Telegraphs: ano, kiʻikuhi a me nā kiʻi

hoʻokani Telegraph kekahi kūlana nui i loko o ke ana o kēia lehulehu. Kali a me ka unreliable EYI o ka 'ike hampered ka holomua a me ka poʻe e huli no ka aoao e hōʻeleu i ia. Me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka uila i hiki i ka hanaia'na o ka mea, e loaa ia pū i hiki ikepili koʻikoʻiʻikepili ma lōʻihi mamao.

Ma ka wanaao o ka moʻolelo

Telegraph i loko o kekahi incarnations - na kahiko ano o ka 'ōlelo. ʻO i loko o ka wā kahiko, aia i kekahi e pono ai, e hoʻouna i 'ike i ka mamao. No ka laʻana, ma Aferika, no ka EYI o nā memo hoʻohana i ka keali-toms pahu ma Europe - ke ahi, a me ka hope - semaphore kamaʻilio. Ka mua semaphore telegraph i kapa mua "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", akā, laila auou caiaiai ia me ka inoa hou kūpono i kapaia o "telegraph" - "dalnopisets".

Ka mua lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe

Me ka loaʻa o ka kŰia o "uila" a oi loa aku hoi ma hope o nā haʻawina kupaianaha o ka Denemaka nä känaka 'epekema Hans Kristiana Ersteda (i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka pähola' ana o electromagnetism) a me ka Italia nä känaka 'epekema Alessandro Volta - Mea Hana i o ka mua electrochemical halepaahao a me ka mea mua o na pu ki (ka mea, i laila i kapaʻia "voltaic wahie") - ua he wahi lihi iki o ka manaʻo o ka pili ana electromagnetic a telegraph .

Hoao mai ana e hana pou manaʻo ke hoʻouna i kekahi mau lepa i ka loihi hoʻoholo ma mua, i laweʻia, mai ka pau ana mai o ka 18th kenekulia. I ka 1774, ua kūkuluʻia ka mea telegraph ma Kuikilana (Geneva), nä känaka 'epekema a me ka inventor Lesage. He hui ka mau transceivers 24-he huihui 'kaʻawale kaula. I ka wa ana i ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale me ke kōkua o ka uila mīkini ma kekahi o ka mua lohi lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe i ka lua o ka mea poepoe deviated Buzinova like electroscope. A laila, i ka 'ike loea hou i hou noiʻi Lomon (1787), ke kūapoʻana i ka uea 24 a hiki i kekahi. Naʻe, i kēia nenoaiu mea paakiki, e hea aku i ka telegraph.

Telegraph hana mau i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana. No ka laʻana, he Palani physicist Andre Marie Ampère i hana mai i ka pū i hiki i hoʻomākaukauʻia iloko olaila oʻume mākenēki paipu 25, kau mai ka axles, a me 50 a me ka kaula. Eia naʻe, bulky maalea i ia i ka mea i kokoke unusable.

Schilling i hoʻomākaukauʻia

Ka Russian (Soviet) puke hākālia nō i ka mea mua telegraph, ÿokoÿa mai kona mua ka hoʻokōʻana, pono io a me ka pono, i ua papahana ma Rusia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom i ka makahiki 1832. O ka holo ana, ua hoopaapaa aku kekahi aina keia koi ana, "ka paepaeʻana" i kona liʻiliʻi loa loeaʻepekema.

Hana denari (na mea he nui o lakou, Eia naʻe, i ole, ua paʻiʻia) ma telegraphy pihaʻi me na hana hoihoi papahana o ka pila telegraphs. Baron Schilling i hoʻomākaukauʻia i hoʻolako pono me ki i mea hoʻololi i ka uila pono i na kaula ai pili aku i ka pū i hiki a me ka loaa ana apparatuses.

Ka honua ka mua telegram, a he 10 mau olelo, Ua hala October 21, 1832 me ka telegraph, hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o ka Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga keʻena. Ke inventor Ua hoi ulu cabling pāhana e hoʻohui i ka telegraph ma ka lalo o ka awawa o Finland ma waena o Peterhof a me Kronstadt.

ka hoʻokukeʻana telegraph

Ke loaa i hoʻomākaukauʻia oia o coils, kela mea keia mea o i ka loaʻa o ka ai pili aku uea, a me kaʻume mākenēki paipu kau ma luna o nā coils ma ka filaments. Ma kēia huakaʻi hoʻoikaika ma luna o kekahi Mug, pena ma kekahiʻaoʻaoʻeleʻele, ka mea'ē aʻe keʻokeʻo. Ua e ke kī o ka lēkio leo'ōwili hao o kaʻume mākenēki kuikele deflected, a hoʻoneʻe i ka kūpono wahi p ÷ ai. Hui pu ana, hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi a hanohano telegrapher? Eaia ma ka kūikawā Hawaiʻi (karaima) hoʻoholo i ka pū i hiki hoailona.

