Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea: papa inoa. Lūkini physicists - Nobel uku

Ka Nobel makana i i hookoia no ka manawa mua loa i ka 1901. Mai ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia Kuleana makahiki Nāna e koho i ka pono hoʻomalu, ua i nui i loaʻa 'ole hana mea hou i hana muaʻole hana e hoʻohanohano iā ia me ka honorary ia nā kumu kāki. Papa Inoa o Nobel laureates mea iki ma luna ma mua o ka helu o nā makahiki o kaʻana, e like me i kekahi manawa ia e kekahi hui malu pu ana o ka elua a ekolu kanaka. Aka hoi, i kekahi waiwai i olelo ia kaawale.

Igor Tamm

Russian physicist a me Nobel laureate, i hanauia ma ke kulanakauhale o Vladivostok i loko o ka ohana o ke Kivila lunaʻenehana. I ka 1901 hoʻoneʻe i ka 'ohana a hiki i Ukraine, ia mea ma laila Igor Evgenevich Tamm puka' o ia mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe, alaila, hele aku la i ka noiʻi i loko o Edinburgh. I ka 1918, ua loaa i ka palapala puka o ka'Āuna Kumu o ke kālaikūlohea o Moscow State University.

Ma hope iho o ia, hoomaka ae la oia e ao aku, mua ma Simferopol, laila ma Odessa, a laila, ma Moscow. I ka makahiki 1934 ka mea i hoʻopiʻi 'ia ke poʻo o kaʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea ma ke kula, kaiaulu Lebedev, kahi āna i hana a kona make ana. Igor Evgenevich Tamm aʻo electrodynamics o nā puaʻa hiwa, e like me'ōnohi waiwai o na nā pōaka. Ma kana mau hana, oia kaheaia mua i ka manaʻo o ka quanta o nä hawewe kani. Relativistic mechanics ma ia manawa ua like ka manaʻo, a me Tamm ua hiki ke experimentally hoʻokūpaʻa i ke ala i nā manaʻo i i ole, ua ai ma mua. Kona discoveries he nui loa nui. I ka 1958, hana i ua 'ike' ia ma ka global level: pu me nā hoapili Cherenkov, a me Frank, halawai aloha oia me ka Nobel uku.

Otto Stern

He waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo kekahi theorist, ua hōʻike uncommon nā mea hiki, a i ka hoʻokolohua. Kelemānia-American physicist, e uwa o ka Nobel uku Otto Stern i hānau i loko o Pepeluali 1888 i Sora (e ke Polish kulanakauhale o Dawn). Stern puka 'o ia mai ke kula i loko o Breslau, a laila, lilo kekahi mau makahiki ma ka sciences maoli ma Kelemānia kulanui. I ka makahiki 1912 kokua aku la oia i kona doctoral ia hoʻi, ke poʻo o kona puka hana ua Einstein.

Iloko o ka First World Otto Stern oia i koho 'i loko o ke kaua, akā, ma laila i noho aiʻimi naʻauao noiʻi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o quantum kumumanaʻo. Mai 1914 a hiki i 1921, ua hana ma Frankfurt University, kahi āna i aʻo mana e hooiaio ai o hakakino noi. Ua i laila, i ka mea, ua hiki ke kūkulu i kekahi ano o'ātoma kaola, ai-i kapaia o ka hoao ana Stern. I ka 1923, ua hoonohoia oia i Kumu o ke Kulanui o Hamburg. I ka makahiki 1933, ka mea i oleloia mai e ku e Anati-Semitism, a ua kiola, e neʻe mai Kelemania, a hiki i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, kahi ia i loaa kupa. I ka 1943, ua hui i ka papa inoa o Nobel laureates no i nui na makana no ke kūpono 'ana o ka hakakino Ray iaoia a me ka loaʻa o kaʻume mākenēki nui o ka proton. Mai ka makahiki 1945 - hoa o ka National Academy o Sciences. Mai MH 1946,ʻo ia i noho ai i loko o Berkeley, kahi ana i pau ai i kona mau lā i loko o ka makahiki 1969.

O. Chamberlain

'Amelika physicist Ouen Chemberlen i hanau July 10, 1920 ma Kapalakiko. Together me Emilio Segre,ʻo ia hana ma ke kula o quantum ke kālaikūlohea. Nā hoapili Ua loaʻa nui i ka pomaikai a me ka hana i loaʻa: ka mea, loaʻa antiprotons. I ka 1959 ka mea i ike i ka lahui pae, a i hookoia like me ka Winners o ka Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea. Mai 1960, i hoʻokomo Chamberlain i ka National Academy o Sciences o ka Amerika Huipuia. He hana ma Harvard University me ke Kumu, i pau ai i kona mau lā i loko o Berkeley ma Pepeluali 2006.

