Nā hua waina poe mai no ia? Ka punahelu: ka iapaau ana o nā maʻi, i nā kumu o ka a me ka Kāohi

Most kumu waina maʻi hiki ke luku i kekahi mea kanu a kekahi emi i ka mea e like ai 'ano o na hua. No keia kumu, i ke kaua e ku e ia mea'āina nui. Mawaena o na maʻi loa kaiāulu he mae wale o ka hua waina. Iapaau ana o keia maʻi ua lawe mai i kulike ai me ke kaʻina hana o ka kaua e ku e fungal nā mea palahēhē o nā mea kanu.

Plant maʻi - heʻilihune o ka hana o ka maʻiʻaʻai. Ke kumu no ka hooulu ana i pathogenic germs hiki e hele (maʻiʻaʻai) ola kanu microorganisms mai i ka hoʻomanawanui. E like me ka hooulu ana i nā maʻi ka heluna i ke aniau, lepo 'ano a me nā kumu o ka ulu ana o ka ulu. Microorganisms, pests ke hoʻomōhala i loko o ka lepo i loko o ka poino wahi o ka mea kanu paha ma lalo o noho lakou malaila ka ino ana. Ka noho pilikia loa no ka ohana Vinogradov i parasitic fungal meaola. Fungal kanu mai , kena ae la ia e nā palapala parasites.

I malama i ka waina: i ka maʻi, a me ka hana o ka downy ka punahelu

Special weliweli o fungal maʻi o ka kokololio laha o ka maʻiʻaʻai. e hiki ke i lula 'ino i ka mea kanu no kekahi mau pule, a maloʻo kumu waina no 1-2 kau mea. I ka uku o ka laha ana o ka maʻi hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka maʻiʻaʻai a me ka nana ana. No ka laʻana, he mae wale (he fungus o downy he mae wale) i māhele i loko o ke anuenue ino, ma ia wa oidium (Fish untsinuly waina) i? Acaeoey loa ekolu pohaku i ka ua.

Ana e ku ei ka maʻi e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka prevalence o ka maʻiʻaʻai i loko o ka ulu wahi. Ma ka waena a me ka hema o Rusia pinepine mai hua waina ka punahelu. Lapaʻau o fungal nā mea palahēhē Ua like penei:

• kāohi ana -ʻawa o Anati-fungal ai ', pahi hoʻokali kūpono' hoi e pana aku, garter kumu waina ana o ka maÿi lau a me na lala, ana o ka nāhelehele, a pela aku;..
• ka malama ana a me ka 'ō mahiʻai kāʻei kua;
• hikiʻole i ka laha ana o maÿi mea kanu a me nā hua - quarantine.

Ka punahelu - ka noho pilikia loa fungal maʻi

Ka punahelu - he mae wale, a pathogen mea he fungus plazmopara vitikolya. Kēiaʻano o ka maʻi o ka make māinoino nui i Europa hua wainaʻano likeʻole. Parasitic meaola e loli ai na uliuli kumu waina: deciduous uhi, vegetative nā loko, nā'ōpuʻu a me nā hua.

Hitting nā'ōpuʻu a me ka hua, fungus loa pepehi i ka iʻohi. Deciduous kumu waina, uhi ma lalo o ka aoao o ka fungus dries mai, alaila, he mea kona subsidence. Kaʻoi emi i loko o ka wahi o ka lau luna ma loko o ka pono oo ana o ka hua. Berry lāʻau liʻiliʻi nā mea maʻi lilo aku i ko lakou'aiaola waiwai a me ka mea ala i ka waina mai ia i ka huaʻaiʻana. Hoʻomanawanui waina oo ai ino, ka mea, he kūlana e loli ai i ka ia'ku o ka laau ooi ka hooilo anuanu.

Fungus, me ka hoohuoi ana i ka mea kanu, ka oi aku o ka opiopio inflorescences hoʻomaka koke ka ulu 'ana ma kaawale peduncles paha kualono. Maÿi wahi huliʻeleʻele, a pau o ka ovary me ka inflorescences mea i lalo i ka make. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ua fungus 'Imi hohola a pepehi i ka mea kanu.

