Lactic fermentation: i ka 'ike loea hou a me ka pono lako a pan. Heterofermentative lacticʻakika fermentation

Nature e leie aku i kekahi kanaka e loaa i ka pomaikai i ka mea iloko ona. I ka Ia manawa, i kēia mau kanaka e ho'āʻo ana e hoomahuahua i ka waiwai, e ho okumu i kekahi mea hou, a ke aʻo nō IKE OLE IA. Koʻohune - he wahi hanaia'na o ke ano, i mea hoʻi i lohe mai ai i hoʻomanaʻo i nā kanaka.

Akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō nā palapala, hui me ka pathogenic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a lawe aku no hoi lakou i na mai i kēia mau prokaryotic meaola. Ka mea, i mau i ke kumu o ka mea nui hanalima kaʻina i ua hoʻohana 'ia e ka poʻe ma hope wā kahiko - fermentation. Ma kēia 'atikala, e nana aku kakou, i mea i ke kaʻina hana, a pehea e hoʻokō i kekahi lactic fermentation konohiki.

I ka moolelo o ka kumu a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka fermentation

Ka mua hoohiki ana o ka mea i ka fermentation kaʻina hana i ua hoʻohanaʻia kanaka no ka mea o loaa kekahi huahana, he ua paa nae ka 5000 BC. A i ka wa a na ko Babulona hoʻohana i kēia papa hana, e loaa huahana e like me:

• me ka waiū;
• ka waina;
• yogurt a me nā haleʻuwī waiū me nā huahana.

Hope, e like me kaʻai i hoomaka ai e loaa ma Kina, Aigupita, Sudan, Mexico, a me na kahiko Hawaii. Ka mea, hoomaka ae la ka hū ka berena, kaʻawaʻawa ka lau, ka mua ho'āʻo i ola e kālua.

Lacticʻakika fermentation kaʻina hoʻohanaʻia e kanaka no na tausani o ka makahiki. Me ka waiū, kefir, yogurt he nui ka hapa o ka palaoa i na wa a pau. Na pomaikai o kēia mau huahana i nā kahuna lapaau a me healers. Eia naʻe, kumu no e hiki huli ana o keia ano keia ano no ka lōʻihi manawa koe IKE OLE IA.

Ka mea i ka fermentation kūlana kauoha i ke alo o microorganisms, kanaka i hiki ole kuhi. Ma ka waena o ka XVII kenekulia van Helmont kaumaha aku i hoʻolauna i ka makahiki "fermentation" kaʻina hana no ka makaukau o ka ai, a i pu ma ke kinoea evolution. Ma hope o ka unuhi, i kēia hua'ōlelo o ia hoʻi, "baila aʻela i." Eia naʻe, wale nō i loko o ka XIX kenekulia, i mea aneane elua haneri makahiki ma hope, i ka Palani microbiologist, chemist a me ka physicist Louis Pasteur ike i ke ola ana o ko ke ao nei mai o microbes, koʻohune.

No ka mea, la ia mea i kaʻokoʻa fermentation pono i ke alo o nā mea a pau, kela waina keia anakahi iki-meaolaʻike makaʻole i ka maka. Lākou like ua i ka mea hiki ma manawa i ka pāʻana fermentation, a alakai aku la ia ia i loko o kaʻaoʻao'ākau o ke kanaka.

Ke ae pā o ka fermentation keʻano o ka hanaʻana

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i mea ke fermentation kaʻina hana, ia mea pono, e kuhikuhi mai kona biochemical ano. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kona Kora naʻEsau, e ke pono ha awina o ka koʻohune i loaa i ko lakou ikehu no ke ola, oiai ulu keʻano o ka ma-huahana.

I mau, ke fermentation hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o hoʻokahi hua'ōlelo -'okesaside. Anaerobic disintegration o ka waiwai ma lalo o ka aoao o kekahi koʻohune, e hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka helu o nā huahana. A waiwai o ke kumu, a me ka mea hana me ka hopena, nānā 'ia ma ke' ano o ke kaʻina hana. E kuhikuhi i kekahi mau koho fermentation, no laila ia i kona Mea Maluna iho noʻikepili loli '.

Mea Maluna

I huina, he ekolu ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ka fermentation.