Mua, i koi 'ia ewalu kaula, laila, ua hoemi ia i elua lākou helu no ka palapala. E hana e like me ka telegraph no PL Schilling nui he kupaianaha kuhi. A pau mahope inventors o telegraphy i loko o ka wahi o ia EYI helu kuʻina kumu.

nā Aey? acaeoey

Kokoke ka poʻe telegraphs like? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia hoʻohana hoʻokomo au? Ac? E Kelemāniaʻepekema, a Weber Ghaus. Kela manawa, i ka makahiki 1833 ka mea, i ka telegraph laina ma ke Kulanui o Göttingen (Lower Saxony) ma waena o astronamicheskoy a me kaʻume mākenēki observatories.

Ua ua ike i ka mea Schilling i mālama ai i ka prototype no ka Pelekania Telegraph Kuke a me Winston. Cook lilo ike lea i na hana o ka Lūkini inventor o Heidelberg University (Germany). Together me ka hoa Winston ka mea hou i hoʻomākaukauʻia a me ka Palapala Sila Nui. Ka mea nanea nui kalepa holomua maʻEulopa.

A uuku kipi i ka 1838 i Shteyngeyl. 'Aʻole wale nō ia,ʻo ia malaila i ka mua telegraph laina lōʻihi mamao (5 km), no laila, hiki accidentally i ka loaʻa i hoʻokahi wale uea (i ka lua o ka hapa hanaʻia lepo) hiki ke hoʻohana no ka peahi ana EYI.

Morse telegraph

Eia naʻe, a pau o kēia mau mea me ka mea hoike dekere a me kaʻume mākenēki kui kele i ka maʻi hiki flaw - ka mea hiki ole ke stabilized: ka kokololio EYI o ka 'ike, he hewa ia lŘlŘ a me ke kikokikona i ka nānaina. Hoʻopau hana ma e pili ana i ka mea a me ka ike loea kaapuni telegraph kaula me ka mau pomaikai ae la lakou ma ka 'Amelika artist a me ka inventor Samuel Morse. He ua ulu, a noi aku la i ka telegraph kuhi ma i kēlā me kēia palapala o ka Hawaiʻi i koho ia kekahi pu ana o nā kiko kona kiʻi a me nā dashes.

Morse telegraph kūkulu loa wale. No ke kaapuni, a 'aʻole pono ka hoʻohana' ana i ke kī (manipulator). Ua ninoieo o ka une lōhai i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, i ka iho (axis) o i hōʻike ana me ka laina alakaʻi mele. Kekahiʻaoʻao o ka pūnāwai-lima une lōhai ua ikaika loa o Paulo i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeiaʻanuʻu, ua hoʻouwea i ka pa alima, a ma ka honua (aina ua hoʻohana 'ia). I ka telegrapher lua kaomi waina i ka 'ē aʻe pau ana o ka lima, ka mea e pili ana i ka mea' ē aʻe wānana pili ana i ka o na pu ki uwea. Ma keia wahi, i kaʻikena ke kome ma i ka pa alima ke aupuni 'ma o kaʻokoʻa wahi.

Ma ka loaa wahi i ku ai ma luna o ka kūikawā pahu ke hooeha wahi paiki loloa o ka pepa Pńk'pika noke clockwork. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka hoʻopā ai kaʻikena electromagnet,ʻo ka hao kookoo i puka nō ia o ka pepa, ma ia ho okumu i ke kaʻina o nā huapalapala.

Academician hana mea hou i hana muaʻole Jacoby

Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema, Academician Bs Jacobi manawa mai ka makahiki 1839 a hiki i 1850, i hana mai i kekahi mau ano telegraphs: palapala, turnouts-pae synchronous hana, a me ka honua i ka mua teleprinter. Ka hope hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ua he hou milestone i loko o ka ulu ana o ka 'ōlelo nenoai. E hoolaulea, ka mea, ka mea maʻalahi ka heluhelu hoouna koke ae la i kekahi telegram ma mua o ka pana aku au i manawa ma luna o kona transcript.