Niels Bohr

Mau Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea me ua kaulana me ka Denemaka nä känaka 'epekema. Ma ka hoohalike mea hiki ke kapa i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kēia 'epekema. Eia hou kekahi, Niels Bohr hoʻokumu i ka Institute o kaʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea ma Copenhagen. He pili ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka'Ātoma, ma muli o ka planetary kükohu, a me postulates. Ka mea i hanaʻia o ka loa hana nui ma luna o ka pähola 'ana o ka'ātoma nucleus a me ka nukelea reactions, i loko o ka akeakamai o ka' epekema. I loko nō o ka hoihoi i loko o ka huna 'ole, kū'ē lākou hoʻohana no ka kaua hana. Education wā e hiki mai physicist loaa ma ka grammar kula, kahi i lilo ai kaulana me ka avid Hui Pōwāwae pôpeku. Inoa maikaʻi like me ka hāʻawi lokomaikaʻiʻia nā kānakaʻimi noiʻi i ua noho mai ke Kulanui o Copenhagen iwakalua-ekolu makahiki ma hope. Kona ia hoʻi pāhana Ua i hookoia he mekala gula. Niels Bohr i manaoia, e hooholo i ka ili hoʻopilikia ana o ka wai ma ka mokulele hēkī kuekueni. Mai ka makahiki 1908 a hiki i 1911, ua hana i loko o ka hale kulanui. A laila, neʻeʻo ia iʻEnelani nei, kahi āna i hana ai me Joseph John Thomson, a laila, me Ernest Rutherford. He lilo kona loa nui i ka hoao ana, a alakai aku ai i kona loaa ana i ka ia nā kumu kāki i ka 1922. A mahope iho e hoi aku ai i Copenhagen, kahi ana i noho ai a hiki i kona make ana i ka 1962.

Lev Landau

Soviet physicist a me Nobel laureate, hanau i ka makahiki 1908. Landau i hana i nani loa ka hana i loko o nā hana: ia i aʻo magnetism, superconductivity,'ātoma nuclei, kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), electrodynamics, a oi. Together me Evgeniem Lifshitsem i hana i ka Classic papa o kaʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea. Kona Kawaihae mea hana hoihoi 'extraordinarily kokololio kūpono' ana: ua komo i ke Kulanui o Landau umikumamakolu makahiki. No kekahi manawa, ua aʻo kemika, akā, ma hope hoʻoholo i ka noiʻi i ke kālaikūlohea. Mai ka makahiki 1927, ka mea, ua i ka puka haumāna ma ka Ioffe Leningrad Institute. Wā hoomanao ia ia e like me ka hoihoi, pahi kanaka, prone i ka noho pilikia koho. Ke kanana 'ka hoʻopaʻi' ae 'Landau holomua. He hana ma ka haʻilula nei, ua nui ua mea i ike ia a hiki i kona hiamoe i ka po. Ikaika i alakaʻi ai iā ia, a me ka akeakamai huakaʻi wale aku no. Pakahi aku la ia nui i ke kipa i ka Institute o kaʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea, Niels Bohr, i ka wa a ke nä känaka 'epekema ua hiki ke kūkākūkā kumuhana o ka ukupanee a hiki i ona lā ma waena o nā kulanui. Landau noʻonoʻo iho i ka haumana no ka mea kaulana Dane.

Ma ka hopena o ke kanakolu nä känaka 'epekemaʻalo me Stalinist repression. Ke kālaikūlohea i kekahi manawa e pakele mai Kharkov, kahi ia i noho ai me kona ohana. Ua i i ke kōkua, a ua hopuʻiaʻo ia i loko o 1938. Alakaiʻepekema o ko ke ao nei, ua huli ia Stalin, a ma ka 1939, i hookuu Landau. Ma hope iho o ia, no ka mea, he nui na makahiki ia i komo i loko o 'epekema hana. I ka 1962, oia i hoʻokomo ai i ka Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea. Komite i koho ia no kona kū hoʻokahi, ke hoʻokokoke ai i ke ao o Punk mea, o ka oi aku o ke kinowai helium. I ka hookahi makahiki, waiho wale aku i ka lono kaumaha ulia, collided me ka kona kalaka. Ma hope iho o ia, ua ola ia i na makahiki eono. Lūkini physicists, Nobel makana Winners ke kuka loaʻa ai ka 'ike ai, a ua ma Lev Landau. I loko nō o ka paakiki hoʻopaʻi,ʻo ia hookomo a pau o ko oukou mau moe, a i ka loa hou e hoʻokokoke i ka 'epekema.

