ka mea hana i ka hana'ana i ke kinipona (ka mea hana). I ka ike maopopo, he hōʻemi iki nui o ka hōʻeleu i loko o Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana aka hoopauia, e like me ka i e likeʻole kiʻekiʻe keʻano o ka hanaʻana: ia kaʻapu kōheoheo kaʻina lilo, i ka loli ana o kaʻilikai moku'āina o ka paa hōʻeleu. 'O nā kumuhana no ke kelekamai'a'ole i ho'okō i ka'ike no ka mea ho'okele.

Ka Hopena

'O nā kūpina kahi e kāpuni ai ka mea hana (ke catalyst) i ke kanaka, a eia kekahi, ke hana pū nei lākou i loko o kona kino. 'O nā kinona ho'ohālikelike he'ano'u'uku'ole ia ma waena o nā hui like'ole. I kekahi hihia,'o ka mea mua, ua ho'okumu'ia nā'enehana waena, nā mea pa'akikī, hiki ke luku'ia a ho'oulu hou'ia (ka ho'iho'i) o ka mea holomua o ke ka'ina hana. No ka la'ana, ma ka pilina o ka wai'opa metaphosphoric me ka'ōpala palapona,'o ka waikawa anhydrous iodic ka hopena. Ke ho'onui'ia i nā mea reactants, ua ho'okumu'ia ka hopena'ele'ele. I kou kokoke'ana i ka hopena o ke ka'ina hana, ua nalowale ke kala. Hana'ia nā'ōpili i waena o ka hopena o kēia'ano, a ke kau'ia ka hana i'elua mau lā. Akā, i ka manawa e synthesi'ia ai ka waiāponaponapikapaila, e ho'i ka catalyst i kona kūlana mua. He mea nui ka'oihana i ka'oihana, kōkua lākou i ka ho'onui i ka ho'ololi'ana, e loa'a ai ka maika'i o nā huahana. 'A'ole hiki ke hana'ia me ka'ole o kā lākou komo'ana a me nā hana hana biochemical in our body.