Ka puunaue hua'ōlelo o ka punahelu

Fungal maʻiʻaʻai overwinters like spores i haule hua waina lau a me ka lepo. Ma ka waipuna, ka wā o ka honua lilo loa pulu, a ua mālama i ka mahana no 7-8 lā ma 10 degere, malaila e haanou ana a me ka germination o fungal spores.

A hiki aku ka mea, i loko o ka humid 'ia a ua puddles, e hoʻomaka i ka' Imi ulu. Ma ke kaʻina hana ka mea i hana i ka mea ola papa no ka ho okumu ana o zoospores (zoosporangia). I ka wā o nā zoospores i hanaia, e lawe aku ka mea, ma ka makani ma luna o ka lāʻau liʻiliʻi, a me ka fungus hoʻomaka parasite infecting waina downy ka punahelu. Lapaʻau, hōʻikeʻano o ka maʻi a me kona Kāohi e noʻonoʻo hou.

Description ka punahelu

Visually, i ke kūpono 'ana o ka maʻi hoʻomaka me loʻi uuku o melemele, ma manawa e uhi ana i ka pau' āpana o ka pepa. An PAaIEN o ka laha o ka maʻi o ke ano o ke keʻokeʻo pu i loko o ka haahaa loa o ka pepa i hanaʻia ma hope o ka ua. Iho mailoko o lau huli yellow, a make aku loa. Ike i ka he mae wale ma luna o ke kumu waina hiki e ma ua wahi la, e like iki kiko huina brownish hue.

Ka mea nui weliweli ho microorganism no opiopio inflorescences, e like me ka hanaʻia ma luna o lākou honua sporulation o ka fungus. Young nā'ōpuʻu ma lalo o ka aoao o ka downy he mae wale e pepehi - na hua iʻeleʻele, mau kuʻemaka a me ka popopo. Propagation o ka maʻi ua papani iho la i ka maloo wela, ea mahana ma luna o 30 degere.

General lula no ka maʻi e hooponopono

Inā he mae wale iho mailoko o nā hua waina, lapaʻau ua hana ma kaʻawa pesticides, luku i ka iniiaiie foci o ka maʻiʻaʻai. Ma mua o ka waina hoʻomaka e ua pua i, ka naluʻawa me Anati-fungal i huiʻia. I kekahi kahua o kaʻawa hoomaka koke ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka flowering a me ka helehelena o ka liʻiliʻi hua (o ka nui o ka ń poo). E noonoo i na ki ina hana like o Hana me ka maʻi hou.

Nā Papahana O Ka counteracting ka punahelu

O ka papa kuhikuhi kahua o ka hui ana o ka paio mea e hōʻoia ana i ka pale aku i ka ulu ana o ka maʻi. Maʻiʻaʻai, hoʻokō 'ana o ka he mae wale, ola i loko o pulu ka wahi i loko o nā kai, a i lōʻihi ua hoopanee ka ua puddles, hau a me ka noe. Ka luna 'agronomic hana ka poʻea pau i ka aeration maikaʻi o nā mea kanu a me ua ālai' ka hoʻomāhuahua o excessive ona mau kokoke i na kumu waina.

I oleloia, he mae wale spores overwinter i haule hua waina lau. Ma Akuma ka, ma hope o ka wa e ohi ai, na lau e ke ahi.

ʻawa kumu waina hoomake iho no hoi, e pepehi fungi, - ka loa ka hoʻokō ala, e malama i ka wa e oki ai. E like me ka rula, ua i iho la lakou me ka 1% pāʻoihana o ke kinowai ai Bordeaux. E pili i ka muaʻawa i ka pāʻoihana o 0.5%, ka hope aaioee ua hana me ka ulu lehulehu o ka mai 0,75% i 2%. Ka haahaa maʻiʻo o ka hana waiwai, aole ia e haawi i ka pāʻoihana o antifungal kuni ai i ka lau, a ua iho mailoko me downy he mae wale o ka hua waina hoi e pana aku. Iapaau ana (Hawaii photo ma lalo E hoike mai kaʻina) komo aiʻawa kumu waina pahu ukuhiia i mea e Kāohi maʻiʻaʻai.