1. Alcohol. He ka'okesaside o carbohydrate i ka makua lātoma'eto ka waiʻona, carbon dioxide, ka wai a me ka ATP lātoma (ikehu kumu). e lawe mau loli 'ana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ole wale koʻohune, akā, i fungi okoa genera a? ueo. Ma keia ala mai ka manawa mau loa aku makaukauʻai e like me pia, ka waina, ka hū baking ka waiʻona. Ka ikaika i ka mea i kuu mai i ka decomposition o ka carbohydrate, ua lilo ma ka lako polokalamu keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā microorganisms. Ia mea i ka pā o ka liluwelo kaʻina.
2. Fermentation o lacticʻakika mea i loko o ka'okesaside o carbohydrates i lacticʻakika me ke kala ana o ka helu o ka hopena ia. Pehea ka mea, ua hana a me ka ano o ka hihia, he pilina nana ia.
3. Butyric. Kēiaʻano o ka fermentation mea nui i loko o ka unahiʻole, i maoli. Ua ua lawe mai ma ka lilo o ka nui haʻawina o butyricʻakika koʻohune, a noho ma ka anaerobic kūlana ma ka lalo o ka Swamp, muliwai mud, a no laila, ma luna o. Aie i keʻano o kā lākou mau hana a ua hoʻokō 'nui ka nui o ke aloha eiiiiiaiou. Products, ua nui na waiwai, i waena i ka papa kuhikuhiE butyricʻakika. Kaulana: acetone, isopropyl ka waiʻona, i carbon dioxide, aceticʻakika, lacticʻakika, 'eto ka waiʻona a me nā hui.

Kēlā me kēia o ka mea i koho 'ano mea nui nā kumu a me ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole. Ano o ka meaola e lawe ana i ka loli 'i pono? Anoee i ka lā, a me ka nui o ia mau mea i mahi artificially i mea e loaaʻi kiʻekiʻe hua.

Lactic fermentation: ka mau manaʻo

Kēiaʻano o ka fermentation ua ikeia mai ka manawa loa kahiko. ua hiki ke hana me ka waiū, brew ka pia a me ka waina, hana kālua i ka berena, acidifyʻai a me nā hua kekahi BC noho ana kahikoʻAigupita a me nā'āina'ē.

I kēia mau lā kūikawā hoʻohana 'ia e kaʻawaʻawaʻana haleʻuwī waiū huahana, artificially ulu ke kanana nei pili microorganisms. Kaʻina modernized a lawe mai la i ka automaticity, ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana komplektatsionnogo lako a pan. He nui Manufacturers i mea 'ana i lawe lactic fermentation.

Ke pā like o ka mea a pau kaʻina hana hiki e ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o kekahi mau paukū.

1. No ka papa kuhikuhiE huahana ua ia carbohydrate kumu - na mea (fructose, monakō koko, pentoses) ole ester (sucrose, pia, glycogen, etc.).
2. Hana anaerobic ana.
3. Ke huahana podselyayutsya kekahi ke kanana nei o lacticʻakika koʻohune? Ueo.
4. Eaaaony a pau i ka pono mawaho aʻe i mea e pono ai no ka makemake huahana: mālamalama, ana wela, i ka mua o kekahi i nā eiiiiiaiou, puʻe.
5. Ma hope o ka pau ana o ka fermentation huahana i wahi, a koho aaioee o nāʻaoʻao pili 'o Randy.

O ka holo ana, i kēia mea wale nō i kekahi mau ano o ka mea e hanaia. I ka mea, ma kela kahua, ua nui nā luna 'biochemical reactions, no ka mea, i ke kaʻina hana o ka lactic fermentation - o ka hopena o ka nui haʻawina o ka poʻe e ola ana mea.

Ma muli o lacticʻakika fermentation

Mai ka Nine Inch wahi o ke hoomaopopo, i kēia mau loli 'mea i ka moʻo o sequential ke kapuai hookahi.