max Born

German physicist a me Nobel laureate, theorist a me ka hoʻokumu o quantum mechanics i hānau i loko o 1882. I ka wā e hiki mai mea kākau o ka nui na hana ma ka kumumanaʻo o ka relativity, electrodynamics, philosophical nīnau, nā kinetics o ka wai, a he nui wale i hana ia ma Beritania, a ma ka hale. Ke aʻo mua i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe me ka 'ōlelo pāʻewaʻewa. Ma hope o ke kula kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ia i komo i ke Kulanui o Breslau. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻonaʻauao hele haʻi'ōlelo ma kaulana mathematicians o ka manawa - Feliksa Kleyna, David Hilbert a me Germana Minkovskogo. I ka makahiki 1912ʻo ia i i hookoia he wahi i loko o Göttingen Hope Kumu, a ma ka 1914 i hele aku i Pelelina. Mai 1919,ʻo ia hana ma Frankfurt like Kumu. I waena o kona mau nā hoapili ua Otto Stern, he wā e hiki mai Nobel waiwai pio e uwa, a mākou i mua, ua hai aku. Ma kana mau hana, Bourne ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka'ā a me quantum kumumanaʻo. I hele mai nei i ka Pono kūikawā ano o ka nalu-huna ano o ka mea. He hoao iho la e hiki ke kapaia ana helu a me ka mea o ka papa nalu pono e hoohalike ana me ka luna 'nui i nā kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea o ka microworld. Ma hope iho e hele mai ana i ka mana, hoʻoneʻe ka Nazis i Kamepelika. He hoi aku la i Germany wale i ka 1953, a ua loaa ka Nobel makana i ka makahiki 1954. Au e mau loa noho i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kālaikūlohea me kekahi o ka loa influential theorists o ka iwakalua kenekulia.

Enrico Fermi

'Aʻole i nui Winners o ka Nobel lua i loko o ke kālaikūlohea i hele mai, mai Italia. Naʻe, i kēia mea kahi i hanau ai Enrico Fermi, ka nui loa akamai o ka iwakalua kenekulia. He ua i ka mea nāna i hana o nukelea a me ka neutron ke kālaikūlohea, hoʻokumu kekahi mau akeakamai kula, a ua he lâlâ o ka Academy o Sciences o ka Soviet Union. Eia hou kekahi, Fermi no a hiki i ka nui nui o kaʻimi naʻauao hana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o haʻahaʻa (particles). I ka 1938, oia hoʻoneʻe i ka US, kahi ia i loaaʻimi hoʻopunipuni radioactivity, a kukulu iho la i ka mua i loko o ka moʻolelo o ke kanaka ma ke nukelea mīkini'ātoma. I ka ia makahiki oia i i hookoia ka Nobel uku. Interestingly, i ka aina i ka 'Amelika hoomanao, hoalohaloha aku ia i ka mea, ua hiki physicist ole wale incredibly, akā, ua aʻo pū koke haole ōlelo me ke kōkua o ke pakiko-ao, i hele mai i loko o ka hoʻopaʻi' ana, e like me kona mau kahua. Mau mea hiki ke opa ia, a hiki ma ke kulanui.

Koke ma hope o aʻo, hoomaka ae la oia e haʻi'ōlelo ma quantum kumumanaʻo, a ma ia manawa ma Italy ua aneane i? Anoee. Kona mua noiʻi i loko o electrodynamics i ku i ka noonoo. Ma ke ala e hiki ai i ka pomaikai ana o ke Fermi ke kumukuai o 'ana i kumumanaʻo Kumu Mario Corbijn, ka poe i mahalo' a me ka tālena o ke nä känaka 'epekema lilo i kona hoa ma ke Kulanui o Roma, ina i ka wa opiopio, i ka mea' oihana. Ma hope o neʻe maila i ka Amerika Huipuia, ua hana ia ma Las Alamos a me Chicago, kahi i make ai i ka makahiki 1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