Antifungalʻehu hui waina

Aia i kela kuʻuna ano a me ka ai 'e hakakā downy he mae wale o ka hua waina. Lapaʻau hoolaʻi Kids mana like Kāohiʻana. An pono ka hana o ka lapaʻau -ʻehu pāʻoihana i loaʻa kaʻeleu Nine Inch eiiiiiaiou. Antifungal pāʻoihana iloko kiniki a me ke keleawe sulufahate. Ka loa ma ka haiia i loaʻa pono a me ka hope o Bordeaux loliʻehu lama.

Nā mea huihuina i loaʻa nā eiiiiiaiou no kaʻawa mea kanu, kapa poʻina nalu. Pahu ua hui no ka hana maikaʻiʻole o ka downy he mae wale ana o waina pihaʻi me na hana waiwai - keleawe sulphate. Bordeaux läÿau, wehe loli ninoieo o slaked Lime i loko o ka Lime ka wai a me ke keleawe sulufahate.

Ano o ka hana ke keʻena Bordeaux läÿau,

Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana mea ma ka lehulehu o ka oi ma mua o 3% o ke keleawe sulufahate mea hiki ke puhi i ka ili o ka waina lau. Mainʻikena ke keʻena Bordeaux loli ano kokololio noho male 'ana i loko o ka wai, no laila, i ka ua i loko o ka pōkole māpuna pākōlea läÿau, i wehe' ia mai nā surfaces o ke kumu waina.

I keleawe sulufahate pāʻoihana like loa me hiki paʻa ma luna o ka ili o ka mea kanu, ia pono ole e hui me ka wai, a me ka waiū o ka Lime. Lime neutralizesʻakika keleawe sulufahate wai i h ÷ a me ka Padfolio. Ae hoopaa ana i ke kumu waina lau, he waiwai paa ia no hou ma luna o ka honua ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ua.

I mea e pono hakakā he mae wale o nā hua waina, e halihaliia oia iwaho o ka lapaʻau mea, a ua i mai oʻanoʻenehana hae. Value i ka qualitative ano o nā mea a pau eiiiiiaiou.

Kokoke noonoo ana i ka papa kuhikuhiEʻeleu ke keʻena - keleawe sulufahate,ʻoe e mālama pono ana i ka lepo, aole ia i apo ia impurities kolu-aoao, a me konaʻano mea huali uliuli. Lime no ka pāʻoihana no nā hydrated a me ka quicklime. Naʻe ia mea maikaʻi, e hana kinaiʻia i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka pāʻoihana hoomalolo. It svezhegashenoy Lime hoʻolako maikaʻi mea pīlali o ka lāʻau a hiki i ka ili o ka waina lau.

Huliāmahi Bordeaux hui kākoʻo pāʻoihana

All hoomakaukau no ka iapaau ana o ka downy he mae wale i ka hua waina i ka hoʻoholo ma mua palekana lehulehu o ka hana ke keʻena. I ka lehulehu o ke keleawe sulufahate ma ka pāʻoihana Bordeaux läÿau, make i mai 0.5% a 3%, he maʻiʻo kiekie o kaʻeleu waiwai puhi lau. E hoomakaukau 10 nā lika o ka hoʻomākaukau me ka lehulehu o ka 1%ʻeleu 'Oponopono e lawe 100 g. O ka quicklime , a me ka ia ke keleawe sulufahate. Paʻipaʻiʻia ai e ua lawe mai i loko o ka ipu, a lako e ka hoʻopale i Nine Inch reactions, a 'aʻole i pane koke me na eiiiiiaiou o ka pāʻoihana. Ka pono koho - aniani 'ole pālolo ipu unacceptable e hoʻohana galvanized a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia pahu.

E hoomakaukau ai i ka läÿau, ua nāu kekahi me kekahi hano o ke keleawe sulphate wela ka wai. Once ka lepo ua mea hoʻoheheʻe, ua nininiʻia i loko o ka moku no kekahi 5 nā lika o ka wai huihui. Kaawale, 100 g. O kinai pū hana makaukau Lime, ma hope i ka wai o ka i koe ua hou a me ka buke o ka puna i ka 5 nā lika. I ka makaukau ana o Lime Kānana. Ke kūpono ai ka waiū o ka Lime ua hoʻohuiʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o kekahi pāʻoihana o ke keleawe sulufahate. Ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuiʻia nā eiiiiiaiou ua pu e mau hooeueu ana.