1. Mua, he loli ma ka loiloi mua kūpapakū, a laila kalapona kaula loli aʻe substance (carbohydrate). Ua hiki aku i ka palapala o kona kulana he okoa maoli, mea o kekahi papa. No ka laʻana, ina ke kumu kūpapakū - monakō koko, ia mea pūʻali e gluconicʻakika.
2. Redox reactions pu ma ka hookuu ana o kinoea, ke kahua o ka hopena ia. Ke kumu o pa alima i loko o ka pau kaʻina mea lacticʻakika. Ua ua hua mai, a loaa i loko o ka papa o ka fermentation. Naʻe, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole ka mea wale pilina. Pela, aia no he kahua o nā lātoma o aceticʻakika,'eto ka waiʻona, ke kalapona'okikene lua, ka wai, a me kekahi manawa nā kahu.
3. Ka ikehu hua o ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka palapala o nā lātoma o adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kekahi monakō koko lātoma mea mau nā lātoma o ATP, ina ka e hoʻomaka ana kūpapakū o oi luna '' ole, e like me kelulose, laila,ʻekolu nā lātoma o ATP. Kēia ikehu Ua hoʻohana 'lacticʻakika koʻohune no hou haʻawina.

O ka holo ana, ina e maopopo i ka biochemical loli 'o au mamuli, ia mea pono i ke koho' ia i ka waena nā lātoma a me nā pono a pau o. E like me ka kekahi laʻana:

• pyruvicʻakika;
• adenosine diphosphate;
• nikotinamindifosfata lātoma me hydrogen transporter a me na mea e ae.

Naʻe, i kēia pukana hewaʻiʻo kūikawā noonoo, a pono e noʻonoʻo mai ka kuanaʻike o ka biochemistry, no laila ia eʻaʻole pili i kēia 'atikala. A kokoke nana i mea i ka 'ike loea hou a? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka waiu a me nā huahana i ke ano o ka fermentation ma lalo noonoo malaila.

homofermentative fermentation

Homofermentative fermentation o lacticʻakika komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana i kūikawā ano o pathogens, a okoa mai heterofermentative loaa na huahana a me kā lākou mau mea. Ua lawe wahi ma luna o ka glycolytic alahele loko o na keena o ka microorganism. Ka wahi mea, me ka puni mai kekahi fermentation i loko o ka huli ana o carbohydrates i loko o lacticʻakika. I ka papa kuhikuhiE lanakila o kēia kaʻina mea i ka hua o ka makemake huahana ua 90%. Wale nō i koe kekahi hapa o ka hele a hiki i kaʻaoʻao pili 'o Randy.

Nā koʻohune kaʻawaʻawaʻana i kēia 'ano o ka kēia mau' ano:

• Streptococcus lactis.
• Lactobacillus casei.
• Lactobacillus acidophilus a me na mea e ae.

He aha nā waiwai i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o homofermentative fermentation? Ua huiʻia e like me:

• 'eto waiʻona;
• e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie nāʻakika;
• o carbon dioxide;
• fumaricʻakika a succinicʻakika.

Naʻe, i loko o ka hana, keia hana o ka hana ka vinega waiu huahana ua aneane loa i hoʻohana. He noho ma ka ano like me ka loiloi mua kahua o ka glycolysis, e hana i loko o ka Muscle keena o mammals me ka nui hoounauna.

Technology no kanaka kino? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka makemake huahana komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ke kumu o carbohydrates, e like me:

• monakō koko;
• sucrose;
• fructose;
• mannose;
• pia a me na mea e ae.

A homofermentative koʻohune mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke oxidize na mea he nui o kēia hui, kā lākou hoʻohana like like me ka moʻomeheu i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie mea,ʻaʻole hiki.

Heterofermentative lacticʻakika fermentation

Kēia iaoia Ua like ka industrially pili no ia i? Iecaianoaaiiuo lawe wahi a pau haleʻuwī waiū huahana, canned ka lau ua lawe mai, aia no he billet silage i ai.

Ka papa likeʻole, mai ka mua i ho'ākāka 'ia - mea i lactic fermentation lawe activators e hana i ka nui helu o ka ma-huahana. Wale 50% o kō ua hoʻokō 'ia ma ka lacticʻakika koʻohune, oiai ke koena hele i ke kahua o na nā lātoma like:

• aceticʻakika;
• glycerol;
• o carbon dioxide;
• 'eto waiʻona a me ka 'ē aʻe.