'Aukekuliaʻimi naʻauao physicist ka mea i hānauʻia ma ka makahiki 1887 ma Vienna, industrialist ohana. He waiwai makuakane ua hope Peresidena o ka kūloko Kāhua Ulu'lāʻau a me ka aeaaiono? Ke kaiāulu kanaka, a mai kekahi kakahiaka nui elemakule luna o hoihoi kāna keiki i ka ma 'epekema. I ka umikumamakahi makahiki Erwin i hoʻonaʻauao ma ka hale, a ma ka 1898 i ka me kēia kula alaila komo ae. Brilliantly pau ia,ʻo ia komo i ke Kulanui o Vienna. I loko nō o ka mea i ka wae hana kūikawā ua physical, Schrodinger hoike a kanaka talena: ua ike eono'ōlelo'ē, ua palapala mai poetry, a aʻo i loko o ka moʻokalaleo. E piʻi like i loko o ka kiko'ī sciences ua hooeueuia e Fritz Gazenrolem, loea kumu Erwin. Ua i aku la ia i kōkua mai i nā haumāna, e ike i ke kālaikūlohea o kona papa kuhikuhiE hoihoi. No ka mea, o kona doctoral ia hoʻi Schrödinger koho ka mana hana, i ka mea, ua hiki ke hoomalu aku brilliantly. Hana hoomaka ma ke kulanui, ma ka a i nä känaka 'epekema hoʻoili i loko o ka lewa uila, optics, Acoustic, waihoʻoluʻu kumumanaʻo a me quantum ke kālaikūlohea. Mua i loko o 1914 ka mea, aponoia ka Hope Kumu, a hoʻohana 'ia e haʻi'ōlelo. Ma hope o ke kaua, i ka 1918, hoomaka ae la oia e hana ana i loko o ka Institute o ke kālaikūlohea o Jena, kahi āna i hana ai me Max Planck a me Einstein. I ka 1921, ua hoomaka ae la e ao ana ma Stuttgart, akā, ma hope o kekahi kau, ua neʻe akula i Breslau. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, au loaa i kono mai i ka Polytechnic ma Zurich. I ka manawa, mai ka makahiki 1925 a hiki i 1926, ua lawe mai kekahi mau hoʻokahuli aupuni ho okolohua, paʻi i kekahi pepa i kapaia "quantization like me ka pilikia o ko lākou mau loina." Ia hana i mea helu kaulike nui no kaʻikena a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia 'epekema. I ka makahiki 1933, ua loaa i ka Nobel uku, a laila, ua hoʻoikaika e haʻalele i ke aupuni: Nazis hele mai i ka mana. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua hoi mai ia Austria, kahi ana i noho a pau o kona mau makahiki i koe, a make iho la i ka 1961 i loko o kona hanau Vienna.

Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen

Ke kaulana Kelemānia mana physicist hanau ma Lennep, i kokoke Düsseldorf, i ka 1845. A pau këia i ka Zurich Polytechnic, i? Oaony e lilo i lunaʻenehana, akā, ua ike ia ka mea, ua hoihoi i kaʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea. He lilo i Hope o ka oihana i loko o ka hale kulanui, laila, neʻe i Giessen. Mai 1871 a hiki i ka makahiki 1873, ua hana ia ma Würzburg. I ka 1895, ua ike X-kukuna a akahele aʻo kā lākou mau waiwai. He ua i ka mea kākau o ka nui na hana ma ka pyroelectric a me ka piezoelectric waiwai o nā pōaka a me magnetism. Ka honua ka mua Nobel uku ma ke kālaikūlohea, loaa ia i ka 1901 no kona poʻokela na makana i ka 'epekema. Eia hou kekahi, ka mea i hana i loko o ka X-Ray Kundt kula, e lilo i kekahiʻano o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka 'epekema LIKE, e hana ana me kona wā - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. I loko nō o ka nani o ka holomua experimenter, oia alakaʻi 'ano secluded ke ola a me ka'ōlelo wale nō i nā kānaka kōkua. No laila, i ka hopena o kona mau manaʻo ma luna o ka ke kālaikūlohea i pau i kana poe haumana, ua ole he nui. Ka uku nä känaka 'epekema hōʻole i ka inoa kukuna ma o kona hanohano, i ka wa e ola ana e kii ia X-kukuna. Lākou mau makahiki, alaila, haawi mai i ka moku'āina, a noho iho la ma ka loa pilikia ana. He make Wilhelm Roentgen February 10, 1923 ma Munich.

Albert Einstein

Ke ao nei-kaulana physicist, i hānauʻia ma Germany. He ua i ka mea nāna i hana o ka pähola 'ana o relativity, a kakau iho la mau oihana nui ma quantum kumumanaʻo, ua he haole lâlâ o ka Russian Academy o Sciences. Mai ka makahiki 1893, ua noho ia ma Kuikilana, a ma ka makahiki 1933 hoʻoneʻe i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Einstein hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka photon, hoʻokumu i nā kānāwai o ka photoelectric hookoia, a wānana i ka loaʻa o hauma¯na ea puka. He hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o Brownian ka noi a me fluctuations, e like me hana he quantum 'ikepili helu. Au i hana i ka pilikia o ka cosmology. I ka 1921, ua loaa i ka Nobel lua no kona loaʻa o ka photoelectric hopena o ke kānāwai. Eia hou kekahi, Albert Einstein o kekahi o na kumu nui initiators o ka hoʻokumuʻo o ka Iseraela. Ma ke kanakolu, ia i olelo mai e ku e ia Nazi Kelemania, a ho'āʻo e mālama i nā loea kālai'āina mai paakiki hana. Kona manao e pili ana i ka nukelea pilikia, ua lohe ole, i ua i ka papa kuhikuhiE pōʻino o ke nä känaka 'epekema ka ola. I ka 1955, make aku la ia ma Princeton mai aortic aneurysm.