It E e mahalo i ke Lime slurry ua hou i ka pāʻoihana o ke keleawe sulufahate,ʻaʻole hope versa. Me unreduced sequencing ka kūpono wehe e e ineffective i ka paioʻana he mae wale,ʻeleu eiiiiiaiou e hāʻule i loko o ka sediment.

Ano pono hoomakaukau hoʻomanaʻo

Bordeaux loli pāʻoihana a ua hoomakaukauia ia e like me ka 'ike loea hou mai he uliuli ke kala, a me ka mucosa' ole, hanohano malaila a hiki i ka manamanalima. Ke kala i peʻahiʻana i ka lehulehu o na hana waiwai. No ka laʻana,'ōmaʻomaʻo Hōʻike i ke keleawe sulphate ua hou ma ka oi, a ma kaʻawa wai a kuni i ka mea waina lau.

Hua waina downy ka punahelu maʻi? Iapaau ana: pehea e lawe mai i ka aaioee Bordeaux ukuhiia?

Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia mea wale pono no ka iapaau ana o ka freshly hoomakaukau pāʻoihana o ka hua waina. Bordeaux ukuhiia i waho pūnaewele haalele i pono keia mau mea waiwai, a lilo'ākilikai i fungal parasites.

Inā pilikia makapō nana hōʻike i ka poino hua waina downy he mae wale, hana maikaʻiʻole o Bordeaux ukuhiia pāʻoihana o ka e pono ai ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana. E hōʻoia i ka maluhia o ka moa, 'o ia hoʻi ka mea komo hou ai, oia metala kui. Inā ke kui e wehe, oia ua i uhiia e ka nano, ka pāʻoihana Ua maluhia na mea kanu. Ke ano o ka lole mānoanoa ma luna o ka ili o ke kui, e olelo aku no ka poe ilihune ma Hawaiʻi o ka wai a Bordeaux, a kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o kaʻeleu 'Oponopono. Ma keia hihia, ka mea e e hou nāu kekahi pu wili.

Naʻe, pilikia i ka huawaina mea i hiki o Bordeaux läÿau, hoomakaukau i kulike ai me ka 'ike loea, ina o kaʻawa ua lawe mai ma luna o ka wela lā i hahai me ka ua nui. I mea e loa kń i ka pilikia o'ā i ka mea kanu, ke aaioee ua hana ma ka wanaao paha ma ka napoo ana.

Kāohiʻana o ka mea hoʻomaʻi a me fungal maʻi o ka hua waina

Ua hāʻawi ke i kā mākou ia hana, e pale aku fungal a me ka mea hoʻomaʻi maʻi. Kāohi malama ua lawe mai i loko o ke au o ka ekolu kau: luawai, kau a me ka Akuma ka. Iloko o keia manawa, growers hoohainu iho la i ka lāʻau liʻiliʻi, e oki i ke kumu waina, a ka hōʻoi 'lepo fertility, fertilizing i ka lepo.

Ma mua oʻawa i nā hua waina pono e wehe maoli ka pōʻino mai lau, ako hoi i ke keu hoi e pana aku, a nakii koʻokoʻo. Ioni? I loko o ka palapala o ka iho mailoko o lau a me ka hua hou ana iho o ka maʻi pono kuni i ka mea e pale maʻiʻaʻai ulu.

Mālama i nā hua waina mua kaʻohi

He loa nui e hahai i ka iapaau ana o ka downy he mae wale ma luna o nā hua waina i loko o Iulai. I ke kauwela, ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻiliʻai, growers hana walaʻauʻanaʻawa lāʻau liʻiliʻi. Kaiapili aaioee pāʻoihana Bordeaux läÿau, - kela 3 pule, e hoʻomaka ana, mai ka hoomaka ana mai o Iulai. ʻawa waina antifungal ai 'na welau o ka hebedoma mua o Augate, a ua i mālama' ia ma mua i hoʻomaikaʻi i kumu waina.