He aha ka maikaʻi a me ka ho'ēmi ma mua o ke kahua o ka 90% maemae lacticʻakika ma homofermentative hana? Ka mea, oia i ka wa a ka papa kuhikuhiE huina hoonui hua e nui loa, me ka 'eleu o na mea he nui koʻohune ua inhibited i nā mea a pau. Eia hou, he nui ai lilo akuʻono ano mea i loaa ma kaʻaoʻao pili 'o Randy. No ka laʻana, he maikaʻi aroma o canned ka lau i hoakaka ia ma ka aceticʻakika a me ka isoamyl ka waiʻona. Inā mau hui i ole, i ka hopena e ia i ka mālama 'ana o ka lāʻokoʻa.

mea lacticʻakika hua o 50% lawa ke uhi i ka ana a me ka functioning o nā mea a pau extraneous fungi a me microorganisms i loko o ke kahua. No ka mea, he 1-2% kumu oi aku ka ikaika acidification o ke kaiapuni, i hiki ole nei i kekahi'ē aʻe meaola, 'ē aʻe ma mua o lacticʻakika koʻohune. Ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa ua lawe mai ma luna o ka pentose posapahate alahele.

Terms me heterofermentative fermentation iaoia e e like penei:

• maikai a me ka hou hūʻole i ua hou ma ka loiloi mua ke kahua;
• kaʻoi loa? aneie na kumu, a i kohoia ai no kēlā me kēia huahana pākahi;
• kiʻekiʻe-ka pono a me ka maikaʻi-hooponopono ana i lako a pan;
• a pau e pono no i ke kaʻina hana o ka oaoieei-manaʻo.

Mawaena o ka? Aneie olelo o ka pau nui o ke kaʻina mahana. Ka mea e ole e lanakila maluna o, akā, i ke anu a me ka poe oopa abrupt ka holoʻokoʻa papa o ka fermentation.

I kēia manawa, ua hana kūikawā fermentation moku, a 'akomi hana a pau o ka mea olelo i ka pololei a me ka oluolu hana o microorganisms.

lako a pan e pono ai

E like me mākou i kaulana ma luna, i waena o ka mea nui aʻe ia e kaulana fermentation moku. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i wahi lulu hana i ke kaʻina hana, a lailaʻoe e hoʻolohe i ka Hoʻomaʻemaʻe o kaʻoihana a pau i hoʻohana i loko o ke ola,? Iecaianoaaiiie o yogurt a me nā huahana. ala kekahi e hoʻokō i ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka helu ana o na populations o microorganisms mea sterilization pahu mua me ka hoʻohana 'ia.

He aha cookware mea pono no heterofermentative fermentation? Ua hiki e aniani a kbps ea (polypropylene, polyethylene) ipu i mea hiki no i paa i paʻa poʻi.

I ka hana ke hoʻohana i kūikawā manaʻo no ka disinfecting a me ka hoomaemae i ka ipu mua o ka fermentation kaʻina.

Nā koʻohune hoʻohana ma o ka kaʻina

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu o ka koʻohune e hoʻohana i ka paka canned a me ka haleʻuwī waiū huahana, ia mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i kekahi o ka loa e like me ka ano o ka meaola.

1. Acidophilus Bulgarian bacillus.
2. Lactobacillus? Ueo Sporolactobacillus inulinus.
3. Bifidobacteria.
4. Leykonostoki.
5. Lacticʻakika cocci.
6. Lactobacilli? Ueo L. Casei.
7. Koʻohune o ka genus Streptococcus a me na mea e ae.

Ma ka hoʻohuiʻia a me ka maʻemaʻe moʻomeheu hōʻike 'meaola ua i e kaʻawaʻawaʻana haleʻuwī waiū huahana. Ka mea, he akea loaʻa, ka mea hiki ke kuai i kekahi. Ka mea nui wale nō mea e malama i ka rula o ka fermentation kaʻina hana i ka mea e, mai ka kūpono huahana pōmaikaʻi ai.

He aha nā huahana i loaa i ka hopena o keia kaʻawaʻawaʻana?

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ke ano o ka fermentation huahana hiki ke loaa me ke kōkua o lacticʻakika koʻohune, he mea hiki i ka inoa i kekahi mau nui waeʻano.

1. Haleʻuwī waiū huahana lako hou (kaʻawaʻawaʻana pūlehu akula i ka waiū, yogurt, Varentsov, yogurt, e eiooaa? Ka waiū, huawaina holika, ka bata, acidophilic huahana, etc.).
2. Feed ma Silo no ka mahiʻai holoholona.
3. Lacticʻakika, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka pahee kea, tanning für, a no laila, ma luna o.
4. Hana kālua, me ka waiū hana.
5. Science hua a me kaʻai iā.

A pau keia proves i ka nui o kekahi mauʻano o ka koʻohune ola kanaka ka, kā lākou hanalima hana ma.