I ka pū i hiki kauoha-pai ana i hoʻomākaukauʻia Jacobi oia o ka mea hōʻike degere me ka pua, a me ka hui 'ana o ka pahu. Ma ka pā pōʻai o ka mea hōʻike degere waihoia palapala a me nā helu. I ka loaa ana na mea maalea, i ka mea hōʻike degere me ka pua, a me ka hou, e paipai a me ka pai ana electromagnets a me ka huilaʻAno. Ma ka typical huila kahakahaia me nā mea a pau i nā palapala a me nā helu. I hoʻomaka '-i i loko o ka papa o ka EYI ka noonoo ana o ka papa lāʻau ikiʻai wale hiki mai ka laina, me ka pai ana i hoʻomākaukauʻia e loaa ana i ka electromagnet ua triggered hookeke pepa pūnaewele i ka hāpana huila, a ua pai ia ma luna o ka pepa i loaa ka hoailona.

i hoʻomākaukauʻia Hughes

'Amelika inventor David Edward Hughes paa iloko o telegraphy alanui i synchronous ana, kūkulu in 1855 teleprinter me ka maʻamau huila ana kuapo. Ke lēkio leo o keia mea i ka eeaaeaoo?-Type hoʻokani piano, a me 28ʻeleʻele, a keʻokeʻo ki, a i hanaia mai palapala a me nā helu.

I ka makahiki 1865, Hughes machines i ua hoʻouka kekahi no ka hui ana o telegraph hana ma waena o St. Petersburg a me Moscow, a laila, e halii mai ma Rusia. Mau manao maalea Ua lohe nui hoʻohana a ka 30-ies o XX kenekulia.

Bodo i hoʻomākaukauʻia

Hughes i hoʻomākaukauʻia hiki ole hoʻolako kiʻekiʻe ka māmā holo pilina a me ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka loulou. Nolaila, e puku i kēia mau mea i hele mau telegraph manaʻo, papahana ma 1874 ma ka Palani lunaʻenehana Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo ka mea e leie aku i ka wā hoʻokahi EYI o kekahi mau telegraph Aʻole ma ka ia laina mau telegrams i loko o nāʻaoʻao. Ua hoʻomākaukauʻia maupaʻa he kanaka hoʻouna, a me kekahi mau pū i hiki a me ka loaa ana i na mea maalea. lēkio leo papa kī ninoieo o elima ki. E hoʻoikaika i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka pono o ka 'ōlelo laina i hoʻohana ma o ka nakeke Bodo lēkio leo ia i hoʻomākaukauʻia i loko i ka pū i hiki ike ua encoded telegrapher hana lima.

rula o ka hana

I ka pū i hiki lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe (pōkole) mīkini kekahi wahi i ku ai ua 'akomi' pili ma ka laina no ka pōkole manawa i ka lakou mau pa alima. Ka mea o ko lākou pilina a me ka hoʻololiʻana pololei minute o ka ihoiho i hoakaka nā kālepa. telegrapher iki mai o ka hana e coincide me ka hana ana o nā kālepa. Brushes kiwikā EYI, a hookipa pono ka ao ka synchronously, a ma ka pae. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka helu o ka pū i hiki a me ka loaa ana i na mea maalea pili i ke kanaka hoʻouna, me ka hana ana telegraph Bodo papa koa 2500-5000 olelo no hora.

Ka mua naehana Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" telegraph i ka 1904. I ka wā e hiki mai, e hoʻomano hoʻohana i kēia mau mea, he manaʻo i loko o ka telegraph pukapuka o ka USSR, a hoʻohana 'ia a me nā 50s.

Inching lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe

Inching telegraph ia i ka hou ke kahua i loko o ka ulu ana o ka 'ike loea hou telegraph. Ka mea, ua uuku ia, a me ia mea oi maʻalahi e hana. It typewriter kaila pōkole i hoʻohana 'ia no ka manawa mua. Mau pono i alakai aku ai i ka mea e ma ka hopena o ka 50s Bodo machines i loa akit ana mai o ka uea wahi.

Nui na makana i ka hooulu ana o ka wahi lulu hoʻomaka '-holo ana i na mea maalea i A. F. Shorin a me L. I. Treml, a ua hoʻomohala ma lalo o ka wahi lulu hana i ka 1929, hoomaka ae la e paka i ka hou telegraph kahua. Mai makahiki 1935, lēkio leo 'akomi (lēkio leo), a me ka pa alima kaapuni (reperforator) hoomaka ae la? Iecaianoaaiiuo lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe Ke Ana Hoʻohālike ST-35, i loko o ka makahiki 1960 o ia no ia i ua ulu.

hoʻopā'ālua

No ka mea PT-35 hoʻohana no ka telegraph kamaʻilio manao maalea a me Bodo, ka mea kūikawā kivila №1, i mai nā mau lahui kivila no ka hoʻomaka '-hooki kaa (№2) kuhi Ua hoʻomohala no ia.

Ma hope o decommissioning Bodo maalea ole hou Pono e hana ma ko makou aina mea he pili-maʻamau hoʻomaka '-hooki karaima mai, a ua hoololiia i na HI-35ʻikena paka i ka lahui kivila №2. Nā manaʻo iho, e like me ka modernized, a me ka hou 'ana, loaa ka inoa ST-2M a me STA-2M (me prefixes hana nona iho).

ua hiolo machines

Hou Aey? Acaeoey i loko o ka Soviet Union i ua,ʻoiai e ku e ia ia, e hana i kekahi lahui efficient'ōwili telegraph. Kona peculiarity mea i ke kikokikona ua pai ia laina ma ka laina ma ka laulā pepa o ka pepa, e like me ka mīkini paʻi kiko-'ōpū mai. High hana, a me ka hiki, e hoolilo nui dala o ka 'ike, he mea nui ole wale no ano o kanaka, akā, no ka iauaeoia hooponopono a me ke aupuni ma lalo nei.

• E kolikoli Ka Moana T-63 mīkini i hoʻolako pono me ekolu? Aaeno?: He Roma, Lūkini a me ka kikohoʻe. Me ke kōkua o punched leki ke 'akomi' loaa, a ke hoʻouna iʻikepili. Pai e wahi ma luna o ka pepa inoa o 210 mm o.
• Hana nona iho owili lolouila telegraph PTA-80 e leie aku oe e hoonoho pehea e hana lima paha akomi hoouna aku, a loaa kila.
• I hoʻomākaukauʻia RTM-51 a me PTA-50-2 e hoʻohana no ka memo kākau i ka inika 13-mm o ka leki, a me ka maʻamau owili pepa laula (215 mm). Ka mīkini wahi no minuke mai i 430 huapalapala.

Contemporary

Telegraphs, kiʻi o ka i hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā 'aoʻao o ka buke, a me ka iau nā hōʻike, pâʻani' o ia i kekahi mau manamana nui ma ka accelerating holo. I loko nō o ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ke kelepona palapala, i kēia mau mea i ka mea, i hele aku i loko o oblivion, a me Hawaiʻi i loko o ka laekahi fax machines a oi Ka Uluwehi O Ke uila telegraph.

Kauoha aku, o ka hope telegraph uea, hana ma ka Mauna moku'āina o Goa, i paa July 14, 2014. I loko nō o ka alahula mau koi (5000 telegrams kela la i keia), ka hana ua pono ole. Ma ka US, ka hope telegraph poe Western Union Ua oki, e lawe mai nā moʻopuna oihana i ka makahiki 2006, hoʻomālama ma remittances. Ia manawa, i ke au o Telegraphs ole ma ua, a ua hoʻowalewaleʻia maiʻo ia i ka uila kaiapuni. Central Telegraph Rusia, aka, me ka nui loa hoemiia kookoo, mau e hooko i kona mau kuleana, no ka mea, mea,ʻaʻole i loko o na kulanakauhale i loko o ka nui 'āpana ia mea hiki, e hoʻomaka i ke kelepona laina a me ka punaewele.

Ma ka hope loa wā telegraph auwai a laweia aku la oia ma ke alapine (frequency) pilina, hoʻonohonoho puleʻAmelika, ma ka uwea a me ka Radio mika loulou. Ke kumu nui ia Morohiha o ke alapine (frequency) telegraphy i ka mea ia ia e leie aku ka maʻamau kelepona Kanal e hoonohonoho mai ka 17 a hiki i 44 telegraph kaha. Eia hou kekahi, alapine (frequency) pilina mau hiʻohiʻona nō e lawe maiʻaneʻane kekahi palapala a ka mamao. Ke kamaʻilio aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'haku o ke alapine (frequency) auwai a pilina, oluolu hoomau, a hoi mai i ke kohoʻia e leie aku e pili ana huakaʻi kuhikuhi ole o ka Kora naʻEsau laina ao ao. Frequency pilina ua ai i ka pono, ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ike loea, a mea a ianoiyuaa a telegraph auwai a DC e hoʻohana emi emi a.